Abstract
目的
结核病患者长期大剂量联合使用抗结核药物会引起肝损伤等不良反应,但引起损伤的机制尚不明确。尽管同源性磷酸酶及张力蛋白诱导激酶1(phosphatase and tensin homolog induced kinase 1,PINK1)/Parkin信号轴可能通过调控线粒体自噬和肝细胞内氧化应激水平而参与肝损伤过程,但目前尚不清楚药物致肝损伤与该信号轴调控的线粒体自噬机制间的相关性。本研究旨在探究PINK1/Parkin信号轴是否可通过调控线粒体自噬改善抗结核药物用药过程中出现的肝细胞损伤,从而为临床结核病患者使用抗结核药物治疗过程导致的肝损伤提供潜在的药物治疗靶点。
方法
使用异烟肼(isoniazide,INH)处理小鼠肝实质细胞AML-12以模拟肝损伤状态,分别采用real-time PCR和蛋白质印迹法检测正常AML-12细胞(对照组)、INH刺激的肝损伤模型(模型组)及INH和PINK1激动剂红景天甙共同刺激下的AML-12细胞(干预组)中PINK1、Parkin以及自噬相关分子的表达水平。利用ELISA试剂盒检测肝细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,采用HE染色及透射电镜技术观察细胞的肝细胞形态结构。
结果
与对照组比较,模型组中PINK1、Parkin和微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)的mRNA表达水平(P<0.01)以及蛋白质水平(P<0.05)均显著下降,同时泛素化蛋白水平显著下调(P<0.05),ROS水平升高(P<0.05),细胞损伤明显。与模型组相比,干预组中使用红景天甙后PINK1、Parkin和自噬相关分子LC3的mRNA及蛋白质水平均显著升高(均P<0.05),泛素化蛋白水平亦显著升高(P<0.05),同时线粒体介导的ROS水平下降(P<0.05),肝细胞损伤状态明显减轻。
结论
本研究利用体外细胞实验证明了PINK1/Parkin信号轴介导的线粒体自噬机制可能与异烟肼所致肝细胞的损伤相关,并能调控损伤状态,提示Parkin是一个潜在的药物致肝损伤预测及诊疗的分子靶点。
Keywords: 异烟肼, 同源性磷酸酶及张力蛋白诱导激酶1/Parkin信号轴, 线粒体自噬, 肝损伤
Abstract
Objective
Patients with tuberculosis, who are treated with long-term high-dose combined use of anti-tuberculosis drugs, can cause many adverse reactions such as liver damage, but the mechanism is still unclear. Although phosphatase and tensin homolog induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin axis might participate in the process of liver damage through regulating mitochondrial autophagy and oxidative stress in liver cells. However, the association between the mitochondrial autophagy regulated by the PINK1/Parkin axis and the liver injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs is unknown. This study aims to explore the mechanism of PINK1/Parkin signal axis in regulating hepatocellular injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs through mitochondrial autophagy, and to provide new therapeutic targets for the patients with liver damage caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Methods
Mouse hepatocytes AML-12 were treated with isoniazide (INH) to induce liver injury. The mRNA and protein levels of PINK1, Parkin and autophagy associated factors were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting in the normal AML-12 cells (control group), the AML-12 cells treated by INH (model group) and the AML-12 cells treated with INH and salidroside together (intervention group). Meantime, ELISA kit was used to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AML-12 cells, and the cell morphology and injury was observed by HE staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Results
Compared with the control group, the mRNA (all P<0.01) and protein levels (all P<0.05) of PINK1, Parkin and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) were significantly decreased, the ubiquitination level was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the ROS level was increased (P<0.05), and the hepatocellular cell showed obvious damage in the model group. Compared with the model group, the expression of PINK1, Parkin and LC3 were significantly increased in the intervention group (all P<0.05), as well as the ubiquitination level was also increased (P<0.05). The ROS level mediated by mitochondria was decreased (P<0.05). The results of HE staining and TEM showed that the cell status was improved and the damage of hepatocytes was significantly attenuated.
