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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 Jul 28;47(7):865–871. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220163

宏基因二代测序技术对脊柱感染的诊断效率及预后的影响

Diagnostic efficiency of metagenomic next-generation sequencing on spinal infection and prognosis

GUO Chaofeng 1,2,2, ZHANG Guang 1,2, HU Xiaojiang 1,2, XU Dongcheng 1,2, TANG Bo 1,2, ZHANG Hongqi 1,2, TANG Mingxing 1,2, LIU Shaohua 1,2, LI Yanbing 2,3, GAO Qile 1,2,
Editor: 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10930291  PMID: 36039582

Abstract

Objective

Spinal infection is a rare infectious disease that is difficult to treat. The incidence of spinal infection is on the rise with the experiential use of antibiotics, the increasing incidence of drug-resistant bacteria, and the improvement of detection techniques. Traditional detection methods have limitations such as low sensitivity and long time-consuming in the diagnosis of spinal infection. In the clinical diagnosis and treatment of spinal infection, it has always been the focus and difficulty to determine the type of pathogens and to use antibiotics in a targeted manner. Many patients in the early stage of spinal infection due to the limitations of traditional detection methods cannot be quickly and accurately diagnosed, resulting in diagnosis delay, missed the best treatment time, bringing disastrous consequences to patients. There is an urgent need for a high-specificity, high-sensitivity, and time-saving test technique in clinical practice, which can simultaneously distinguish and identify the pathogen of spinal infection. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a new frontier technology emerging in recent years. It can detect all known pathogens in samples and has been used to diagnose clinically atypical and rare infectious diseases. This study aims to analyze the sensitivity of mNGS technique in diagnosing pathogens after spinal infection and its effect on prognosis.

Methods

Clinical data of 82 patients with spinal infection admitted to Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Peripheral blood erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) were routinely performed before surgery, and focal tissue specimens were obtained during surgery. Microbial culture, histopathological examination, and mNGS detection were performed. All patients were assigned into a targeted medication group (n=71) and an experienced treatment group (n=1) based on the results of mNGS. After regular follow-up, the sensitivity of mNGS to detect pathogens of spinal infection and its effect on prognosis were evaluated.

Results

The positive rate of mNGS (86.59%, 71/82) was significantly higher than that of microbial culture (18.99%, 15/79) and PCT (30.23%, 13/43). There were no significant differences in preoperative temperature, white blood cell count, neutrophil ratio, and scores of Visual Analogue Scale between the targeted medication group and the experienced treatment group. Preoperative use of antibiotics had no significant effect on the positive rate of mNGS and microbial culture (P=0.681). According to the targeted medication group, postoperative CRP and ESR showed a decreasing trend, and the ESR was significantly lower than that of the experienced treatment group at 30 days follow-up (P=0.044).

Conclusion

Compared with the microbial culture or PCT, mNGS has a higher sensitivity rate to detect pathogens of spinal infection. Patients receiving targeted antibiotics based on the results of mNGS have better outcomes than those receiving the experienced medicine.

Keywords: metagenomic next-generation sequencing, spondylitis, diagnosis, prognosis


脊柱感染在全身所有肌肉骨骼感染中占2%~7%[1],是一种比较少见且治疗棘手的感染类型,随着广泛的经验性使用抗生素,多重耐药菌感染发生率增加,脊柱感染的发病率也呈上升趋势[2]。导致脊柱感染的常见病原体包括结核分枝杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及布鲁氏菌等[3]

在脊柱感染的临床诊疗中,判断病原体的类型从而有针对性地使用抗生素一直是脊柱感染治疗的重点和难点[4]。目前,术前诊断脊柱感染主要是通过影像学和外周血指标等来综合判断。在影像学方面,随着医学成像技术的不断发展,脊柱感染的诊断率不断提高,但缺乏特异度[5]。外周血C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)是一个比较敏感的脊柱感染诊断指标,脊柱感染患者的血降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)水平明显升高,但二者都缺乏特异度[6]。目前,微生物培养仍然是确诊脊柱感染病原体的金标准,但是微生物培养的灵敏度和阳性率较低[7];另外,利福平耐药实时荧光定量核酸扩增检测技术(Xpert MTB/RIF)诊断脊柱结核的灵敏度和特异度均较好,是诊断脊柱结核的金标准,但其只局限于脊柱结核的诊断,无法确定除结核分枝杆菌外的其余微生物[8]。因此,在临床上急需一种可鉴别诊断脊柱感染病原体的高特异度、高灵敏度、耗时少的新检验技术,从而指导临床治疗。

