Abstract
1例49岁男性患者因上腹部疼痛8 h于2018年6月入院。患者3个月前因上腹部疼痛于当地医院住院,诊断为胆囊结石并胆囊炎,予输液治疗后好转出院。8 h前吃高油脂早餐后出现上腹部持续性疼痛,伴右后背及肩部疼痛,无恶心、呕吐等。入院后经腹部CT、彩色多普勒超声等检查,考虑胆囊结石并萎缩性胆囊炎。在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中,于正常胆囊位置未见胆囊,中转开腹及术中彩色多普勒超声探查发现肝内异位萎缩性胆囊,在胆囊影上方切开肝组织,分离胆囊及完整切除胆囊。术中未造成胆管损伤,术后无胆漏等严重后果,术后患者恢复好。
Keywords: 肝内异位胆囊, 萎缩性胆囊炎, 胆囊结石, 腹腔镜胆囊切除术
Abstract
A 49-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital in June 2018 due to upper abdominal pain for 8 h. The patient was hospitalized in a local hospital 3 months ago for upper abdominal pain and was diagnosed as cholecystolithiasis and cholecystitis. After infusion treatment, the symptoms were improved and the patient was discharged. The patient suffered from persistent pain in the upper abdomen after eating greasy breakfast 8 h ago, accompanied by a pain in the right back and shoulder without nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms. After admission, the patient was diagnosed as cholecystolithiasis and atrophic cholecystitis by abdominal CT, color Doppler ultrasonography, and other examinations. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, no gallbladder was found in the normal gallbladder position. We found an ectopic atrophic gallbladder in the liver via conversion laparotomy and intraoperative color Doppler ultrasonography. Liver tissue was cut above the gallbladder shadow. The gallbladder was separated and completely removed. No bile duct injury occurred during surgery, and no serious consequences such as postoperative bile leaks occurred. The patient recovered well after surgery.
Keywords: intrahepatic ectopic gallbladder, atrophic cholecystitis, gallstone, laparoscopic cholecystectomy
随着医疗技术的提高和先进医疗器械的采用,手术似乎可以在人体的任何部位开展,但外科手术成功的关键是对手术部位解剖结构的熟悉[1]。在外科手术中,外科医师除了面对组织或器官的正常解剖结构,还可能要面对变异的解剖结构;如果没有过硬的基本功,就不能辨认变异的解剖结构,容易出差错[2]。解剖变异以血管变异较多,组织、器官移位或变异较少。外科医生不但要熟练掌握正常解剖结构,更要了解解剖变异。胆囊在人胚胎时,埋藏于肝实质内,随着发育逐渐移往肝外,在某些情况下,胆囊未能外移,部分或全部包埋于肝实质内,称为肝内异位胆囊[3-4]。异位胆囊在临床上较少见,毛静熙等[5]在6 000例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发现异位胆囊14例(0.22%)。笔者遇到1例肝内异位胆囊患者,现报告如下。
1. 病例资料
患者,男性,49岁,因上腹部疼痛8 h于2018年6月入住海口市人民医院。患者3个月前因上腹部疼痛于当地医院住院,诊断为胆囊结石并胆囊炎,予输液治疗好转后出院。此次就诊8 h前吃高油脂早餐后出现上腹部持续性疼痛,伴右后背及肩部疼痛,无恶心、呕吐等症状。体格检查:痛苦面容,全身皮肤、黏膜无黄染,腹肌稍紧张,上腹部压痛,无反跳痛,Murphy征阴性,全腹未扪及包块,肝脾肋下未触及,肝肾区叩击痛阴性,移动性浊音阴性,肠鸣音弱。患者既往体健,否认高血压、糖尿病、冠心病史,无手术外伤史,无输血及血制品史,预防接种史不详。无家族史。腹部彩色多普勒超声检查:胆囊缩小,约28 mm×15 mm,壁稍厚,厚约3 mm,稍毛糙,内见1个团状强回声,约19 mm×11 mm,伴声影,不随体位改变滚动。结合临床症状考虑为胆囊结石并慢性胆囊炎。肝、胆管、脾及胰腺未见明显异常(图1A)。上腹部CT平扫:胆囊区见结节致密影,CT值约为91 HU,肝内胆管及胆总管无扩张,胆囊显示不清,胰腺未见明显异常密度影(图1B,1C)。术前诊断为胆囊结石并胆囊炎。采用腹腔镜探查,正常胆囊位置胆囊缺如,肝脏外形正常,无明显包块,经反复查找及确认,考虑胆囊缺如或肝内胆囊。随后中转小切口开腹及术中使用彩色多普勒超声探查,于肝右前叶内发现肝内胆囊影(图2A),定位胆囊后,在胆囊影上方切开肝组织,厚度为1.0~1.5 cm,发现肝内胆囊(图2B),于切缘缝扎止血,分离胆囊后完整切除胆囊,胆囊大小约1.0 cm×10.3 cm,较正常胆囊偏小,缝合肝组织,关闭胆囊床(图2C)。病理报告:萎缩性胆囊炎并胆囊结石。患者术后恢复好,出院1个月后复查腹部彩色多普勒超声检查、肝肾功能、血常规等均未见明显异常。现患者身体健康,无特殊不适,生活和工作正常,无与此病和手术相关的并发症发生。
图1.
