Abstract
目的
中国无症状原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT)的患病率低于欧美国家且研究较少。本研究旨在探讨无症状PHPT患者的临床特点。
方法
回顾性分析150例行手术治疗并经病理检查证实的PHPT患者的临床资料。将患者分为有症状组(n=124)和无症状组(n=26)。
结果
无症状PHPT组的腺瘤发生率高于腺癌(P=0.073);无症状PHPT组首诊原因为经常规生化指标检测发现高钙血症的比例高于有症状PHPT组(76.92% vs 25.81%,P<0.001)。与有症状PHPT组比较,无症状PHPT组病程明显较短(中位数12个月 vs 24个月,P=0.004),血钙、血清校正钙及甲状旁腺激素明显较低(分别P=0.003、P=0.006及P=0.042),病变直径明显较短(P=0.028),1,25-二羟维生素D3水平明显较高(P<0.001),L2~4和股骨颈的骨密度明显较高(均P<0.001)。
结论
无症状的PHPT患者仅占少数,与有症状的PHPT患者比较,无症状PHPT患者的首诊原因主要为高钙血症,其病程短,病变直径小,血钙和甲状旁腺激素水平低,维生素D和腰椎及股骨颈的骨密度较高,病理类型均为良性且腺瘤的比例较高。
Keywords: 无症状原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症, 甲状旁腺癌, 甲状旁腺腺瘤, 甲状旁腺增生, 临床特点
Abstract
Objective
The prevalence of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in China is lower than that in European and American countries and the study about the characteristics of asymptomatic PHPT was rare in China. This study aims to explore the characteristics of asymptomatic PHPT.
Methods
Clinical data of 150 patients with PHPT confirmed by operation and pathological examination were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were assigned into a symptomatic PHPT group (n=124) and an asymptomatic PHPT group (n=26).
Results
The proportion of adenomas was higher than that of adenocarcinoma in the asymptomatic PHPT group. The proportion of the first diagnosis due to hypercalcemia found via biochemical examination in the asymptomatic PHPT group was higher than that in the symptomatic PHPT group (76.92% vs 25.81%, P<0.001). The duration was shorter in the asymptomatic PHPT patients than that in the symptomatic PHPT patients (median 12 months vs 24 months, P=0.004). The serum calcium, the albumin-corrected serum calcium, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were lower in the asymptomatic PHPT patients than those in the symptomatic PHPT (P=0.003, P=0.006, and P=0.042, respectively). The serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was higher (P<0.001), the diameter was shorter (P=0.028), and the bone mineral densities (BMD) of L2~4 and femoral neck were higher in the asymptomatic PHPT patients than those in the symptomatic PHPT patients (both P<0.001).
Conclusion
Only a minority of PHPT patients are asymptomatic. Compared with the symptomatic PHPT patients, the primary cause of diagnosis is hypercalcemia, the duration of diagnosis and the diameter of parathyroid gland are shorter, the levels of serum calcium, and PTH are lower, the proportion of adenomas, vitamin D, and the BMD of L2-4 and femoral neck are higher, and the pathological type is benign in the asymptomatic PHPT patients.