Conclusion
In this study, the mechanism of mitochondrial autophagy mediated by PINK1/Parkin signal axis may be related to INH-induced injury in liver cells and it can regulate the damage state in vitro, indicating that Parkin is a potential molecular target for the prediction, diagnosis and treatment for liver injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Keywords: isoniazide, phosphatase and tensin homolog induced kinase 1/Parkin signal axis, mitochondrial autophagy, hepatocellular injury
结核病是由结核杆菌感染引起的严重危害公众健康的传染性疾病[1],其发病率在近年呈上升的趋势,临床表现为发病过程缓慢,并伴有低热、乏力等全身症状。目前针对结核病的治疗主要以标准化短程化学治疗,即以利福平、吡嗪酰胺(pyrazinamide,PZA)和异烟肼(isoniazide,INH)等为主[2],但长期大剂量联合使用抗结核药物会引起患者肝损伤等不良反应[3-4]。肝损伤会增加患者痛苦,甚至危及患者生命[5],因此药物性肝损伤是结核病患者停止治疗的主要原因[6]。虽然临床实践中可以应用保肝药来预防抗结核药物性肝损伤,但却未能降低肝损伤的发生率[7]。
INH作为治疗结核病的关键药物,其导致肝损伤的机制尚不明确。探讨INH导致的肝损伤机制对于其临床应用及预防并发症至关重要。肝细胞内氧化应激水平及自身功能形态的异常都与肝损伤有关,而有研究[8-9]表明自噬失调参与了癌症、代谢障碍、神经退行性疾病和肝脏相关疾病的发生、发展。自噬是通过溶酶体降解清除细胞内不需要的物质,可为维持细胞内稳态提供营养和能量。其中,线粒体自噬清除受损的线粒体而促进其更替的机制[10-11],在维持肝脏功能、减少肝损伤方面发挥了重要作用[12]。与此同时,作为Park2基因编码的E3泛素连接酶Parkin可以通过促进自噬小体的吞噬而易位到去极化线粒体,导致线粒体自噬[13]。在功能失调线粒体中,同源性磷酸酶及张力蛋白诱导激酶1(phosphatase and tensin homolog induced kinase 1,PINK1)能够将Parkin招募到受损的线粒体,从而引起线粒体吞噬[14-16]。
本研究采用INH处理小鼠肝实质细胞,构建肝损伤模型,旨在研究PINK1/Parkin信号轴传递的信息对细胞中蛋白泛素化修饰、氧化应激水平及细胞损伤等的影响。为了解该信号轴调控的线粒体自噬在INH致肝细胞损伤中的机制提供理论支持,该信号轴有望成为药物致肝损伤的研究和治疗潜在的分子靶点。
1. 材料与方法
1.1. 细胞与试剂
小鼠肝实质细胞系AML-12以及DMEM/F12完全培养基购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;INH、地塞米松购自德国sigma-Aldrich公司;PINK1一抗、Parkin一抗以及微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)A/B一抗均订购自美国Affinity公司;泛素化蛋白一抗购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;HRP标记羊抗兔二抗购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司;Parkin蛋白激动剂购自美国Thermo Fisher公司;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;ROS试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程有限公司。
1.2. 方法
1.2.1. 细胞培养及分组
小鼠肝实质细胞AML-12采用含10%胎牛血清、10 μg/mL胰岛素、5.5 μg/mL转铁蛋白、5 ng/mL硒、40 ng/mL地塞米松和1%青霉素-链霉素的DMEM/F12培养基,在95%空气+5%二氧化碳、37 ℃条件下进行培养。设置对照组、模型组和干预组。对照组只培养小鼠肝细胞,不添加任何试剂;模型组在培养细胞时加入INH(500 mg/L);干预组在培养细胞时同时加入INH(500 mg/L)和红景天甙(100 μmol/L),INH和红景天甙加入细胞培养12 h后收集细胞沉淀。
1.2.2. Real-time PCR检测mRNA表达水平
按照TRIzol试剂说明书提取细胞总RNA后,采用反转录合成cDNA,选用小鼠(Mus)磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)作为内参照,引物序列正向5'-ATGGGTGT-GAACCACGAGA-3',反向5'-CAGGGATGATGTTC-TGGGCA-3';Mus Parkin引物序列正向5'-TTTTTC-ATCTACTGCAAAGGCC-3',反向5'-TTGGAATTAA-GACATCGTCCCA-3';Mus PINK1引物序列正向5'- ATCCAGAGATGGTCCCAAGC-3',反向5'-GCAGG-GTACAGGGGTAGTTC-3';Mus LC3引物序列正向5'- AATGCTAACCAAGCCTTCTTCCTCC-3',反向5'- AGCCGTCTTCATCTCTCTCACTCTC-3'。采用2-ΔΔCt解析法进行基因相对含量的计算,具体计算公式如下:ΔΔCt=(待测样本Ct值-对照样本Ct值)-(目的基因Ct值-内参基因Ct值)。
