Abstract
目的
阴道斜隔综合征(Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome,HWWS)是一种少见的女性生殖道畸形,国内外少有大样本的研究报道。该综合征临床表现多样,认识不足可能延误诊治。本研究分析不同类型HWWS患者的临床特点,以期提高妇产科医师对该病的诊治水平。
方法
回顾性分析2009年10月1日至2022年4月5日在中南大学湘雅三医院妇产科住院治疗的HWWS患者的临床资料。收集患者的年龄、病史、体格检查和影像学检查结果、治疗情况等进行分析。将患者分为无孔斜隔型(I型)、有孔斜隔型(II型)和无孔斜隔合并子宫颈瘘管型(III型),比较不同类型HWWS患者的临床特点。
结果
共纳入102例HWWS患者,年龄10~46岁,其中I型37例(36.27%),II型50例(49.02%),III型15例(14.71%)。所有患者均于月经初潮后诊治,诊断年龄(20.5±7.4)岁。3种类型HWWS患者的诊断年龄和病程的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。I型患者的诊断年龄[(18.0±6.0)岁]最小,且病程最短(中位病程6个月),而III型患者的诊断年龄[(22.9±9.8)岁]最大,病程最长(中位病程48个月)。I型患者的临床表现以痛经为主,II型及III型患者以异常阴道出血为主。在102例患者中,67例(65.69%)患者为双子宫,33例(32.35%)为纵隔子宫,2例(1.96%)为双角子宫。绝大部分患者为斜隔侧的肾缺如,仅1例患者为斜隔侧的肾发育不良。45例(44.12%)患者斜隔位于左侧,57例(55.88%)患者斜隔位于右侧。3种类型HWWS患者在子宫形态、泌尿系统畸形、盆腔肿块及斜隔侧别上的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。6例(5.88%)患者合并卵巢巧克力囊肿,4例(3.92%)合并盆腔脓肿,5例(4.90%)合并输卵管积水。所有患者均行阴道斜隔切除术,其中42例患者因无性生活史,行无损伤处女膜宫腔镜下阴道斜隔切开术,余60例患者行传统的阴道斜隔切开术。获得102例中的89例患者的随访资料,随访时长为术后1个月至12年不等。89例患者的痛经、异常阴道出血及阴道排液等阴道斜隔症状,术后均得以改善。42例行无损伤处女膜宫腔镜下阴道斜隔切除术的患者中有25例于术后3个月时再次行经宫腔镜手术,斜隔切开处无明显疤痕形成。
结论
不同分型的HWWS患者临床表现各异,但均可表现为痛经。患者的子宫形态可表现为双子宫、纵隔子宫或双角子宫,子宫畸形合并肾缺如应考虑HWWS的可能。阴道斜隔切除术是HWWS有效的治疗方法。
Keywords: 阴道斜隔综合征, 子宫畸形, 痛经, 肾缺如
Abstract
Objective
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS) is a rare female genital tract malformation, and there are few large sample studies reported at home and abroad. The clinical manifestations of this syndrome are diverse, and insufficient understanding may delay the diagnosis and treatment of the patients. This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristics of different types of HWWS patients, and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of HWWS.
Methods
The clinical data of patients with HWWS who were hospitalized in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from October 1, 2009 to April 5, 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The age, medical history, physical examination, imaging examination and treatment of the patients were collected for statistical analysis. The patients were divided into an imperforate oblique vaginal septum type, a perforate oblique vaginal septum type, and an imperforate oblique vaginal septum and cervical fistula type. The clinical characteristics of different types of HWWS patients were compared.