宏基因二代测序技术(metagenomic next-generation sequencing,mNGS)是近几年新兴的前沿技术,理论上其可以检测样本中已知的所有病原体,已应用于诊断临床上非典型的、罕见的感染性疾病[9]。与传统诊断方法相比,mNGS的主要优势体现在可诊断复杂的感染性疾病[10]。近年来,mNGS已被应用于多种感染性疾病的诊疗中[11-13]。目前,mNGS已逐步应用于脊柱感染病原体的临床诊断,帮助脊柱外科医师制订早期、精准的治疗方案[7],但关于mNGS应用于脊柱感染的临床研究很少,研究其对预后的影响更是少见。本研究回顾性分析82例脊柱感染患者的临床资料,比较mNGS与传统检测技术的敏感度,评估其对预后的影响,为mNGS在脊柱感染中的应用提供依据。

1. 对象与方法

1.1. 对象

选取2019年1月至2021年12月中南大学湘雅医院(以下简称我院)收治的脊柱感染患者82例,其中男性45例,女性37例,年龄9~84(53.46±16.31)岁。纳入标准:1)初治患者;2)影像学显示脊柱骨质破坏并经手术治疗的患者;3)病灶组织标本经培养、聚合酶链反应(PCR)或病原学检测确定病原体感染的患者;4)病理学检查提示病灶局部为化脓性炎症、结节肉芽肿性炎症或感染性病变的患者;5)抗感染治疗有效的患者。排除标准:1)脊柱肿瘤患者;2)病理结果为无菌性炎症的脊柱骨质破坏患者;3)多器官感染或免疫缺陷患者。本研究经中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(审批号:201303232),所有患者知情并签署同意书。

1.2. 方法

所有患者入院后完善外周血CRP、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、PCT检测及影像学检查。详细收集患者的临床资料:年龄、体温、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、入院时视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS)。术中取病灶骨组织及病灶周围软组织标本数份,用无菌培养管密封保存,术后立即送检,分别行组织病理学检查、微生物培养、PCR及mNGS检测。术后根据mNGS检测结果进行分组:将依据mNGS检测结果或病原微生物培养结果进行用药的患者纳入针对用药组(n=71);将无mNGS结果且无病原微生物培养结果的患者纳入经验用药组(n=11)。分别在术后3、7、14、30、90 d定期复查,根据病理学及病原学检查结果,评价mNGS检测脊柱感染病原体的敏感度及其对预后的影响。

1.3. mNGS检测及分析

将病灶组织样本在低温下保存,按照微生物DNA提取试剂盒(广州美基生物科技有限公司)采用磁珠法进行DNA的提取与纯化,然后按照Nextera XT试剂盒(美国Illumina公司)说明书构建宏基因组文库(文库大小:约350 bp),使用Aglient 2100(美国Agilent公司)进行文库分析与定量,采用CFX96荧光定量PCR仪(美国Bio-Rad公司)精确定量,将加有不同标签头序列的文库等量混合,使用Illumina nextseq 550 DX(美国illumina公司)测序平台进行高通量测序(测序策略:SE75)。下机后的数据经Fast QC软件进行数据基本过滤,包括去除包含测序接头的序列、包含数据超过10%的序列、包含低质量碱基(Q值≤10)超过50%的序列,使用过滤后的数据与人的基因组参考序列(版本:GRCh38)进行BWA(http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net/)比对,去除人的相关序列,以经广州赛哲生物科技股份有限公司优化后其专属的病原微生物数据库为对照,剩下的序列与数据库进行比对分析,获得病原微生物的鉴定及定量结果,最后生成临床检测报告。

1.4. 统计学处理

数据使用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料若符合正态分布,用均数±标准差( x¯ ±s)表示,两组比较采用t检验;计量资料若不符合正态分布,用中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)[M(P 25P 75)]表示,两组比较采用秩和检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,两组比较采用χ 2检验或Fisher精确概率法。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 一般临床资料比较

针对用药组与经验用药组患者的年龄、体温、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值和入院时VAS差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,表1)。

表1.