Keywords: asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid carcinoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, clinical characteristics
原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(primary hyper-parathyroidism,PHPT)是由甲状旁腺组织本身异常引起甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)分泌过多,钙、磷和骨代谢紊乱的一种全身性疾病,通常表现为骨吸收增加的骨骼病变、肾石病、高钙血症和低磷血症等,但轻型和早期病例可完全无症状或仅有某些生化指标的异常[1]。在西方国家随着生化检查的常规化,PHPT以无症状者为主[2-3],而印度、伊朗和沙特阿拉伯等国家仍以有症状PHPT为主[4-9]。在中国对有症状的PHPT报道较多[10-15],对无症状PHPT的临床特点报道较少[10, 14]。本研究回顾性分析150例PHPT患者的临床资料,旨在探讨无症状PHPT的临床特点,提高临床医师对该病的认识水平。
1. 对象与方法
1.1. 对象
收集2010年1月至2016年12月于首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院(以下简称我院)行手术治疗并经病理证实的150例PHPT患者。将患者分为有症状组(n=124)和无症状组(n=26)。PHPT的诊断参照美国临床内分泌学家协会和美国内分泌外科医生协会(The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons,AACE/AAES)的标准[16] 。无症状PHPT的诊断标准参照Silverberg等[17]的方法。甲状旁腺腺癌的临床病理诊断标准参照Duan等[18]的方法。骨痛的诊断标准参照中国PHPT诊疗指南[19]。
1.2. 实验室检查
患者禁食、禁水8~12 h,于次日清晨经肘静脉抽血,检测血清钙、白蛋白、血清磷、PTH、尿素氮、血肌酐、尿酸、碱性磷酸酶水平。同时留尿测定24 h尿钙、24 h尿磷。以上均由我院检验科采用日本日立全自动7600生化分析仪检测。用美国Beckman Coulter公司生产的Access Immunoassay Systems Uni-Cel DXI800化学发光免疫分析仪及试剂盒检测全段PTH。1,25-二羟维生素D3[1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3,1,25(OH)2D3]的检测采用德国罗氏公司电化学发光法试剂盒(参考值:1,25(OH)2D3>30 ng/mL)。骨密度的检测使用美国Hologic公司生产的Discovery Wi双光能骨密度仪。
1.3. 统计学处理
采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据的录入及处理。对所有计量资料进行正态分布和方差齐性检验,正态分布者以均数±标准差( ±s)表示,组间比较用Student’s t检验;偏态分布者以中位数表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以百分比表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法检验,以双侧P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1. PHPT的基本特征
150例PHPT患者的年龄为15~84岁,男34例,年龄(56.0±16.5)岁,女116例,年龄(57.2±13.5)岁,男꞉女为1꞉3.4。所有患者经手术病理证实,甲状旁腺癌14例(9.33%),甲状旁腺增生28例(18.67%),甲状旁腺腺瘤108例(72%)。其中合并多发性内分泌腺瘤病的PHPT患者1例。
2.2. 无症状和有症状PHPT组的病理特点
甲状旁腺增生和甲状旁腺腺瘤所占的比例在无症状PHPT组和有症状PHPT组差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),无症状PHPT组的腺瘤发生率高于腺癌,无症状PHPT组无1例腺癌(P=0.073,表1)。
表 1.
无症状PHPT组和有症状PHPT组病理特点的比较
Table 1 Comparison of the pathological characteristics in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with PHPT
组别 | n |
增生/ [例(%)] |
腺瘤/ [例(%)] |
腺癌/ [例(%)] |
---|---|---|---|---|
P | 0.831 | 0.127 | 0.073 | |
无症状PHPT组 | 26 | 4(15.38) | 22(84.62) | 0(0) |
有症状PHPT组 | 124 | 24(19.35) | 86(69.35) | 14(11.29) |
2.3. 无症状和有症状PHPT组的基本临床特点
无症状PHPT组首诊原因为高钙血症的比例高于有症状PHPT组(P<0.001)。与有症状PHPT组比较,无症状PHPT组病程明显较短(P=0.004),血钙、血清校正钙及PTH水平明显较低(分别P=0.003、P=0.006及P=0.042),病变直径明显较短(P=0.028),1,25(OH)2D3水平明显较高(P<0.001),L2~4和股骨颈的骨密度明显较高(均P<0.001,表2)。无症状PHPT组在性别、体重指数、血清白蛋白、血磷、尿素氮、血肌酐和尿酸与有症状PHPT组比较差异均无统计学意义(均 P>0.05)。
表2.