Results
A total of 102 HWWS patients were enrolled, with age of 10-46 years old, including 37 (36.27%) patients with type I, 50 (49.02%) type II, and 15 (14.71%) type III. All patients were diagnosed after menarche, with an average age of (20.5±7.4) years. There were significant differences in the age of diagnosis and course of disease among the 3 types of HWWS patients (both P<0.05). Patients with type I had the youngest age of diagnosis [(18.0±6.0) years] and the shortest course of disease (median course of 6 months), while patients with type III had the oldest age of diagnosis [(22.9±9.8) years] and the longest course of disease (median course of 48 months). The main clinical manifestation of type I was dysmenorrhea, and the main clinical manifestation of type II and type III was abnormal vaginal bleeding. Of the 102 patients, 67 (65.69%) patients had double uterus, 33 (32.35%) had septate uterus, and 2 (1.96%) had bicornuate uterus. The vast majority of patients had renal agenesis on the oblique septum, and only 1 patient had renal dysplasia on the oblique septum. The oblique septum located on the left side in 45 (44.12%) patients and on the right side in 57 (55.88%) patients. There were no significant differences in uterine morphology, urinary system malformation, pelvic mass, and oblique septum among the 3 types of HWWS patients (all P>0.05). Six (5.88%) patients had ovarian chocolate cyst, 4 (3.92%) patients had pelvic abscess, and 5 (4.90%) patients had hydrosalpinx. All patients underwent vaginal oblique septum resection. Among them, 42 patients underwent hysteroscopic incision of the oblique vaginal septum without destroying the intact hymen because they had no sexual life history, and the remaining 60 patients underwent traditional oblique vaginal septum resection. Among the 102 patients, 89 patients were followed up for 1 month to 12 years. The symptoms of vaginal oblique septum in 89 patients such as dysmenorrhea, abnormal vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge were improved after operation. Among the 42 patients who underwent hysteroscopic incision of the oblique vaginal septum without destroying the intact hymen, 25 patients underwent hysteroscopies again 3 months after operation, and there was no obvious scar formation at the oblique septum incision site.
Conclusion
Different types of HWWS have different clinical manifestations, but all can be manifested as dysmenorrhea. The patient’s uterine morphology can be manifested as double uterus, septate uterus, or bicornuate uterus. The possibility of HWWS should be considered if uterine malformation is combined with renal agenesis. Vaginal oblique septum resection is an effective treatment.
Keywords: Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome, uterine malformation, dysmenorrhea, renal agenesis
阴道斜隔综合征,国际上称之为Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich综合征(Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome,HWWS),发病率仅为0.1%~3.8%,是一种较少见的女性泌尿生殖道畸形。该综合征的典型特征为双子宫、双子宫颈、阴道斜隔和斜隔侧的泌尿系统畸形,以肾缺如多见[1],部分患者可为双角子宫或纵隔子宫。HWWS可引起痛经、阴道异常出血、阴道异常分泌物、盆腔包块等,诊治不及时可能导致盆腔感染、子宫内膜异位症及盆腔粘连[2],因此早期诊治尤为重要。但该病临床表现多样,认识不足可能延误患者的诊治;且因发病率低,国内外少有大样本的研究报道。本研究通过回顾性分析中南大学湘雅三医院妇产科(以下简称“我科”)诊治的102例HWWS患者的临床资料,比较不同类型HWWS的特点,以期进一步提高临床医师对该病的认识与诊治水平。
1. 对象与方法
1.1. 对象
收集2009年10月1日至2022年4月5日在我科住院进行诊治的HWWS患者。纳入标准:1)临床表现、体征、影像学检查符合2018年《关于阴道斜隔综合征、MRKH综合征和阴道闭锁诊治的中国专家共识》[1]中HWWS诊断标准的患者;2)在我科行手术治疗的患者。本研究已获得中南大学湘雅三医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:22077)。
1.2. 方法
收集患者的临床资料,包括年龄、主诉、现病史、既往史、专科检查、影像学检查、治疗情况等。采用北京协和医院于1985年提出的阴道斜隔综合征的3种分型[1]进行分型。I型:无孔斜隔型,一侧阴道完全闭锁,与对侧完全不相通;II型:有孔斜隔型,一侧阴道不完全闭锁,斜隔上经一小孔与对侧阴道相通,但引流不畅;III型:无孔斜隔合并子宫颈瘘管型,一侧阴道完全闭锁,两子宫颈间有一瘘管。
1.3. 统计学处理
采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件对数据进行分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差( ±s)表示,不符合者以中位数和范围表示,符合正态分布且方差齐性的计量资料采用单因素方差分析,不符合正态分布的采用秩和检验;计数资料以例数和百分比表示,采用χ2检验分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1. 临床特征
共纳入102例HWWS患者,年龄10~46岁,其中I型37例(36.27%),II型50例(49.02%),III型15例(14.71%)。所有患者均于月经初潮后诊治,诊断年龄(20.5±7.4)岁,病程0.1~216.0(中位病程12.0)个月。51.96%的患者以疼痛为主要表现,其中痛经37例,下腹痛16例。
3种类型患者在诊断年龄、病程方面的差异均有统计学意义(分别P=0.003、P=0.032)。其中I型患者就诊年龄最小,为(18.0±6.0)岁,且病程相对较短(中位病程为6个月),而III型患者的就诊年龄最大,为(22.9±9.8)岁,病程最长(中位病程为48个月)。3种类型在主要临床表现上存在明显差别,其中I型患者以痛经为主,II型及III型患者以异常阴道出血为主(表1)。另外,3组共有13例患者无明显不适,6例患者因检查发现盆腔包块就诊,7例患者因检查发现子宫畸形就诊。
表1.