1.2.3. 蛋白质印迹法检测蛋白质表达水平
用细胞裂解液于冰上孵育裂解细胞。采用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒定量后,各取40 μg蛋白于10%十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,转至PVDF膜,用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST室温下振荡2 h,加入GAPDH一抗(1꞉1 000)、LC3A一抗(1꞉1 000)、泛素化蛋白(ubiquitin)一抗(1꞉1 000)、Parkin一抗(1꞉2 000)4 ℃孵育过夜。用TBST漂洗15 min,用HRP标记的羊抗兔二抗(1꞉5 000)室温孵育2 h,用TBST漂洗15 min,采用ECL发光液显影。
1.2.4. HE染色观察细胞形态
将培养板中的细胞依次经PBS浸洗,4%的多聚甲醛固定,PBS浸洗,HE染色、脱水、封片。显微镜下观察细胞形态的变化。
1.2.5. ROS含量检测
使用测试盒测定肝细胞内ROS含量,按操作说明进行。收集细胞沉淀,加入无菌PBS将探针稀释到50 μmol/L并使细胞重悬(细胞密度为106/mL)。37 ℃孵育细胞60 min,细胞和探针充分接触后收集单细胞悬液,1 000 r/min离心5 min后收集细胞沉淀,并用无菌生理盐水洗涤2次。再以1 000 r/min离心 5 min后去除细胞上清液,加入100 μL无菌PBS重悬细胞。酶标仪下使用500 nm激发波长、525 nm发射波长检测各组细胞荧光强度。
1.2.6. 透射电镜观察细胞微观形态
细胞沉淀经2.5%电镜专用戊二醛固定3 h,收集细胞并于1 000 r/min离心5 min,待细胞沉降后更换新鲜的2.5%戊二醛进行固定(4 ℃,2 h)。用0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH7.4)漂洗3次后,经过1%的锇酸0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH7.4)室温(20 ℃)固定2 h,再次漂洗3次。再经脱水漂洗、渗透、包埋、超薄切片后使用2%醋酸铀-枸橼酸铅进行双染色。用透射电镜观察、拍片。
1.3. 统计学处理
采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据分析,两组间的统计学差异采用Student t检验,3个及以上样本间采用单因素方差分析和多重比较(Bonferroni),计量资料以均数±标准差( ±s)表示,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用GraphPad Prism软件(Ver. Prism 7)绘制统计图。
2. 结 果
2.1. PINK1/Parkin 及 LC3 的mRNA表达
与对照组相比,加入INH到小鼠肝细胞基因培养后,PINK1/Parkin以及自噬相关因子LC3 mRNA表达水平均出现显著降低。与模型组相比,干预组小鼠肝细胞内PINK1和LC3的mRNA水平均显著升高(均P<0.05),而Parkin的mRNA水平也明显上升,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,加入红景天甙的干预组中PINK1/Parkin及LC3的mRNA水平差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图1)。
图1.
Real-time PCR检测各组细胞中 PINK1 、 Parkin 及 LC3 mRNA的表达
Figure 1 Expression of PINK1, Parkin and LC3 mRNA in the different groups by real-time PCR
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs the model group.
2.2. 细胞中PINK1/Parkin、LC3 II/I以及泛素蛋白质水平
与对照组相比,模型组中PINK1、Parkin蛋白水平均显著降低(均P<0.01),同时自噬相关因子LC3 II/I蛋白比值也显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,干预组中PINK1蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05),Parkin蛋白水平也明显升高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);同时自噬相关因子LC3 II/I的蛋白比值也出现显著的升高(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,干预组PINK1、Parkin的蛋白水平以及LC3 II/I的蛋白比值差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。进一步检测肝细胞中泛素化蛋白水平在3组间表达的变化,结果显示与对照组相比,模型组中的泛素化蛋白表达水平明显降低。与模型组相比,干预组泛素化蛋白水平升高明显(P<0.01),类似于对照组的表达水平(图2,3)。
图2.