两组患者一般资料比较

Table 1 Comparison of general clinical data between 2 groups

组别 n 年龄/岁 体温/℃ 白细胞计数/(×109·L–1) 中性粒细胞比值/% 入院时VAS/分
针对用药组 71 54.23±16.22 36.50(36.50, 36.80) 6.60(4.93, 8.67) 68.74±11.42 2.00(2.00, 5.25)
经验用药组 11 48.55±16.77 36.50(36.50, 36.60) 5.40(4.80, 7.19) 61.73±8.04 3.00(1.00, 6.00)
t/Z 1.157 0.952 0.855 3.825 0.014
P 0.285 0.341 0.393 0.054 0.989

VSA:视觉模拟评分。

2.2. 术前使用抗生素对mNGS和微生物培养结果的影响

纳入的82例患者中,有74例术前使用过抗生素,其中mNGS检测结果阳性者64例,微生物培养结果阳性者13例。有8例患者术前未使用过抗生素,其中mNGS检测结果阳性者8例,微生物培养结果阳性者2例。术前是否使用抗生素对mNGS检测结果和微生物培养结果阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.681)。

2.3. 检测敏感度比较

共取得标本82份,其中经CT引导下穿刺取得标本6份,经脊柱开放手术取得标本76份;病灶椎体骨组织及病灶周围软组织标本70份,脓液标本12份。mNGS检测结果阳性71份(86.59%),其中检出特异性感染病原菌27份[包括结核分支杆菌21份(25.61%)和布鲁氏菌6份(7.32%)],非特异感染病原菌30份(36.59%),真菌和病毒各1份(各1.22%),以及混合感染病原菌12份(14.63%)。共79例患者标本行常规实验室微生物培养,阳性15例(18.99%)。共43例患者术前行外周血PCT检测,阳性13例(30.23%)。mNGS检测的阳性率高于微生物培养和PCT检测(χ2=73.891,χ2=40.640,均P<0.001;表2)。

表2.

宏基因二代测序技术检测与微生物培养或降钙素原 检测结果比较

Table 2 Comparison of positive rate between metagenomic next-generation sequencing and microbial culture or procalcitonin

方法 n 阳性/[例(%)] 阴性/[例(%)]
mNGS检测 82 71(86.59) 11(13.41)
微生物培养 79 15(18.99) 64(81.01)
降钙素原检测 43 13(30.23) 30(69.77)

mNGS:宏基因二代测序技术。

2.4. 针对用药组与经验用药组患者术后随访期间ESRCRP比较

针对用药组患者的术后CRP、ESR呈下降趋势;术后30 d时,针对用药组的ESR较经验用药组明显下降(P=0.044,表3)。

表3.

两组患者术后随访期间CRPESR比较

Table 3 Comparison of CRP and ESR between the 2 groups during postoperative follow-up

组别 n CRP/(mg·L-1)
术前 术后3 d 术后7 d 术后14 d 术后30 d 术后90 d
针对用药组 71 30.35(15.45, 62.87) 55.27(24.70, 77.60) 18.21(8.96, 34.85) 10.86(3.86, 37.98) 6.87(2.28, 29.44) 4.75(2.02, 10.47)
经验用药组 11 22.00(7.53, 41.90) 68.55(17.50, 107.85) 19.70(5.72, 65.40) 7.16(1.97, 34.10) 11.00(3.80, 18.20) 8.11(0.78, 70.60)
Z 1.034 0.494 0.174 0.528 0.252 0.155
P 0.301 0.621 0.862 0.597 0.801 0.877
组别 ESR/(mm·h-1)
术前 术后3 d 术后7 d 术后14 d 术后30 d 术后90 d
针对用药组 95.00(56.50, 120.00) 79.50(49.00, 103.75) 71.50(44.00, 101.25) 71.00(41.75, 98.25) 50.50(30.00, 85.25) 20.00(11.00, 32.00)
经验用药组 90.00(54.00, 102.00) 84.00(46.50, 112.50) 76.50(55.50, 113.75) 54.00(36.00, 94.00) 100.00(97.00, 119.00) 50.00(16.75, 100.50)
Z 0.602 0.268 0.693 0.523 2.016 1.383
P 0.547 0.788 0.488 0.601 0.044 0.167

CRP:C反应蛋白;ESR:红细胞沉降率。

3. 讨 论

临床医生诊断脊柱感染通常需要根据患者详细的病史、临床症状和体征,并结合术前的生物学检验和影像学检查结果。入院时患者外周血CRP、ESR、PCT、γ干扰素释放试验(interferon-γ release assay,IGRA)等结果出现异常,结合患者的影像学检查结果,可为临床医生诊断脊柱感染提供依据[14]。Lee等[6]研究发现:化脓性脊柱感染患者使用抗生素治疗后,其外周血CRP、ESR、PCT水平下降,与外周血PCT相比,脊柱感染患者的外周血CRP敏感度更高,但PCT可作为标志物区分细菌与非细菌感染,还可评估感染的严重程度及抗感染的疗效。本研究结果显示术前PCT检测脊柱感染阳性率为30.23%,提示术前PCT敏感度低可能与患者术前使用抗生素有关。大多数患者来医院就诊前就使用过抗生素,会导致术前的抽血检验结果出现假阴性,表明外周血CRP、ESR、PCT等感染指标的特异度不高,会影响临床医生对疾病的诊断,而延迟诊断可能会错过最佳治疗时间。

