Abstract
癌症患者的心理问题严重影响其治疗效果,有效进行癌症患者的心理康复对改善其生存结局和生活质量具有重要意义。昼夜节律是生物体进化过程中适应环境的结果,内源性时钟系统破坏或外界环境改变致使机体与环境失同步会引起昼夜节律紊乱。昼夜节律紊乱是癌症患者的常见现象,昼夜节律变化与癌症患者的心理问题密切相关。不少研究认为癌症患者的昼夜节律紊乱可能会通过多种机制直接或间接对其心理造成影响,而通过调节患者昼夜节律展开的针对性干预可能是促进癌症患者心理康复的重要手段。
Keywords: 昼夜节律, 癌症, 心理康复, 干预
Abstract
The psychological distress of cancer patients seriously affects their therapeutic effects. Effective psychological rehabilitation of cancer patients significantly improves their survival chance and quality of life. Circadian rhythm results from adaptation to the environment during the organism’s evolution. When the endogenous clock system is disrupted or the external environment is changed, the body and the environment are out of synchronization, and the circadian rhythm will be disrupted. Circadian rhythm disorder is a common phenomenon in cancer patients, and the changes of circadian rhythm are closely related to their psychological distress. Many studies believe that the circadian rhythm disorder of cancer patients may directly or indirectly affect their psychology through various mechanisms, and targeted intervention by regulating the circadian rhythm of patients may be an essential means to promote the psychological rehabilitation.
Keywords: circadian rhythm, cancer, psychological rehabilitation, intervention
癌症是影响人类健康与寿命的主要疾病,严重阻碍了人们生活质量的提高。全球肿瘤流行病学统计数据[1]显示:2020年全球新增癌症患者约1 930万,癌症死亡人数近1 000万。在癌症的诊断和治疗过程中,患者经历着一系列的心理痛苦[2]。癌症患者的心理问题不仅会使病情恶化,增加继发风险,降低其生存质量,还易导致自杀等不良后果[3]。因此,开展癌症患者的心理康复干预迫在眉睫。昼夜节律作为时间生物学的重要领域,一直是精神病学与临床心理学研究的热点内容。研究昼夜节律分子调控机制的3位科学家杰弗里·霍尔、迈克尔·罗斯巴什和迈克尔·杨获得2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,推动了其相关研究的进一步发展[4]。近年来研究[5]发现:昼夜节律紊乱是癌症患者的常见现象,癌症患者的昼夜节律变化与其心理问题密切关联,并会造成严重后果。
1. 昼夜节律概述
昼夜节律是哺乳动物为适应环境变化进化出的内源性生物钟系统,由位于下丘脑视交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus,SCN)的中央主时钟及位于外围组织的子时钟构成。昼夜节律呈24 h循环节律波动,调节睡眠-觉醒、新陈代谢、体温、血压、激素合成与分泌等活动[6]。生物钟通过正向或负向调节时钟基因(包括CLOCK、Bmal1、Per1、Per2、Per3、Cry1和Cry2等)的转录、翻译,形成的昼夜节律振荡反馈回路来输出节律信号,同时受光、食物、社交节奏等外界环境因素的影响,以保持机体与环境同步。内源性时钟系统被破坏或外界环境改变致使机体与环境失同步就会引起昼夜节律紊乱[7]。