不同类型阴道斜隔综合征的临床特征(n=102)
Table 1 Clinical features of different types of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (n=102)
分型 | n | 临床表现*/[例(%)] |
诊断 年龄/岁 |
病程/月 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
痛经 | 下腹痛 | 阴道异常出血 | 阴道异常排液 | 排尿困难 | 盆腔包块 | 子宫畸形 | ||||
合计 | 37(36.27) | 16(15.69) | 25(24.51) | 9(8.82) | 2(1.96) | 6(5.89) | 7(6.86) | |||
I型 | 37 | 21(20.59) | 6(5.89) | 2(1.96) | 2(1.96) | 1(0.98) | 4(3.92) | 1(0.98) | 18.0±6.0 | 6(1~120) |
II型 | 50 | 12(11.76) | 9(8.82) | 15(14.71) | 6(5.88) | 1(0.98) | 2(1.98) | 5(4.90) | 21.0±6.7 | 12(0.1~216) |
III型 | 15 | 4(3.92) | 1(0.98) | 8(7.84) | 1(0.98) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(0.98) | 22.9±9.8 | 48(3~204) |
*每例患者统计最主要的1项临床表现。诊断年龄以均数±标准差表示,病程以中位数(范围)表示。
2.2. 影像学检查
所有患者均行超声检查,42例患者行MRI检查。在102例患者中,67例(65.69%)患者的子宫畸形为双子宫(图1),33例(32.35%)为纵隔子宫(图2),2例(1.96%)为双角子宫。绝大部分患者为斜隔侧的肾缺如,仅1例(0.98%)患者为斜隔侧的肾发育不良。45例(44.12%)患者斜隔位于左侧,57例(55.88%)患者斜隔位于右侧。影像学检查提示6例(5.88%)患者合并卵巢巧克力囊肿,4例(3.92%)合并盆腔脓肿,5例(4.90%)合并输卵管积水。3种类型HWWS在子宫形态、泌尿系统畸形、盆腔肿块、斜隔侧别上的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,表2)。
图1.
双子宫阴道斜隔综合征的MRI征象
Figure 1 MRI findings of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome with didelphys uterus
A: Didelphys uterus; B: Hematocolpos.
图2.
完全纵隔子宫阴道斜隔综合征的MRI征象
Figure 2 MRI findings of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome with septate uterus
A: Hematocolpos; B: Septate uterus.
表2.