无症状PHPT组和有症状PHPT组的基本临床特点比较
Table 2 Comparison of the basic clinical characteristics in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with PHPT
组别 | n | 年龄/岁 | 男/女 | 首诊原因:高钙血症/[例(%)] | 首诊原因:甲状旁腺病变/[例(%)] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | 0.913 | 0.569 | <0.001 | 0.395 | |
无症状PHPT组 | 26 | 57.2±11.6 | 7/19 | 20(76.92) | 6(23.08) |
有症状PHPT组 | 124 | 56.9±14.7 | 27/97 | 32(25.81) | 20(16.13) |
组别 | 病程*/月 | 体重指数/(kg·m-2) | 病变直径/cm | 血清白蛋白/(g·L-1) | 血钙/(mmol·L-1) | 血清校正钙/(mmol·L-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
无症状PHPT组 | 12 | 22.2±3.2 | 1.72±0.62 | 42.4±3.13 | 2.74±0.16 | 2.72±0.16 |
有症状PHPT组 | 24 | 23.6±4.2 | 2.13±1.48 | 42.2±4.0 | 2.97±0.36 | 2.92±0.38 |
P | 0.004 | 0.161 | 0.028 | 0.881 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
组别 | 血磷/(mmol·L-1) |
1,25(OH)2D3*/ (ng·mL-1) |
PTH/ (pg·mL-1) |
24 h尿钙/(mmol·L-1) | 碱性磷酸酶*/(U·L-1) |
尿素氮/ (mmol·L-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
无症状PHPT组 | 0.91±0.25 | 15 | 186.9 | 8.42±3.42 | 82 | 5.09±1.32 |
有症状PHPT组 | 0.82±0.28 | 11 | 205.8 | 10.65±5.12 | 101 | 5.43±2.00 |
P | 0.139 | <0.001 | 0.042 | 0.097 | 0.144 | 0.404 |
组别 |
血肌酐/ (μmol·L-1) |
骨痛/[例(%)] |
有骨折史/ [例(%)] |
泌尿系结石/ [例(%)] |
L2~4骨密度/ (g·cm-2) |
股骨颈骨密度/(g·cm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
无症状PHPT组 | 66.50±26.48 | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0.977±0.050 | 0.813±0.044 |
有症状PHPT组 | 68.03±36.03 | 70(56.45) | 17(13.71) | 57(45.97) | 0.714±0.077 | 0.697±0.063 |
P | 0.838 | <0.001 | 0.044 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
PHPT:甲状旁腺功能亢进症;1,25(OH)2D3:1,25-二羟维生素D3;PTH:甲状旁腺激素。*中位数。
3. 讨 论
PHPT的病理类型包括甲状旁腺癌、甲状旁腺腺瘤和甲状旁腺增生,其中甲状旁腺腺瘤最常见[20]。国外研究[21]结果显示甲状旁腺癌的发生率逐年增加。近10余年中国的甲状旁腺癌发生率为3.0%~7.1%[10-13]。本研究所有患者经手术病理证实,甲状旁腺癌14例(9.33%),增生28例(18.67%),甲状旁腺腺瘤108例(72%)。其中甲状旁腺癌的比例高于以往的报道,可能原因为本研究14例甲状旁腺癌患者中12例均是外地治疗后复发的病例。
无症状PHPT组的甲状旁腺增生、甲状旁腺腺瘤和甲状旁腺癌的所占比例分别为15.38%、84.62%和0。无症状PHPT组甲状腺旁腺增生和腺瘤所占的比例与有症状PHPT组无差异,这与王鸥等[14]报道的增生比例较高不同。本研究中无1例无症状的甲状旁腺癌患者,目前国内亦无1例无症状的甲状旁腺癌患者报道[10, 14, 22]。
在本研究中,无症状PHPT的病程较短,与以往的研究[10, 23]报道的有症状和无症状PHPT患者的病程无差异的结果不同。无症状PHPT患者的血钙、血清校正钙、PTH、24 h尿钙明显低于有症状者,与Zhao等[10]的研究结果相似;无症状PHPT患者的病变直径短于有症状者,亦与以往的研究[10, 23]结果一致,但明显短于文献[10, 15]报道的病变直径,主要原因是目前生化分析仪的常规使用和甲状腺超声对甲状腺病的评估能更早地发现无症状PHPT患者。本研究中PHPT患者的临床表现仍以有症状者为主,无症状者的首诊原因中有经常规生化指标检测发现高钙血症和超声检查发现的甲状旁腺病变,其中高钙血症的检出率为76.92%,因此血钙检测应列为常规筛查。如有骨痛、骨折、泌尿系结石、高钙血症和甲状旁腺占位等症状或体征应筛查PTH。
在西方国家,PHPT患者维生素D缺乏情况比正常人更普遍[24-25],Man等[26]发现大约75%的中国成人有维生素D的不足。目前关于中国PHPT患者的维生素D水平的报道仅有两项研究[10, 27],在本研究中,无症状PHPT患者的维生素D水平与这2项研究[10, 27]的结果相似。PHPT对骨的影响主要是皮质骨[28]。本研究中无症状PHPT患者股骨颈的骨密度比有症状者高,与Zhao等[10]报道的相同;无症状PHPT患者L2~4的骨密度同样高于有症状者,而Zhao等[10]的研究显示无症状PHPT患者L2~4的骨密度与有症状者无差异。因这方面的报道较少,故需要更多、更大样本的研究进一步验证。
本研究的26例无症状的PHPT患者均行手术治疗,术中均进行了PTH监测,术后随访48~110个月,随访期间无复发病例。2016年《美国内分泌外科医师协会原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症管理指南》[29]指出手术切除是PHPT决定性的治疗方式。对于有症状或无症状的PHPT患者,均首选甲状旁腺切除术。手术干预须依据个体化原则,综合患者的年龄、预期寿命、手术风险、手术意愿和靶器官损害风险等因素进行考虑。对于不符合上述手术指征的患者,不建议行手术治疗。
综上,PHPT患者中无症状者仅占少数,我院内分泌科2010至2016年间仅有17.3%(26/150)的无症状PHPT患者。PHPT的临床表现仍以有症状者为主。无症状的PHPT首诊原因主要为高钙血症;与有症状PHPT患者比较,无症状PHPT患者的病程和病变直径较短,血钙、PTH水平较低,维生素D水平较高,病理类型均为良性且腺瘤的比例较高,腰椎及股骨颈的骨密度较高。因此,血钙检测应列为常规筛查项目;如有骨痛、骨折、泌尿系结石、甲状旁腺占位等症状或体征应筛查PTH。对于无症状的、不能或不愿定期随访的PHPT患者,首选甲状旁腺切除术。本研究结果有助于临床医生了解无症状PHPT患者的临床特点;但本研究是单中心的研究,样本量有限,并且不是所有的患者都在我院进行了骨密度和维生素D的检测,故结果尚需多中心、大样本的研究进一步证实。
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202104368.pdf
参考文献
