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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 Sep 28;47(9):1275–1280. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220023

生殖道衣原体传播至胃肠道并靶向诱导输卵管病变——双重攻击模式

Chlamydia transmitting from the genital to gastrointestinal tract and inducing tubal disease: Double attack pattern

XU Ying 1,2, WANG Jie 1,
Editors: 田 朴, 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10930326  PMID: 36411712

Abstract

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) genital tract infection is insidious, and patients often have no conscious symptoms.Delayed treatment after infection can lead to serious complications. Chlamydia muridarum (CM) genital tract infection in female mice can simulate CT genital tract infection in women, which is an ideal model to investigate the pathogenesis of CT. CM plasmid protein pGP3, chromosomal protein TC0237/TC0668, CM-specific CD8+ T cells, TNF-α, and IL-13 can induce genital tract inflammation, CD4+ T cells are responsible for CM clearance. However, tubal inflammation persists after genital tract CM is removed. Genital tract CM can spread spontaneously in vivo and colonize the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but the GI tract CM cannot reverse spread to the genital tract. The survival time and number of CM transmitted from genital tract to GI tract are positively correlated with the long-term lesion of oviduct, while the CM inoculated directly into the GI tract has no pathogenicity in both the genital and GI tract. The double attack pattern of Chlamydia-induced genital tract inflammatory lesions is as follows: CM infection of oviduct epithelial cells initiates the process of oviduct repair as the first attack. After genital CM spreads to the GI tract, activated chlamydia-specific CD8+ T cells are recruited to the genital tract and secreted pro-fibrotic cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-13. This process is called the second attack which transform tubal repair initiated by the first attack into long-term tubal fibrosis/hydrosalpinx. Elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of Chlamydia infection can provide new ideas for the development of Chlamydia vaccine, which is expected to solve the problems of infertility caused by repeated CT infection in women.

Keywords: Chlamydia, genital tract, tubal disease, gastrointestinal tract, double attack, CD8+ T cells


沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatisCT)生殖道感染较为隐匿,患者常无自觉症状,可导致输卵管粘连/纤维化/积水[1]。然而,其致病机制尚不清楚。鼠型衣原体(Chlamydia muridarumCM)在阴道内接种后能诱导小鼠持续性输卵管纤维化/积水,常被用于研究CT的发病机制[2]。阴道CM逆行播散至上生殖道并诱导急性输卵管炎症,炎症介质在清除衣原体的同时损伤输卵管上皮细胞,引发输卵管积脓[3];随后成纤维细胞分泌胶原等基质成分修复受损的上皮组织,并通过再上皮化将受损的上皮细胞纤维结构替换为再生上皮细胞,恢复输卵管的生殖功能。然而在某些情况下,输卵管纤维化可持续存在并阻塞输卵管管腔导致输卵管积水和输卵管不孕症。衣原体从生殖道完全清除后,输卵管病变仍持续存在的机制尚未阐明。

1. 衣原体感染生殖道的致病机制

多年来,学者们对衣原体感染女性上生殖道的致病机制进行了广泛的研究,发现衣原体毒力因子和宿主自身因素都可以影响衣原体在生殖道的逆行感染并诱导输卵管纤维化/积水。衣原体质粒是CM诱导输卵管积水的关键致病因素[4]。缺乏质粒蛋白pGP3的CM不能引起输卵管积水[5],表明pGP3在质粒依赖的致病性中起重要作用[6]。衣原体染色体编码的假定毒力因子也与输卵管积水相关,如CM染色体蛋白TC0237/TC0668的突变丢失可降低其诱导输卵管积水的能力[7-8]。宿主可TNF-α和IL-13相关信号通路促进CM诱导输卵管积水[9-10];适应性免疫反应中CD8+T细胞能够加重CM诱导的输卵管积水[11],而CD4+T细胞则在输卵管病变中起保护作用[12]。然而,目前已有的发现仍不能解释生殖道的衣原体在被完全清除后,致病性输卵管纤维化长期存在的问题。

2. 衣原体在胃肠道被频繁检出

CT虽然是生殖道致病菌,但可存在于胃肠道,这与CT可感染肠内分泌细胞的现象一致[13]。Musil等[14]统计发现:57%(32/56)的CT感染高危人群直肠CT检测呈阳性,其中97%(31/32)伴有泌尿生殖道CT感染。Chandra等[15]报道:68.1%的女性生殖道与直肠均检测出CT,2.2%的女性仅直肠CT阳性。因此,泌尿生殖道CT感染可显著提高直肠CT阳性率。而Gratrix等[16]发现433例CT阳性的女性患者中,仅直肠CT阳性的患者高达30.7%。上述研究表明女性通过口交或肛交等性行为可致CT传播至胃肠道。此外,在血液样本中亦检测到CT的存在[17],且CT可感染人的外周血细胞[18],提示CT可能通过血液循环系统播散至生殖道外的组织。这一假说部分解释了在滑膜组织中检测到CT及在输卵管性不孕妇女中检测到高滴度的抗CT IgG抗体的原因[19-20]CT可在胃肠道中长期定植,而胃肠道CT是否会影响其生殖道致病性尚不清楚。由于伦理问题,无法在人体上进行衣原体感染研究,因此CM感染小鼠模型广泛用于评估胃肠道衣原体对生殖道致病影响的研究中。