PINK1/Parkin及自噬因子LC3 II/I蛋白在各组细胞中的表达
Figure 2 Expressions of PINK1, Parkin and LC3II/I proteins in the different groups
A: Protein expression of PINK1, Parkin and LC3II/I proteins by electrophoretogram; B: Gray analysis of PINK1/Parkin protein; C: Ratio of gray of LC3 II/I protein. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs the model group.
图3.

各组细胞中泛素化蛋白的表达
Figure 3 Expressions of ubiquitination protein in the different groups
2.3. 细胞中ROS水平
与对照组相比,模型组细胞中ROS水平显著升高(P<0.01)。与干预组相比,模型组细胞ROS水平显著降低(P<0.01),同时高于对照组细胞中的ROS水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图4)。
图4.
ROS试剂盒检测各组细胞中ROS水平
Figure 4 Levels of ROS in the different groups by ROS kit
**P<0.01 vs the model group; ††P<0.01 vs the control group.
2.4. 肝细胞病理学改变
与对照组相比,模型组中肝细胞数量明显减少,核质分离细胞增多,提示细胞可能处于坏死状态。相比肝损伤模型组,干预组细胞密度明显增大,细胞活性提高;干预组的细胞状态与正常对照组细胞具有可比性(图5)。
图5.
HE染色观察各组肝细胞病理形态
Figure 5 Pathological morphology of hepatocytes in the different groups by HE staining
2.5. 细胞线粒体形态
与对照组相比,模型组细胞中线粒体呈明显不规则样,损伤形态明显。干预组加入红景天甙后,相比模型组线粒体形态明显变得规则,与对照组正常细胞线粒体形态比较一致(图6)。
图6.
各组细胞在透射电镜下的线粒体形态
Figure 6 Mitochondrial morphology in the different groups under the transmission electron microscope
The red arrow indicates the location of mitochondrial.
3. 讨 论
本研究发现:INH用药过程中导致肝损伤的具体机制可能和PINK1/Parkin信号轴相关。将INH加入小鼠肝细胞时,细胞出现损伤态的同时PINK1、Parkin以及细胞自噬因子LC3的表达均有所降低,同时线粒体出现异常形态。而使用Parkin激动剂红景天甙后可以促进PINK1和Parkin蛋白的表达并上调自噬因子LC3水平,同时降低肝损伤细胞中ROS含量,恢复肝细胞损伤表型。这些结果说明该信号轴可以调节肝细胞氧化应激水平及线粒体自噬,提示INH所致的肝损伤很可能是通过PINK1/Parkin信号轴介导的肝细胞线粒体自噬进行调节,肝细胞线粒体自噬是INH致肝细胞损伤一个重要的内在机制。据报道[17]在肝脏中自噬能够抑制蛋白质聚集、脂质积累、氧化应激、慢性细胞死亡和炎症。同时,已有研究[14]报道Parkin可被磷酸酶和PINK1招募到受损线粒体中,启动线粒体自噬。一旦进入线粒体,Parkin会增加与可溶性自噬受体结合的线粒体外膜蛋白的泛素化,从而进一步招募自噬体到受损的线粒体。在一些相关药物致肝损伤研究[18]中,敲低PINK1/Parkin轴后可以明显损害肝的线粒体自噬并加剧由对乙酰氨基酚诱导的肝损伤。在肝缺血再灌注损伤中自噬可以介导一些因子对肝功能产生影响[19]。Zheng等[20]进一步研究在肝缺血再灌注中间充质干细胞减轻肝细胞凋亡的过程中发现:PINK1介导的线粒体自噬起到重要作用,这可能是由于PINK1的激活且移位到线粒体膜上,从而调节线粒体自噬[21]。上述研究说明PINK1/Parkin信号轴对肝细胞线粒体自噬起到关键的调节作用,为研究INH的致病机制提供了理论支持。
Parkin是一种细胞质E3泛素连接酶,可转位到去极化线粒体,通过线粒体自噬启动线粒体降解[13]。Parkin直接与PINK1相互作用[22],PINK1通过招募Parkin到受损线粒体来促进Parkin介导的线粒体自噬。另外,PINK1介导的Parkin泛素样结构域Ser65位点磷酸化可激活Parkin的E3连接酶活性[23-25],诱导线粒体外膜蛋白泛素化,从而导致自噬小体中线粒体的降解。PINK1/Parkin介导的阴离子通道蛋白泛素化将可溶性自噬受体(如p62)招募到线粒体。随后p62被进一步招募到LC3阳性自噬体中,从而启动自噬[26],但p62在自噬中的作用仍有争议。PINK1/Parkin信号轴是目前有关线粒体吞噬调控方面研究最深入的信号级联反应[13, 15-16, 27]。有研究[28]报道酒精诱导的肝损伤出现线粒体损伤和功能下降,其原因可能是线粒体自噬减少。Parkin能够通过调控线粒体自噬维持线粒体功能来减弱酒精诱导的肝损伤和脂肪变性[29]。由此可见,PINK1/Parkin信号轴调控的线粒体自噬降低是肝损伤发生的重要机制,同样也是INH治疗结核类疾病时诱发肝损伤的主要机制。
本研究利用体外细胞实验证明了PINK1/Parkin调控的线粒体自噬机制在INH致肝损伤中的重要作用,这可能将为预防INH用药过程肝损伤提供初步的理论指导。鉴于PINK1/Parkin的表达与肝细胞损伤存在一定相关性,未来以该信号轴为靶点的相关药物研发及利用,可成为预防或治疗INH致肝损伤的潜在方向。下一步将在动物体内验证PINK1/Parkin信号轴是否可以通过对线粒体的调控而恢复肝损伤表型,体内实验的结果将进一步验证该信号轴对INH所致肝损伤的机制。
本研究发现加入INH可以改变小鼠肝细胞的形态结构,同时促进肝细胞内ROS水平,降低蛋白泛素化。然而,肝损伤细胞模型加入Parkin激动剂红景天甙后PINK1/Parkin信号蛋白表达相应升高,细胞损伤表型出现恢复,ROS水平降低,表现出与损伤状态相反的结果。这些结果说明PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬障碍是INH诱导的肝损伤发生的内在分子细胞学机制,Parkin可作为一个肝损伤预测及诊疗的分子靶点。
基金资助
湖南省重点研发计划项目(2017SK2055)。
This work was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province, China (2017SK2055).
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
许允 实验操作、数据分析以及文章初稿的撰写;李异 实验设计与指导以及论文修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2022091200.pdf
参考文献
- 1. Schito M, Migliori GB, Fletcher HA, et al. Perspectives on advances in tuberculosis diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2015, 61(Suppl 3): S102-118. https:// 10.1093/cid/civ609. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Mitano F, Sicsú AN, Lima MC, et al. Discourses on short-coursetherapy for tuberculosis control[J]. Rev Bras Enferm, 2017, 70(1): 126-132. https:// 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Lehloenya RJ, Dheda K. Cutaneous adverse drug reactions to anti-tuberculosis drugs: state of the art and into the future[J]. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2012, 10(4): 475-486. https:// 10.1586/eri.12.13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4. Li Y, Zhu Y, Zhong Q, et al. Serious adverse reactions from anti-tuberculosis drugs among 599 children hospitalized for tuberculosis[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2017, 36(8): 720-725. https:// 10.1097/inf.0000000000001532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Chang TE, Huang YS, Chang CH, et al. The susceptibility of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury and chronic hepatitis C infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Chin Med Assoc, 2018, 81(2): 111-118. https:// 10.1016/j.jcma.2017.10.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Jeong I, Park JS, Cho YJ, et al. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity of anti-tuberculosis drugs and their serum levels[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2015, 30(2): 167-172. https:// 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.2.167. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Maurantonio M, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Evolving paradigms[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(36): 6571-6592. https:// 10.3748/wjg.v23.i36.6571. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Levine B, Packer M, Codogno P. Development of autophagy inducers in clinical medicine[J]. J Clin Invest, 2015, 125(1): 14-24. https:// 10.1172/jci73938. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Choi AM, Ryter SW, Levine B. Autophagy in human health and disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2013, 368(7): 651-662. https:// 10.1056/NEJMra1205406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10. Pickles S, Vigié P, Youle RJ. Mitophagy and quality control mechanisms in mitochondrial maintenance[J]. Curr Biol CB, 2018, 28(4): R170-185. https:// 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11. Montava-Garriga L, Ganley IG. Outstanding questions in mitophagy: What we do and do not know[J]. J Mol Biol, 2020, 432(1): 206-230. https:// 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12. Ke PY. Mitophagy in the pathogenesis of liver diseases[J]. Cells, 2020, 9(4): 831. https:// 10.3390/cells9040831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13. Narendra D, Tanaka A, Suen DF, et al. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy[J]. J Cell Biol, 2008, 183(5): 795-803. https:// 10.1083/jcb.200809125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14. Kawajiri S, Saiki S, Sato S, et al. PINK1 is recruited to mitochondria with parkin and associates with LC3 in mitophagy[J]. FEBS Lett, 2010, 584(6): 1073-1079. https:// 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.02.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15. Matsuda N, Sato S, Shiba K, et al. PINK1 stabilized by mitochondrial depolarization recruits Parkin to damaged mitochondria and activates latent Parkin for mitophagy[J]. J Cell Biol, 2010, 189(2): 211-221. https:// 10.1083/jcb.200910140. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16. Narendra DP, Jin SM, Tanaka A, et al. PINK1 is selectively stabilized on impaired mitochondria to activate Parkin[J/OL]. PLoS Biol, 2010, 8(1): e1000298 [2021-06-28]. 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000298. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17. Rabinowitz JD, White E. Autophagy and metabolism[J]. Science, 2010, 330(6009): 1344-1348. 10.1126/science.1193497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18. Wang H, Ni HM, Chao X, et al. Double deletion of PINK1 and Parkin impairs hepatic mitophagy and exacerbates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice[J]. Redox Biol, 2019, 22(101148): 20. https:// 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101148. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19. 阮溦, 刘青, 陈婵, 等. 自噬通过PPAR-γ介导肢体远隔缺血预适应减少肝缺血再灌注损伤[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版), 2016, 41(9): 918-928. 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2016.09.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; RUAN Wei, LIU Qing, CHEN Chan, et al. Limb remote ischemic preconditioning attenuates liver ischemia reperfusion injury by activating autophagy via modulating PPAR-γ pathway[J]. Journal of Central South University. Medical Science, 2016, 41(9): 918-928. 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2016.09.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20. Zheng J, Chen L, Lu T, et al. MSCs ameliorate hepatocellular apoptosis mediated by PINK1-dependent mitophagy in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury through AMPKα activation[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2020, 11(4): 2020-2424. https:// 10.1038/s41419-020-2424-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21. Gu J, Zhang T, Guo J, et al. PINK1 activation and translocation to mitochondria-associated membranes mediates mitophagy and protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury[J]. Shock, 2020, 54(6): 783-793. https:// 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22. Um JW, Stichel-Gunkel C, Lübbert H, et al. Molecular interaction between parkin and PINK1 in mammalian neuronal cells[J]. Mol Cell Neurosci, 2009, 40(4): 421-432. https:// 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.12.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23. Iguchi M, Kujuro Y, Okatsu K, et al. Parkin-catalyzed ubiquitin-ester transfer is triggered by PINK1-dependent phosphorylation[J]. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288(30): 22019-22032. https:// 10.1074/jbc.M113.467530. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24. Kondapalli C, Kazlauskaite A, Zhang N, et al. PINK1 is activated by mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and stimulates Parkin E3 ligase activity by phosphorylating Serine 65[J]. Open Biol, 2012, 2(5): 120080. https:// 10.1098/rsob.120080. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25. Shiba-Fukushima K, Imai Y, Yoshida S, et al. PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of the Parkin ubiquitin-like domain primes mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and regulates mitophagy[J]. Sci Rep, 2012, 2(1): 1002. https:// 10.1038/srep01002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26. Okatsu K, Saisho K, Shimanuki M, et al. p62/SQSTM1 cooperates with Parkin for perinuclear clustering of depolarized mitochondria[J]. Genes Cells, 2010, 15(8): 887-900. https:// 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01426.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27. Vives-Bauza C, Zhou C, Huang Y, et al. PINK1-dependent recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in mitophagy[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107(1): 378-383. https:// 10.1073/pnas.0911187107. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28. Williams JA, Ding WX. Targeting Pink1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy for treating liver injury[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2015, 102: 264-269. https:// 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.09.020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29. Williams JA, Ni HM, Ding Y, et al. Parkin regulates mitophagy and mitochondrial function to protect against alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis in mice[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2015, 309(5): G324-G340. https:// 10.1152/ajpgi.00108.2015. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]