2. 昼夜节律对癌症患者心理康复的影响机制
以睡眠节律紊乱为特征的昼夜节律紊乱是癌症患者的主要症状[8]。节律紊乱的发生与情绪变化有关,反过来又会影响患者心理康复,两者相互关联、相互作用[9]。
2.1. 直接机制
昼夜节律直接影响癌症患者心理康复的可能机制目前主要聚焦于3个方面:共同基因、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA)激素合成与分泌、以及情绪加工相关脑区的活动。Bellivier等[10]发现调节昼夜节律的CLOCK、Per2、Per3等时钟基因与情绪相关的皮质纹状体、多巴胺和谷氨酸能信号存在联系。昼夜节律与情绪的发生可能存在共同的基因学基础[11]。褪黑素作为昼夜节律的信号与睡眠的标志物,当患者的昼夜节律紊乱时,它会通过调节生物钟或影响神经营养因子表达引发抑郁、焦虑和心理痛苦等情绪问题[12-13]。与皮质醇分泌相关的昼夜节律改变也被证明与转移性或晚期乳腺癌患者的心理状况相关[14]。Horne等[15-16]研究发现睡眠时型与情绪相关脑区的功能连接强度相关,并进一步指出夜晚型个体因杏仁核过度激活,会强烈抑制处理情绪的大脑皮质活动,引发情绪障碍的概率更大。此外,李婷婷等[17]研究发现睡眠节律改变会影响正常神经回路的成熟,而神经回路突触修剪和细化不当与抑郁等心理问题的发生相关[18]。
2.2. 间接机制
昼夜节律可能通过癌症-相关性-症状簇、睡眠时型-情绪调节-抑郁的路径作用,性格特质等因素间接影响癌症患者心理康复。癌症-相关性-症状簇,指癌症诊断及治疗过程中的疼痛、抑郁、疲乏和睡眠紊乱等症状集合[19]。癌症患者的症状复杂呈动态变化,症状间相互作用。当睡眠紊乱时,由于患者白天迷走神经张力丧失,其面对压力时自我舒缓的能力下降,从而增加抑郁和焦虑发生的概率,而抑郁等负面情绪又反过来影响患者的睡眠节律[8, 20]。目前,已公认睡眠与昼夜节律紊乱和负面情绪有关[21]。研究[22-24]表明:睡眠时型中的夜晚型比清晨型的抑郁发生率更高,夜晚型个体通常具有消极认知偏差并倾向于非适应性情绪调节,这会阻碍问题解决,加强交感神经系统激活,从而增加抑郁风险。这说明,不同睡眠时型的癌症患者可能通过自我认知对情绪调节产生影响。性格因素与癌症患者的心理困扰水平相关[25]。意志力越强、对疾病态度越积极的患者昼夜节律紊乱的发生率越低。Jankowski等[26]认为睡眠时型为清晨型的个体通常更积极、更坚持,因而更能适应环境要求与刺激。睡眠时型为夜晚型的个体更神经质,情感控制力较差,易产生抑郁等心理问题[27]。社会时差也是昼夜节律影响心理康复的重要因素[28]。可基于上述影响机制对癌症患者展开针对性的干预,以促进癌症患者的心理康复。
3. 调整昼夜节律在癌症患者心理康复中的应用
昼夜节律紊乱是导致心理问题的原因之一,因此应将调整昼夜节律作为癌症患者心理康复的策略[29]。国外基于癌症患者昼夜节律的干预研究始于20世纪90年代,研究方向局限于睡眠节律紊乱与抑郁、疲劳、疼痛等症状的关系,研究对象主要聚焦在乳腺癌、肺癌患者。国内对癌症患者昼夜节律与心理康复相关的干预研究尚处于起步阶段。
3.1. 评估手段
昼夜节律不仅指睡眠节律,还包括内分泌节律、激素代谢节律、体温节律等。对患者昼夜节律的评估手段包括:1)测评量表。主要对患者的睡眠-觉醒情况进行评估,如睡眠日记、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数、清晨型-夜晚型量表、失眠严重程度指数等,均具有良好的信度及效度,应用较为广泛。2)生理检查。包括通过体动记录仪持续测量肢体运动、通过多导睡眠图测量患者睡眠生理信号以及通过直肠连续测定患者的最低核心体温进行评估。其中多导睡眠图是评估睡眠节律的金标准[30]。3)体液检测。以褪黑素与皮质醇激素水平检测为主,可通过血液或唾液进行检测。两者的代谢分泌均遵循昼夜节律变化,其节律波动是反映昼夜节律的最佳指标,近年来在临床逐渐得到应用[31]。但对癌症患者昼夜节律的评估研究,总体上以测评量表为主,客观评定方法的应用较少。
3.2. 干预方法
基于昼夜节律调控的干预方法在时间生物学与时间治疗学的指导下进行[32]。目前研究主要应用领域为航空航天、倒班或倒时差、内分泌紊乱、精神障碍、睡眠障碍、恶性肿瘤治疗等。
3.2.1. 光疗