不同类型阴道斜隔综合征的影像学特点(n=102)
Table 2 Imaging characteristics of different types of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (n=102)
分型 | n | 子宫形态/[例(%)] | 泌尿系统畸形/[例(%)] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
双子宫 | 纵隔子宫 | 双角子宫 | 肾缺如 | 发育不良 | ||
I型 | 37 | 26(25.49) | 10(9.80) | 1(0.98) | 37(36.27) | 0(0) |
II型 | 50 | 30(29.41) | 19(18.63) | 1(0.98) | 50(49.02) | 0(0) |
III型 | 15 | 11(10.78) | 4(3.92) | 0(0) | 14(13.73) | 1(0.98) |
合计 | 67(65.69) | 33(32.35) | 2(1.96) | 101(99.02) | 1(0.98) | |
χ2 | 1.864 | 5.857 | ||||
P | 0.761 | 0.053 |
分型 | 盆腔肿块/[例(%)] | 斜隔侧别/[例(%)] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
卵巢巧克力囊肿 | 脓肿 | 输卵管积水 | 左 | 右 | |
I型 | 4(3.92) | 2(1.96) | 2(1.96) | 16(15.69) | 21(20.59) |
II型 | 2(1.96) | 2(1.96) | 2(1.96) | 24(23.53) | 26(25.49) |
III型 | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(0.98) | 5(4.90) | 10(9.80) |
合计 | 6(5.88) | 4(3.92) | 5(4.90) | 45(44.12) | 57(55.88) |
χ2 | 2.542 | 1.025 | |||
P | 0.637 | 0.599 |
2.3. 治疗情况
所有患者均行阴道斜隔切除术,其中42例患者因无性生活史,行无损伤处女膜宫腔镜下阴道斜隔切开术,余60例患者行传统的阴道斜隔切开术。在37例I型HWWS患者中,4例患者因卵巢巧克力囊肿同时行腹腔镜下巧克力囊肿剥除术,2例因盆腔脓肿行腹腔镜下脓肿清除术,2例因输卵管积水行腹腔镜手术治疗;在50例II型HWWS患者中,2例因盆腔脓肿行腹腔镜下盆腔脓肿清除术,2例患者同时因原发不孕、输卵管积水行输卵管整形造口,2例行腹腔镜下巧克力囊肿剥除术;在15例III型HWWS患者中,2例同时行腹腔镜探查及监护,1例因输卵管积水行腹腔镜手术治疗。
2.4. 病情转归
获得102例中的89例患者的随访资料,随访时长为术后1个月至12年不等,患者的痛经、异常阴道出血及阴道排液等阴道斜隔症状,术后均得以改善。42例行无损伤处女膜宫腔镜下阴道斜隔切除术的患者中有25例在术后3个月再次行经宫腔镜手术,斜隔切开处无明显疤痕形成。
3. 讨 论
早期诊治HWWS可降低盆腔感染、盆腔粘连等的发生风险,对患者尤为重要。随着人们对HWWS认识的不断提高,确诊HWWS的时间可提前至患者月经来潮前甚至新生儿时期。研究[3]报道了11例HWWS患者,诊断年龄3~14岁,平均11岁。Kim等[4]报道了65例HWWS患者,其中44例患者在青春期前诊断,21例在青春期后诊断,且大部分青春期前诊断者无明显症状。另外,也有在新生儿期得以诊断的病例[5]。但在本研究中,所有患者均于月经初潮后诊治,这与国内大部分HWWS的临床报道类似,提示我们仍需努力提高HWWS的早期诊治水平。本研究的患者年龄10~46岁,诊断年龄(20.5±7.4)岁,可能与患者的就诊意识及妇产科医师对该病的认识不足相关。而不同类型的患者诊断年龄也存在差别,这与患者阴道斜隔是否完全梗阻密切相关,斜隔完全梗阻者症状出现较早,程度较重,更易早期诊断。充分认识该病的临床特征有利于早期诊断HWWS,预防盆腔炎性疾病,避免再次手术等[2, 6],因此应引起妇产科基层医生的重视。
