Skip to main content
Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2021 Apr 28;46(4):444–448. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.190736

一种新的猝死预警心电图:期前收缩后短暂QT间期延长

A new ECG sign for sudden death: Transient prolonged QT interval following premature contraction

ZHAO Xiexiong 1,1, LI Xiaogang 1, LIU Chunhua 1, WU Yuyan 1, LI Jiaying 1, YOU Nana 1, LI Ruixuan 1, CHEN Huiling 1, TANG Huiting 1, CHEN Shunsong 1, WANG Wenjuan 1,, JIANG Weihong 1,
Editor: 彭 敏宁
PMCID: PMC10930310  PMID: 33967094

Abstract

Early recognition and treatment for early warning electrocardiogram (ECG) of sudden death are very important to prevent and treat malignant arrhythmia and sudden death. Previous studies have found that R-on-T and T wave alternation, and QT interval prolongation are closely related to malignant arrhythmia or sudden death, which are included in the critical value of ECG.By analyzing the ECG characteristics of 4 patients with sudden death, we found that although the causes of the patients were different, there were transient prolongation of QT interval after premature contraction in 12 lead ECG, followed by malignant arrhythmia or sudden death. Thus, we thought that the transient prolongation of QT interval after premature contraction had a high value for warning malignant arrhythmia or sudden death. This phenomenon should be paid enough attention to reduce the risk of sudden death.

Keywords: premature contraction, prolonged QT interval, sudden death, warning electrocardiogram


早期发现和识别猝死预警心电图对防治恶性心律失常、猝死有重要的意义,目前已有研究[1]发现:R-on-T和T波电交替、QT间期延长等均与恶性心律失常及猝死密切相关,且将这些现象列入了心电图危急值以引起临床工作者的重视。期前收缩在临床工作中很常见,QT间期延长也被视为恶性心律失常的高风险因素,然而,期前收缩后出现短暂的QT间期延长却很少有人关注。通过临床观察,我们发现一些猝死的患者在发病前的心电图上出现过期前收缩后短暂的QT间期延长的现象。本研究报告中南大学湘雅三医院收治的4例猝死患者的心电图表现,旨在探讨期前收缩后短暂的QT间期延长的预测价值。其中QT间期测量遵循心电图测量技术指南[2]及心电图测量国际标准[3],12导联同步时最早的QRS波群起点至最晚的T波终点之间的距离为QT间期,排除U波。若心率小于60 min-1,使用Bazetts公式计算QT间期的校正值(corrected QT interval,QTc),QTc=QT间期/ RR

1. 病例资料

患者1,女,62岁,以“晕厥查因”于2019年5月13日入院,既往无“高血压、糖尿病”病史。体格检查无特殊,电解质、甲状腺功能、肌钙蛋白I正常,N末端脑钠肽2 470 ng/L。心脏彩超提示左房、左室、右房稍大,心功能下降(射血分数44%)。入院第2天凌晨患者在睡眠时心电监护提示尖端扭转型室性心动过速,呼之不应,予以心肺复苏、电除颤等积极抢救措施后恢复意识。24 h动态心电图捕捉到发病前后心电图(图1):室性期前收缩后QT间期明显延长,期前收缩前QT间期520 ms,QTc 484 ms,期前收缩后QT间期720 ms,QTc 651 ms,在延长的QT间期上出现R-on-T和长短周期现象,诱发尖端扭转型室性心动过速、心室扑动、心室颤动。

图1.

图1

患者162岁女性,24 h动态心电图片段

Figure 1 Patient 1, a 62-year-old woman, 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram

A: QT interval is prolonged significantly after premature ventricular contraction (PVC). *PVC; ①Before premature contraction, QT interval is 520 ms, QTc is 484 ms; ②After premature contraction, QT interval is 720 ms, QTc is 651 ms. B: ECG of torsade de pointes and ventricular flutter.

患者2,男,66岁,因“反复晕厥20余天”于2019年7月8日入院,入院诊断考虑“高血压病,III度房室传导阻滞”。体格检查:血压168/78 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),心率48 min-1,律齐,无杂音。N末端脑钠肽8 224.68 ng/L,血钾、血钙、D-二聚体、肌钙蛋白I、心肌酶、甲状腺功能、头颅CT、外院冠状动脉造影均未见明显异常。心脏彩超提示全心增大,心功能下降(射血分数35%)。心电图提示III度房室传导阻滞,ST-T改变,左室面高电压。患者入院当日无明显诱因突发意识丧失,心电监护提示尖端扭转型室性心动过速、心室颤动,积极抢救后恢复意识。24 h动态心电图捕捉到发病前后心电图(图2):期前收缩或窦性夺获后QT间期明显延长,逸搏-夺获二联律的出现产生类似T波电交替现象,窦性心律时QT间期520 ms,QTc 424 ms,室性期前收缩后QT间期960 ms,QTc 876 ms,窦性夺获后QT间期800 ms,QTc 752 ms,且U波增大,随后出现尖端扭转型室性心动过速。

图2.