光是生物钟系统的主要同步器和环境影响因素[33]。光暴露也是人体皮质醇昼夜节律的重要时限信号。夜晚暴露于光下会引起HPA失调,增加皮质醇相关情绪障碍的发生风险。夜间光线可直接通过内在光敏感视网膜神经节细胞或SCN投射到影响情绪的大脑区域,或者通过某些路径引起情绪不安[34]。光疗主要通过下丘脑调节褪黑素节律变化、相位推进程度以及上升觉醒系统来唤醒睡眠-觉醒周期,调节抑郁等心理症状。光疗已被有效用于季节性情感障碍和抑郁症患者的治疗[35]。一项荟萃分析[36]也表明光疗能有效改善癌症患者的睡眠、癌因性疲乏及抑郁症状。调节褪黑素节律变化的光疗是近些年来开展的新型癌症治疗手段,具有不良反应小、非侵袭性等优点,但光疗的干预时间点及光照的强度、颜色、持续时间等尚无具体标准。
3.2.2. 睡眠调节
睡眠调节通过治疗癌症患者的睡眠紊乱来改善其引发的心理问题,主要包括唤醒疗法和认知行为疗法。唤醒疗法通过增加慢波睡眠时间,缩短快速眼动睡眠的潜伏期、持续时间,直接改变睡眠-觉醒的节律,已被证实可用于治疗抑郁[37]。失眠认知行为疗法被认为是管理一般人群睡眠中断的首要方案,由治疗师主导,对受试者实施包括刺激控制、睡眠教育、睡眠限制以及与睡眠有关的适应不良认知管理等疗程的干预[38]。该疗法已在癌症患者的治疗中得到广泛应用,不仅可以改善患者的睡眠紊乱,且效果持久[39]。
3.2.3. 运动疗法
运动干预不仅有助于缓解癌症患者的焦虑情绪,减轻疲劳,还能促进身体形象的改善,提高患者生活质量和生存率[40]。此外,运动疗法还对癌症患者睡眠及昼夜节律系统有益[41]。Mustian等[42]研究表明为期4周,每周2次,每次90 min的规律性瑜伽干预能减少患者睡眠药物的使用并帮助调节昼夜节律。但患者昼夜节律系统对运动的反应,可能受癌症种类、运动量、运动持续时间、运动方式与时机等因素影响[43]。研究[44]表明:乳腺癌化疗患者持续运动30~45 min对改善焦虑、抑郁及睡眠质量效果最好。Fang等[43]认为有氧运动较力量运动对癌症患者更有益。此外,中等强度的步行运动干预能显著改善癌症患者的睡眠[45],但高强度或频繁运动反而不利于患者的睡眠[46]。建议对癌症患者制订针对性与个性化的干预计划。
3.2.4. 中医针灸
针灸作为中国传统疗法的重要组成部分,可以通过调节机体免疫、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和抗氧化等机制改善癌症患者的症状。针灸能显著改善患者疼痛,可能因此减少患者心理压力和心理问题[47]。实验研究[48]表明针灸作为一种非光性授时因子能通过调控生物钟节律基因表达和肿瘤组织的输出信号分子水平来影响荷瘤小鼠多种生理和病理节律。在临床中,针灸也被用于治疗癌症患者睡眠紊乱。一项随机对照试验[49]显示:针灸治疗癌症患者失眠的效果同药物治疗相当,且其远期疗效更好。王佳宁等[50]认为:针刺调整节律具有依时相性,择时针刺是调整肿瘤相关性节律紊乱的重要条件。针灸无毒副作用、无药物依赖性,其有效性、安全性具有临床意义,但具体的针灸部位、方式、时辰的选择等方面还有待规范,今后可对其进行深入研究。
3.2.5. 饮食调节
饮食摄入是影响生物钟的一个重要因素,有规律的饮食有利于新陈代谢。饮食营养对肠道健康和心理健康有重要影响,对癌症患者同样意义重大。研究[51]表明延迟进餐时间或在夜间用餐会影响外设时钟与SCN的同步与对准。动物实验[52]表明:预定进食的方式可以弥补外周节奏丢失及其与内在昼夜节律失调带来的负性影响。特定的用餐时间是否也能恢复癌症患者正常的昼夜节律并改善其心理健康程度有待在未来的干预研究中证实。
3.2.6. 社交调整
睡眠与活动方式的社会效果被称为社会节奏,社交是增加癌症患者生存潜力的重要因素。通过减少社交节奏干扰的行为干预措施能有效治疗情绪障碍[53]。社交调整能减轻双相情感障碍患者的社会压力,有效改善患者心境,防止情绪障碍再次发作[54]。社交调整在临床癌症患者中的应用,国内尚未有相关研究报道。
3.2.7. 药物治疗
药物治疗也是改善癌症患者昼夜节律与心理问题的有效治疗方法。5-羟色胺选择性重摄取抑制剂等抗抑郁药物可通过稳定患者的昼夜节律来抗抑郁[55]。褪黑素及其激动剂、糖皮质激素可通过靶向相关时钟通路或昼夜节律最主要的起搏器SCN到大脑或周围其他组织的信号通路来调节患者的昼夜节律[56]。褪黑素还可以通过抗神经炎症和氧化应激作用来抗抑郁[57]。新型抗抑郁药阿戈美拉汀治疗能显著改善患者的昼夜节律,并减少抑郁和焦虑症状[58]。Madsen等[59]认为,术前口服褪黑素的乳腺癌患者的术后抑郁发生率降低。此外,新型的泼尼松缓释剂能通过模仿生理昼夜节律提高患者治疗指数[60],具有催眠特性的缓释剂也被应用于临床[61],但针对癌症患者的干预数据较少。值得注意的是,药物代谢动力学研究[62]表明癌症患者的给药需要遵循一定的时间节律才能发挥最佳效果。这提示研究者在通过药物来促进癌症患者心理康复时应考虑给药的时间。