3. 衣原体在生殖道与胃肠道之间的传播

3.1. CM 可从小鼠生殖道扩散至胃肠道

小鼠下生殖道接种CM后2周内,可从生殖道、胃肠道、肝、脾、心、肺等部位检测到活性衣原体原体(elementary body,EB);4周内可在这些部位中持续检测到衣原体基因,表明生殖道感染CM可引起CM全身性扩散[21];4周后,不再能从生殖道检测出CM [22]。将表达荧光素酶的CM接种于小鼠阴道,采用体内成像监测发现小鼠腹部的生物发光信号持续时间长于100 d,小鼠器官体外成像显示持久的生物发光信号与生殖道无关,而是来自胃肠道(包括胃、小肠、盲肠、结肠和直肠),说明生殖道CM可传播并长期定植于胃肠道[23]。为避免CM阴道接种时与肛肠交叉污染,Zhang等[23]首先经手术将CM直接接种于卵巢,结果发现在阴道拭子检测不到活性衣原体存在的情况下,CM也能成功扩散至胃肠道;随后他们又给小鼠颈部佩戴伊丽莎白保护套(避免吸食排泄物)后进行CM阴道接种,结果表明CM仍可在小鼠胃肠道长期定植。该研究说明生殖道CM传播至胃肠道可不依赖于粪口途径。此外,表达荧光素酶的CM于小鼠尾静脉或眼睑内接种后同样可在胃肠道持续定植[24],提示生殖道CM在没有外界因素干扰下可能通过体内血液或淋巴循环传播至胃肠道。

3.2. CM 无法从小鼠胃肠道扩散至生殖道

由于衣原体可存在于动物和人的胃肠道,有学者[25]提出肠道衣原体可能作为潜在传播源感染生殖道,增加衣原体在生殖道的致病性。然而,目前并没有动物模型或临床研究的直接证据支持这一假设。最近有报道[26]称将CM通过灌胃或在直肠内接种CM,在小鼠肠道定植70 d后,在同一只小鼠的生殖道未检测到CM。更重要的是,胃肠道长期定植的CM不会诱发生殖道或其他器官的相关疾病[27]。虽然动物实验提示胃肠道衣原体无法自体接种于生殖道,但在人体中尚缺乏直接证据。目前还需大规模临床研究以确定胃肠道CT是否以及如何作为传染源在人生殖道进行自体接种。

4. 胃肠道衣原体与长期输卵管病变

4.1. CM 胃肠道定植时间与长期输卵管积水相关

虽然有研究[28]提出衣原体生殖道感染的持久性,但没有直接证据区分是持续性感染还是再感染。雌性小鼠生殖道CM感染难以维持,不同的CM菌株感染小鼠生殖道后只能4至6周的阳性[22],在此之后,不再能从阴道拭子或生殖道(输卵管、卵巢)组织中检测出衣原体基因[4, 29],表明CM小鼠生殖道感染具有自限性。然而,CM诱导的输卵管积水持续时间远远长于CM在生殖道内的存活时间[3, 22]。因此,生殖道活性CM与上生殖道病理之间存在时间差异性,而生殖道CM传播到胃肠道后可以在胃肠道长期定植[23],在时间上与CM诱导的长期输卵管积水相关。

4.2. CM 胃肠道定植数量与长期输卵管积水相关

阴道内接种野生型CM后,小鼠生殖道和胃肠道衣原体的数量多且接近,输卵管积水严重,而缺乏染色体或质粒的CM突变体经阴道内接种后,虽然在下生殖道仍保持强大的感染能力[4, 7],但胃肠道衣原体数目以及诱导上生殖道输卵管积水能力都明显下降[30-31]。为使CM突变体有效从下生殖道逆行传播至上生殖道,Huang等[32]直接接种CM突变体于输卵管,发现胃肠道衣原体负荷和上生殖道致病程度仍与上述研究相似,说明胃肠道CM负荷与上生殖道致病性相关。然而,也有文献[27]报道,输卵管积水主要与阴道拭子CM负荷有关,与直肠拭子CM负荷并无太大联系,仅肠道检出CM的小鼠并不能致生殖道及其他组织发生任何显著炎症反应。这些结果提示:CM沿下生殖道上行至上生殖道感染输卵管,并通过循环系统扩散到胃肠道。诱导长期输卵管积水的整个过程可能依赖于2个独立的机制:生殖道CM可以诱导输卵管积水,而持续性输卵管积水需要CM在胃肠道中长期定植。