HWWS因分型不同,其临床症状存在差别。I型患者由于一侧阴道完全闭锁,在月经来潮后,经血积聚于闭锁侧的斜隔后腔及子宫腔,主要导致痛经及下腹痛。在本研究中,37例I型HWWS患者有27例以痛经或腹痛为主诉,与既往研究[7-8]类似。但值得注意的是,仍有部分患者临床表现不明显,甚至有因排尿困难就诊的患者,症状不典型更容易导致延误诊断。II型HWWS患者由于斜隔上有小孔,经血可通过斜隔上的小孔流出,主要表现为异常阴道出血或者排液等。在本研究中,II型患者最多,共50例,但仍有12例以痛经为主诉,9例因下腹痛就诊,15例为异常阴道出血,6例患者为异常阴道排液。也就是说,虽然II型患者有小孔与阴道相通,但因引流不畅,仍有较多患者以疼痛为主要表现。研究[9]显示75%的II型HWWS患者为异常阴道出血或流液,57.1%的患者存在痛经。III型HWWS在临床中较为少见,与II型类似,均为不完全梗阻的阴道斜隔,临床表现亦相似。
HWWS患者的子宫形态多种多样,多表现为双宫体、双子宫颈及斜隔侧肾缺如。在87例阴道斜隔合并肾缺如的患者中,63例患者为双子宫,10例为纵隔子宫,9例为双角子宫,4例为双子宫合并单侧宫颈闭锁,1例为双角子宫合并宫颈纵隔[10]。在一项纳入133项HWWS研究,包括724例患者的系统综述[11]中,有82.9%的患者为双子宫,4.2%的为双角子宫,5.4%的为完全纵隔子宫,甚至有0.4%的患者为正常子宫。在本研究的102例患者中,67例(65.68%)患者为双子宫,33例(32.35%)为纵隔子宫,2例(1.96%)为双角子宫,纵隔子宫的比例明显高于其他研究,而且不同类型HWWS患者纵隔子宫的比例差异不大。本研究结果提示不仅要关注双子宫患者合并阴道斜隔的可能性,对于纵隔子宫的患者,也应提高警惕,可完善泌尿系统彩色多普勒超声检查,若提示一侧肾缺如,应考虑HWWS的可能性,避免延误患者的诊治。
而对于纵隔子宫的HWWS患者,其治疗与普通类型不同。除行阴道斜隔切除术外,若子宫纵隔影响患者生育,必要时需同时切除子宫纵隔[12]。既往对9例子宫纵隔HWWS患者行宫腔镜下纵隔切除术后的妊娠结局的研究[13]发现:5例患者完成生育,4例(2例试管婴儿,2例自然受孕)为剖宫产,另1例(试管婴儿)孕26周早产,经阴道分娩,胎儿存活。
子宫内膜异位症的经典发病机制为经血逆流学说,阴道斜隔综合征特别是完全梗阻的I型HWWS,因流出道梗阻,继发宫腔积血、输卵管积血,可能导致继发性盆腔子宫内膜异位症或卵巢子宫内膜囊肿。在98例HWWS患者中,18例(19.15%)存在盆腔子宫内膜异位症,其比例高于普通人群;且巧克力囊肿均位于斜隔侧,可能与斜隔侧的经血逆流密切相关[14]。在包括724例HWWS患者的系统综述[11]中,13.6%的患者存在子宫内膜异位症。因不是所有患者均进行了腹腔镜手术,所以实际发病率可能更高。考虑到腹腔镜手术可能带来的创伤,比如粘连等问题,并不常规推荐对HWWS患者进行腹腔镜手术。在本研究中,通过术前体格检查及影像学检查,仅6例(5.88%)提示卵巢巧克力囊肿,其中I型HWWS患者4例,II型HWWS患者2例。在其他11例因其他原因行腹腔镜的患者中,仅1例提示盆腔子宫内膜异位症。但因大部分患者并无其他腹腔镜手术探查指征,故并未常规行腹腔镜手术探查,其子宫内膜异位症实际发病率并不明确,但巧克力囊肿的发病率与普通人群接近。
综上,本研究通过对102例不同类型的HWWS患者的发病年龄、临床特征、影像学特征等进行分析,发现HWWS以II型多见,不同类型HWWS临床表现虽有不同,但均可表现为痛经。子宫形态虽以双子宫最为常见,但仍有很大比例患者为纵隔子宫。HWWS患者巧克力囊肿的发病率与普通人群接近,但盆腔内异症发病情况尚不明确,需多中心大样本研究进一步评估。
基金资助
湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ40744);中南大学湘雅三医院汇智育才计划(YX202112)。
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022JJ40744) and the Wisdom Accumulation and Talent Cultivation Project of the Third Xiangya Hosipital of Central South University (YX202112), China.
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
蒋建发 病例收集,数据统计与分析,论文撰写;易水晶 研究设计,论文审阅与修订。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202304550.pdf
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