- 1. Eigelberger MS, Clark OH. Surgical approaches to primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2000, 29(3): 479-502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ. Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. N Engl J Med, 2004, 350(17): 1746-1751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Bandeira L, Bilezikian J. Primary hyperparathyroidism [J].F1000Res, 2016, 5: F1000 Faculty Rev-1. [Google Scholar]
- 4. de Endocrinologia e Metabologia SB, Bandeira F, Griz L, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism―a scientific statement from the Department of Bone Metabolism, the Brazilian Society for Endocrinology and Metabolism[J]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 2013, 57(6): 406-424. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Pradeep PV, Jayashree B, Mishra A, et al. Systematic review of primary hyperparathyroidism in India: the past, present, and the future trends[J]. Int J Endocrinol, 2011, 2011: 921814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Gopal RA, Acharya SV, Bandgar T, et al. Clinical profile of primary hyperparathyroidism from western India: a single center experience[J]. J Postgrad Med, 2010, 56(2): 79-84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Hamidi S, Soltani A, Hedayat A, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: a review of 177 cases[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2006, 12(2): CR86-CR89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Malabu UH, Founda MA. Primary hyperparathyroidism in Saudi Arabia: a review of 46 cases[J]. Med J Malaysia, 2007, 62(5): 394-397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Bhadada SK, Arya AK, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: insights from the Indian PHPT registry[J]. J Bone Miner Metab, 2018, 36(2): 238-245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10. Zhao L, Liu JM, He XY, et al. The changing clinical patterns of primary hyperparathyroidism in Chinese patients: data from 2000 to 2010 in a single clinical center[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013, 98(2): 721-728. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11. 邢小平, 王鸥, 孟迅吾, 等. 北京与纽约原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床表现的比较[J]. 诊断学理论与实践, 2006, 5(6): 483-486. [Google Scholar]; XING Xiaoping, WANG Ou, MENG Xunwu, et al. Comparison of clinical manifestations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism between districts of Beijing and New York[J]. Journal of Diagnostics Concepts & Practice, 2006, 5(6): 483-486. [Google Scholar]
- 12. 董建宇, 管珩, 朱预. 甲状旁腺功能亢进症455例临床症状分析[J]. 中国医学科学院学报, 2011, 33(3): 330-333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; DONG Jianyu, GUAN Heng, ZHU Yu. Clinical symptoms in 455 hyperparathyroidism patients[J]. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae, 2011, 33(3): 330-333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13. Xue S, Chen H, Lv C, et al. Preoperative diagnosis and prognosis in 40 parathyroid carcinoma patients[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2016, 85(1): 29-36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14. 王鸥, 邢小平, 孟迅吾, 等. 无症状型原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床特点分析[J]. 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 2010, 3(1): 18-22. [Google Scholar]; WANG Ou, XING Xiaoping, MENG Xunwu, et al. The clinical characteristics of asymptomatic primary hyper-parathyroidism in Peking Union Medical College Hospital[J]. Chinese Journal of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, 2010, 3(1): 18-22. [Google Scholar]