肝内异位胆囊患者(男性,49岁)术前影像学图片
Figure 1 Preoperative imaging picture of a 49-year-old male patient with intrahepatic ectopic gallbladder
A: Color Doppler ultrasonography shows gallbladder and stones, with the size of 2.8 cm×1.5 cm. B: CT image shows dense nodules in the gallbladder area and the gallbladder is unclear. C: CT image shows stones and the gallbladder is unclear.
图2.
肝内异位胆囊患者(男性,49岁)术中影像学特征和手术操作
Figure 2 Intraoperative imaging feature and operation of a 49-year-old male patient with intrahepatic ectopic gallbladder
A: Intraoperative ultrasound shows intrahepatic gallbladder and stones. B: Gallbladder is in liver tissue. C: Liver tissues are sutured to completely close the gallbladder bed.
2. 讨 论
异位胆囊一般有以下4种类型:1)胆囊位于肝左叶下方;2)肝内胆囊;3)胆囊横位;4)后位胆囊(肝后胆囊或腹膜后胆囊)[6]。胆囊结石并胆囊炎是常见的良性病变,临床一般采取腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)。随着手术策略和技术的提高,LC术后胆道损伤的发生率呈下降趋势,但仍是开腹胆囊切除术的2倍[7]。复杂性胆囊疾病因解剖变异、萎缩性胆囊炎、胆囊颈部或胆囊管结石嵌顿等易致胆管损伤和术后出血、胆漏,一直被认为是LC的相对禁忌证[8]。
肝内异位胆囊很少引起症状,无特异性表现,其CT、超声、MR影像学表现类似于肝囊肿、脓肿或坏死囊变的转移灶,易被误诊及漏诊[9]。肝内异位胆囊多在术中被发现,较少见有关报道。大多数异位胆囊的边缘部、胆囊底、胆囊颈、胆囊管显露在肝外,故在腹腔镜手术中易于找到[6, 10-13];少部分胆囊位于肝的浅表位置,术中可发现肝表面有隆起,触之有囊性感,有的胆囊管开口于肝外胆管,也易于找到胆囊的位置[13-14];完全肝内异位胆囊极为少见,胆囊管开口于肝内,肝表面无明显异常,胆囊位于肝内较深位置,术中常难于发现[15]。肝内胆囊在术前较难诊断、术中又难于发现时,有可能被误诊为胆囊先天性缺失。如怀疑肝内胆囊并胆囊结石,可通过术中彩色多普勒超声检查查找结石位置,有助于快速找到胆囊位置以明确诊断。本例肝内异位胆囊虽位于肝的浅表位置,但由于胆囊萎缩,在肝表面未发现异常,在腹腔镜下发现在胆总管上面有不明显的部分肝外胆囊管。由于缺少术中腔镜超声探头,经综合考虑后,及时中转开腹并在开腹术中行彩色多普勒超声检查,借助胆囊结石位置较快地明确诊断并找到胆囊位置。
解剖异常是胆囊切除术胆管损伤等并发症主要的危险因素之一,也是LC中转开腹的重要因素[7]。胆管损伤在国外发生率为0.3%~1.5%,在中国为0.19%~0.31%[16-17]。临床医师往往注重对原发疾病的诊断和手术适应证的把握,对解剖变异不够重视。CT、B超对异位胆囊诊断具有一定的局限性,对异位胆囊是否伴有胆管变异诊断率低,而内镜逆行胰胆管造影术、磁共振胰胆管成像等影像学检查并未列入术前常规检查,大多数肝内胆囊的诊断是在术中明确,术前更难发现是否伴有胆道变异[18]。对于肝内胆囊的手术治疗,预防胆管损伤的发生是最重要的环节。怀疑肝内异位胆囊者,术前应积极行磁共振胰胆管成像等相关检查,明确有无胆道变异,尤其是有无胆囊管汇合异常;术中明确胆囊三角解剖,仔细辨认胆囊管、肝总管及胆总管三者的关系至关重要[10]。对于术中无法明确解剖关系的肝内胆囊,可借助腹腔镜术中超声检查或者术中胆道造影显示胆总管下端、肝外胆管与胆囊壶腹部、胆囊管之间的解剖关系,提高手术的成功率[7, 17]。当胆囊壶腹部难于显露,术中出血难于控制或疑有胆管损伤时,应及时中转开腹。本例在处理上有以下欠缺:术前影像学提示胆囊缩小,胆囊边缘显示不清,未考虑到异位胆囊及胆管变异,未行磁共振胰胆管成像以明确有无胆囊管汇合异常。可取之处是及时由腹腔镜手术中转为开腹,并结合术中彩色多普勒超声检查得到确诊。术中明确胆囊三角解剖无变异,未造成胆管损伤、术后胆漏等严重并发症。
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
原文网址
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