图2

患者266岁男性,24 h动态心电图片段

Figure 2 Patient 2, a 66-year-old man, 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram

A: Sinus rhythm, I-degree atrioventricular block. ① QT interval is 520 ms. B: Basic rhythm is sinus rhythm, high-degree atrio-ventricular block, junctional escape, sinus capture, QT interval is significantly prolonged after premature contraction or sinus capture. The emergence of escape-capture bigeminy is similar with T wave alternation. *premature ventricular contraction (PVC); △sinus capture; ①In sinus rhythm, QT interval is 520 ms, QTc is 424 ms; ②After PVC, QT interval is prolonged to 960 ms, QTc is 876 ms; ③After sinus capture, QT interval is prolonged to 800 ms, QTc is 752 ms with U wave enlargement. C: ECG of torsade de pointes.

患者3,男,79岁,因“反复气促1年余,加重4 d”于2019年1月17日入院。入院诊断考虑“冠心病(缺血性心肌病型),全心扩大,全心衰竭,心房颤动”。脉搏132 min-1,血压139/86 mmHg,双肺可闻及少许干、湿啰音,心率150 min-1,律绝对不齐,第一心音强弱不等,无杂音。N末端脑钠肽9 603.99 ng/L,血钾、血钙、肌钙蛋白I、心肌酶正常。心脏彩超提示室壁运动不协调,左房、左室、右房增大,主动脉瓣退行性改变并中度反流,三尖瓣中-重度反流,心功能下降(射血分数31%)。入院第4天凌晨患者无明显诱因突发意识丧失,呼吸及大动脉搏动消失,心电监护示尖端扭转型室性心动过速、心室颤动。24 h动态心电图记录到发病前后心电图(图3)室性期前收缩后QT间期明显延长,室性期前收缩前QT间期420 ms,室性期前收缩后QT间期560 ms,且U波增大,随后出现尖端扭转型室性心动过速。

图3.

图3

患者379岁男性,24 h动态心电图片段

Figure 3 Patient 3, a 79-year-old man, 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram

A: Basic rhythm is atrial fibrillation with absolutely untidy fibrillation wave (f wave), QT interval is significantly prolonged after premature ventricular contraction (PVC). *PVC; ①Before PVC, QT is 420 ms; ②After PVC, QT interval is prolonged to 560 ms with U wave enlargement. B: ECG of ventricular tachycardia and torsade de pointes.

患者4,男,50岁,因“胸痛伴头晕6 d”于2018年10月3日入院,入院诊断:1)急性广泛前壁心肌梗死,Killip IV级;2)高血压病(3级,很高危)。入院后血钾、血钙维持在正常范围,心脏彩超提示节段性室壁运动异常,心功能下降(射血分数37%)。冠状动脉造影提示二支病变,遂行经皮冠脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗。术后第5天上午,患者意识丧失,呼吸及大动脉搏动消失,心电监护提示尖端扭转型室性心动过速。回看患者24 h动态心电图(图4),可见室性期前收缩后QT间期延长,室性期前收缩前QT间期460 ms,室性期前收缩后QT间期540 ms,在室性期前收缩后QT间期延长时出现R-on-T及长短周期现象,随后诱发尖端扭转型室性心动过速。

图4.

图4

患者450岁男性,24 h动态心电图片段

Figure 4 Patient 4, a 50-year-old man, 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram

A: QT interval is prolonged after premature ventricular contraction (PVC). *PVC; ①Before PVC, QT interval is 460 ms; ②After PVC, QT interval is 540 ms. B: ECG of torsade de pointes.

2. 讨 论

本组4例患者均出现了严重的恶性心律失常,尽管患者病因不尽相同,但都有心脏基础疾病,无论是室性期前收缩还是窦性夺获,提早出现的激动后都出现了短暂的QT间期延长。正是突然的QT间期延长,使得患者的下一次电活动更易落在易损期,出现R-on-T现象,同时更易出现长短周期现象,引发室性心动过速、心室颤动。由于期前收缩后QT间期的短暂延长,使得窦律-期前收缩二联律以及逸搏-夺获二联律产生类似T波电交替的现象,也易诱发恶性心律失常。研究[4]发现:在结构性心脏病患者中,室性期前收缩能够影响期前收缩前后15个心搏的QT变异指数,增加室性心动过速、心室颤动的发生率。但该研究并未详细关注期前收缩后第1个窦性心律QT间期的变化。因此,我们提出:期前收缩后出现短暂的QT间期延长往往与器质性心脏病相关联,也很可能与R-on-T和T波电交替、长短周期现象有关,后者引起心室肌之间除极不同步及复极离散度增加、浦肯野纤维与心室肌之间不应期离散增加,促使折返性心律失常的形成[5],从而预警恶性心律失常及猝死的发生。从上述心电图来看,QT间期的突然延长主要表现为T波时限的延长,新出现或增大的U波也是一个比较典型的特点,其电生理机制尚不明确,有待进一步探究。