- 15. Yao XA, Wei BJ, Jiang T, et al. The characteristics of clinical changes in primary hyperparathyroidism in Chinese patients[J]. J Bone Miner Metab, 2019, 37(2): 336-341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16. AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism . The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Endocr Pract, 2005, 11(1): 49-54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17. Silverberg SJ, Walker MD, Bilezikian JP. Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. J Clin Densitom, 2013, 16(1): 14-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18. Duan K, Mete Ö. Parathyroid carcinoma: diagnosis and clinical implications[J]. Turk Patoloji Derg, 2015, 31(Suppl 1): 80-97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19. 中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会, 中华医学会内分泌分会代谢性骨病学组 . 原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症诊疗指南[J]. 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 2014, 7(3): 187-198. [Google Scholar]; Chinese Society of Bone and Mineral Research, Metabolic Osteopathology Group, Branch Endocrinology, Chinese Medical Association . Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Chinese Journal of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, 2014, 7(3): 187-198. [Google Scholar]
- 20. LiVolsi VA, Montone KT, Baloch ZN. Parathyroid: the pathology of hyperparathyroidism[J]. Surg Pathol Clin, 2014, 7(4): 515-531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21. Brown S, O'Neill C, Suliburk J, et al. Parathyroid carcinoma: increasing incidence and changing presentation[J]. ANZ J Surg, 2011, 81(7/8): 528-532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22. 张大林, 张平, 贺亮, 等. 无症状原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症25例报告[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2013, 33(3): 227. [Google Scholar]; ZHANG Dalin, ZHANG Ping, HE Liang, et al. A report of 25 cases of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2013, 33(3): 227. [Google Scholar]
- 23. Mithal A, Kaur P, Singh VP, et al. Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism exists in north India: retrospective data from 2 tertiary care centers[J]. Endocr Pract, 2015, 21(6): 581-585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24. Moosgaard B, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, et al. Vitamin D status, seasonal variations, parathyroid adenoma weight and bone mineral density in primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2005, 63(5): 506-513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25. Boudou P, Ibrahim F, Cormier C, et al. A very high incidence of low 25 hydroxy-vitamin D serum concentration in a French population of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. J Endocrinol Invest, 2006, 29(6): 511-515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26. Man RE, Li LJ, Cheng CY, et al. Prevalence and determinants of suboptimal vitamin D levels in a multiethnic Asian population[J]. Nutrients, 2017, 9(3): E313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27. Sun B, Guo B, Wu B, et al. Characteristics, management, and outcome of primary hyperparathyroidism at a single clinical center from 2005 to 2016[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2018, 29(3): 635-642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28. Bandeira F, Cusano NE, Silva BC, et al. Bone disease in primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 2014, 58(5): 553-561. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29. Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for Definitive Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism[J]. JAMA Surg, 2016, 151(10): 959-968. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]