早期的影像学检查对提示病变及累及的部位、病情的进展等是非常有价值且必要的[15]。但是临床医生很难根据脊柱感染患者的影像学检查结果区分脊柱感染的类型,脊柱结核与脊柱化脓性感染的影像学检查结果很相似,无法鉴别脊柱结核和脊柱其他病原菌感染[16],往往错过最佳的治疗时间,给患者带来不良的预后,增加患者的经济负担。

目前确诊脊柱感染病原体的金标准是常规微生物培养,但培养的阳性率较低。最近的研究[17]发现:在CT引导下穿刺活检的敏感度为52.2%,脊柱开放手术取得组织标本的检出率为68%~93%。本研究结果显示:脊柱感染患者微生物培养阳性率(18.99%)明显低于mNGS检测的阳性率(86.59%),可能是因为我院收治的大部分患者是经下级医院转入的,在下级医院已经行血培养或影像引导下穿刺活检结果为阴性,未能明确病因,然后行经验性抗感染治疗,导致微生物培养阳性率低。本研究还发现mNGS检测结果中有相当一部分少见的病原体,如真菌、病毒和其他罕见病原体,这也可能是导致微生物培养阳性率低的原因。Kim等[4]对106例脊柱化脓性感染患者资料进行回顾性研究,发现在行常规微生物培养确诊感染病原体前经验性使用抗生素,尤其是持续较长时间地使用抗生素,与微生物培养阳性率低密切相关。本研究结果显示术前使用抗生素对常规微生物培养结果阳性率无明显影响,可能与术前使用抗生素的时间有关,因大部分患者由下级医院转入,术前使用抗生素时间收集较困难,且不够准确,因此本研究未对此分析。在临床上未能快速确诊脊柱感染病原体,且患者不能耐受疼痛症状或出现脓毒血症等情况时,或者在术后mNGS和微生物培养结果未出来之前,如果依据血清学结果(如PCT、IGRA、白细胞计数等)行经验性用药不仅会加重医疗负担,而且容易产生耐药菌[18-20]

本研究还发现针对用药组的术后CRP、ESR呈下降趋势,至术后30 d,两组ESR有明显差异。表明根据mNGS检测结果对脊柱感染患者针对性使用抗生素较之传统检测方法得出的结果可更有效地控制感染,令患者更快地恢复。但本研究中mNGS检测结果阴性的患者较少,可能会使观察到的结果不准确,增加样本量可使结果更准确。根据2015年美国传染病学会发布的《成人天然椎骨脊髓炎诊断和治疗临床实践指南》[21]:对大多数细菌性的脊柱感染患者行4~6周的抗感染治疗,对布鲁氏菌引起的感染患者应抗感染治疗至少3个月,对脊柱结核患者通常建议抗结核治疗至少18个月,以根除结核分枝杆菌感染[22]

既往研究发现:mNGS比传统检测方法的敏感度更高,平均耗时少,较少受术前使用抗生素的影响[12];大部分标本送检第2天就能出结果,相比于微生物培养,明显提高了诊断效率[7]。本研究发现部分患者的标本经mNGS检测出多种病原体;而传统微生物培养往往只培养出单一病原体或者培养阳性率低[23-24]。本研究中大部分患者诊断脊柱感染是基于mNGS检测结果,虽然目前mNGS检测的成本仍然较高,但是与其给患者带来的效益相比,是利大于弊的,尤其适用于复杂的混合性感染、已经行血培养或影像引导下穿刺结果阴性等诊断困难的脊柱感染患者。

综上所述,相比于微生物培养方法和PCT检测,mNGS检测脊柱感染病原体的敏感度更高;与经验用药相比,根据mNGS检测结果针对性使用抗生素患者的预后更好。mNGS在脊柱感染的术后诊断中具有良好的运用前景,并可为临床用药提供可靠的依据和参考。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82072460,82170901);湖南省自然科学基金(2020JJ4892,2020JJ4808)。

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (82072460, 82170901) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2020JJ4892, 2020JJ4808), China.

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

郭超峰 样本收集,数据分析及论文撰写;张广 统计学分析及论文撰写;胡小江、徐东宬、唐博 数据收集及录入;张宏其 实验设计及技术指导;唐明星、刘少华 标本收集;李艳冰 样本质控及检验;高琪乐 样本收集、质控及检验,数据分析及论文撰写。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202207865.pdf

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