3.3. 干预效果
昼夜节律调控的干预不仅能减轻癌症患者的疲劳,改善睡眠,提高机体免疫力;而且有助于缓解患者的焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪,促进认知能力的恢复与提高,给人格与意志行为带来正向变化;同时还能提高患者生活质量,延长患者的生存时间。Innominato等[63]基于昼夜节律的神经内分泌机制,让乳腺癌患者睡前口服褪黑素2个月,结果表明患者的睡眠质量和身体状态明显改善。Johnson等[64]在癌症患者每日早晨醒后给予其30 min的强光治疗,结果表明患者疲劳感减轻、抑郁等问题显著改善。Garland等[39]进一步发现失眠认知行为疗法能有效促进癌症患者对疾病、生命等的正向认知。此外,Cormie等[40]指出有规律的运动能明显降低癌症复发率与病死率,尤其体现在乳腺癌和结直肠癌患者中。由此可见,昼夜节律调控的干预方法能使癌症患者获得生理、心理双重益处。
4. 展 望
4.1. 提高对昼夜节律影响癌症患者心理康复机制的认识
正确理解昼夜节律影响癌症患者心理康复的机制是开展相关干预的前提。基于昼夜节律对癌症患者心理康复中的干预可通过调控其影响机制中的具体因素如褪黑素、皮质醇激素、睡眠、认知、性格等进行。但目前仍不清楚昼夜节律与癌症患者心理康复的具体机制。因此,临床上应加强对昼夜节律影响癌症患者心理康复机制的认识,夯实昼夜节律相关理论基础,以便更好地开展干预。
4.2. 促进昼夜节律客观评估手段与指标的应用
识别癌症患者昼夜节律变化是开展昼夜节律干预的关键。目前对癌症患者昼夜节律的评估以问卷量表类主观测试为主,客观测量手段与生理检测的应用并不普及[8]。而客观评估通常具有更高的相关性与说服力,随着体动记录仪与唾液皮质醇等客观评估应用上的难点逐一被攻破,研究者需要在临床研究中结合主客观评估手段与指标进行更为有效的昼夜节律评估。
4.3. 推动更为精准、规范有效干预的实施
通过调整昼夜节律促进癌症患者心理康复方面的研究起步较晚,以横断面研究和关系研究为主,缺少个性化的干预研究,未来需要推动更多更为精准、规范、有效的昼夜节律干预的实施。随着计算机大数据辅助手段的革新,更多的可干预因素被挖掘,可通过应用动态、精准化的干预产生协同效应,不断地促进癌症患者的心理康复,提高其生活质量[65]。
4.4. 建立多学科合作团队
昼夜节律包括生理和心理的方方面面。然而对癌症患者昼夜节律的研究大多是通过休息-活动或睡眠-觉醒节律进行,很少探讨激素、代谢、体温、血压节律变化。这可能与研究者缺乏足够广的专业支撑有关。学科交叉合作是目前癌症研究的方向,通过专业互补、融合等方式综合解决患者的问题[66]。因此,应通过构建包括肿瘤学、心理学、护理学、生理学、康复学等在内的多学科团队,更好地促进癌症患者心理康复。
5. 结 语
癌症的诊断与治疗给患者带来一定程度的心理问题,并严重影响其生活质量。癌症患者的心理问题与其昼夜节律紊乱有关,两者相互影响、相互作用。癌症患者的昼夜节律紊乱可能通过多种机制对其心理产生影响。针对昼夜节律对癌症患者心理康复的影响机制开展的光疗、睡眠调节、运动疗法、中医针灸、饮食调节、社交调整及药物治疗等干预方法可对癌症患者的心理康复起到一定的治疗效果。但目前基于昼夜节律对癌症患者心理康复进行干预的研究仍存在机制认识不足、客观评估应用较少、干预方法欠规范等问题。因此,今后应加快构建多学科团队建设,结合主客观评估手段与指标,实施更为精准有效的干预策略,以促进癌症患者的心理康复。
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(82073409);中南大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2021zzts1020)。
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (82073409) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (2021zzts1020), China.
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
罗晓菲 论文构思、撰写与修改;肖盼盼、李丽君、段应龙、郑树基 论文修改;谢建飞 论文构思、修改与审阅。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2022121740.pdf
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