我们考虑期前收缩后QT间期延长的电生理机制可能有2个方面:1)心肌损伤导致细胞内相对低钾及钾通道的活性减低。心肌细胞在前1次收缩后进入4期静息期,该时期通过Na+-K+-ATP泵、Na+-Ca2+交换通道使得心肌细胞回到静息电位,所有离子分布恢复至除极前的水平[6]。但如果心脏本身出现了器质性疾病,可导致细胞内ATP缺乏,Na+-K+-ATP泵、Na+-Ca2+交换通道不能有效工作,致使细胞内相对低钾,使得下一次收缩的3期(快速复极末期)细胞内K+相对不足,3期时限延长;同时,由于缺血、缺氧、损伤等因素,ATP供应不足,延迟整流钾通道(delayed rectifier K+ channel,IKchannel)及内向整流钾通道(inward rectifier K+ channel,IKIchannel)等的活性降低,也延长了3期复极时限。3期时限的延长导致T波增宽,这在心电图上表现为以QT间期延长且以T波时限延长为主。同样,U波增大与浦肯野纤维的复极延迟及低钾有关,尽管此时患者血清K+并无明显降低,但相对的细胞内低钾仍可能出现该表现。2)期前收缩使损伤的心肌失代偿。期前收缩主要由异位起搏点兴奋性增高及折返激动引起,无论是何种情况,都表现为心肌细胞的提前除极。在细胞尚未完全恢复除极前状态时,突然出现1次提前除极和复极,使心肌细胞需尽自己最大的能力调动自身离子储备来完成这一动作电位,将导致随后的4期静息期无法有效恢复,从而使下一次收缩的复极时间延长。因此,与正常的规律收缩相比,期前收缩提前调动了自身离子储备,影响了其后的动作电位。同时,期前收缩后,心动周期延长,心肌细胞4期自动除极化时间延长,膜电位可能降低到临界水平,易引起单向阻滞和传导障碍,也易形成折返,从而容易诱发室性心动过速心室颤动[5, 7]

正因为心肌细胞存在上述潜在的损伤,所以更容易出现恶性心律失常甚至猝死。因此,一旦发现心电图上期前收缩后QT间期延长的现象,应当引起重视。维持电解质平衡、营养心肌、稳定心肌细胞膜等治疗可能有效,但仍需进一步研究有效的预防和治疗方法。

综上所述,期前收缩后QT间期的短暂延长很可能是一种新的猝死预警心电现象。这一短暂的QT间期延长,很可能与R-on-T和T波电交替、长短周期现象等高危信号密切相关。尽管大多数心搏的QT间期正常,我们仍应关注期前收缩后QT间期的变化,这在临床工作中很容易被忽略,一旦发现高危猝死预警心电图,应当早期识别,早期干预,以便更有效地降低病死率。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(81670335,81800271);湖南省自然科学基金(2019JJ50920);湘雅“新湘雅人才工程”计划(20170304)。

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (81670335, 81800271), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2019JJ50920), and the New Xiangya Talent Projects of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (20170304), China.

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202104444.pdf

参考文献

  • 1. 中国心电学会危急值专家工作组 . 心电图危急值2017中国专家共识[J]. 临床心电学杂志, 2017, 26(6): 401-402. [Google Scholar]; Expert Working Group on Emergency Value of Chinese Society of Cardiography . Chinese expert consensus on ECG emergency value 2017[J]. Journal of Clinical Electro-cardiology, 2017, 26(6): 401-402. [Google Scholar]
  • 2. 郭继鸿, 王思让, 谭学瑞, 等. 心电图测量技术指南[J]. 实用心电学杂志, 2019, 28(2): 77-86. [Google Scholar]; GUO Jihong, WANG Sirang, TAN Xuerui, et al. Technical guidelines for ECG measurement[J]. Journal of Practical Electrocardiology, 2019, 28(2): 77-86. [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Wagner GS, Macfarlane P, Wellens H, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part VI: acute ischemia/infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 53(11): 1003-1011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Das D, Han L, Berger RD, et al. QT variability paradox after premature ventricular contraction in patients with structural heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias[J]. J Electrocardiol, 2012, 45(6): 652-657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. 郭继鸿. 新概念心电图[M]. 4版. 北京: 北京大学医学出版社, 2014: 214-217. [Google Scholar]; GUO Jihong. New concept electrocardiogram[M]. 4th ed. Beijing: Peking University Medical Publishing House, 2014: 214-217. [Google Scholar]
  • 6. 王庭槐. 生理学[M]. 9版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2018: 85-146. [Google Scholar]; WANG Tinghuai. Physiology[M]. 9th ed. Beijing: People’s Health Publishing House, 2018: 85-146. [Google Scholar]
  • 7. 郭继鸿. 心电图学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2002: 1225-1226. [Google Scholar]; GUO Jihong. Electrocardiography[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2002: 1225-1226. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences are provided here courtesy of Central South University

RESOURCES