5. 双重攻击模式

CM诱导小鼠长期输卵管积水可模拟腹腔镜下观察到的CT诱导女性输卵管粘连/积水[33-34]。体内成像发现CM可从小鼠生殖道扩散至胃肠道,CM胃肠道定植与上生殖道炎症反应存在时间和数量的相关性。由于胃肠道CM仅局限于胃肠道而不会自体接种生殖道,因此胃肠道CM可能通过某种机制间接促进输卵管积水。CD8基因敲除(knock out,KO)小鼠经阴道接种CM后,输卵管积水程度显著减弱,该CM也扩散到胃肠道[35],提示胃肠道CM可能通过诱导致病性CD8+T细胞促进输卵管积水。衣原体上生殖道致病性的双重攻击模式因此被提出。

5.1. 首次攻击

CM从下生殖道逆行播散至上生殖道感染输卵管,引起输卵管积脓、上皮损伤,触发短暂纤维化修复受损组织。主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)识别CM多肽后形成MHC-CM肽复合物CMCM CD4+ Th1细胞识别MHC II-CM肽复合物发挥清除CM的作用[12, 36],提示CD8+T细胞也可能通过特异性识别MHC I-CM肽复合物发挥促炎的作用。尽管生殖道CM被清除,但胃肠道CM与输卵管炎症仍持续存在。此外,缺乏染色体或质粒的CM突变体感染生殖道后,虽然可以诱导早期炎症反应和适应性免疫应答,但生殖道CM被清除后,胃肠道仅少量CM存活,输卵管炎症反应程度也显著减弱[30-32]。因此在没有二次攻击的情况下,首次攻击不足以驱动长期的输卵管纤维化/积水,而二次攻击可能与胃肠道衣原体和特异性CD8+T细胞相关。

5.2. 二次攻击

CM经生殖道感染小鼠后,小鼠生殖道内检测到的CD8+T细胞可将首次攻击的修复过程转化为持续性输卵管纤维化/积水。在比较CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞控制CM感染和致病性时发现,CD8+T细胞对于小鼠生殖道感染CM所诱导的输卵管积水是必需的。首先,在生殖道CM感染过程中,CD8+T细胞(而非CD4+T细胞)的缺失显著降低了CM诱导输卵管积水的能力[11],说明CD8+T细胞促进输卵管积水。其次,OT1转基因小鼠在生殖道感染CM后不会诱导输卵管积水[37]。OT1小鼠的CD8+T细胞只能特异性识别H-2Kb环境下的卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)残基257-264,而衣原体基因数据库显示无此段序列。因此,OT1小鼠的CD8+T细胞无法识别衣原体,CD4+T细胞处于正常识别状态,提示CM诱导输卵管积水需要抗原特异性CD8+T细胞。最后,在OT1小鼠中补充野生型CD8+T细胞可恢复CM的定植并可导致输卵管积水[35],充分表明衣原体特异性CD8+T细胞在诱导输卵管积水过程中起重要作用。然而,CD8+T细胞是由生殖道还是胃肠道衣原体诱导,以及致病CD8+T细胞如何促进小鼠输卵管积水,目前仍缺乏直接证据。综合胃肠道CM与生殖道致病的时间和数量相关性、衣原体特异性CD8+T细胞促进CM诱导的输卵管积水、胃肠道感染可诱导促纤维化的淋巴细胞[38-39]等间接证据,可推断胃肠道CM激活的特异性CD8+T细胞可被募集至生殖道,导致输卵管长期纤维化/积水。

虽然CD8+T细胞是CM诱导长期输卵管积水所必需的,但这些致病CD8+T细胞是否通过促炎性细胞因子产生作用尚不完全清楚。TNF-α KO或肿瘤坏死因子受体1(tumor necrosis factor receptor 1,TNFR1)KO小鼠对CM诱导的输卵管积水产生抗性[9],提示致病性CD8+T细胞可能分泌TNF-α。IL-13 KO的小鼠在感染CM后输卵管积水显著减少[10],且在CM感染的野生型小鼠中能成功分离出IL-13和CD8+T细胞[40],而该类细胞又有促进致病性纤维化的作用[41-42],提示CD8+T细胞可能通过分泌IL-13促进输卵管纤维化/积水。

6. 结 语

衣原体生殖道自限性感染与诱发长期输卵管积水之间的时间差距问题多年来一直困扰着许多衣原体学家。胃肠道持续性定植衣原体的发现为解答该问题提供了新思路。阴道感染衣原体后,衣原体上行至输卵管,通过血液循环系统等途径传播至胃肠道并长期定植,然而传播至胃肠道的衣原体无法自体接种至生殖道,但与上生殖道病变存在时间和数量上的相关性。而先经胃肠道感染衣原体的小鼠其胃肠道、生殖道以及其他器官都无显著病理现象。双重攻击模式因此被提出:首次攻击包括最初的输卵管上皮细胞感染与损伤、抗原处理与呈递以及伤口修复愈合反应;二次攻击主要是由胃肠道衣原体活化的CD8+T细胞被募集至输卵管释放促纤维化细胞因子如TNF-α、IL-13,将首次攻击启动的输卵管修复转化为长期输卵管纤维化/积水。双重攻击模式的提出有助于我们更深刻地了解衣原体感染的致病机制,对解决因CT反复感染而引起女性不孕症的问题具有重要参考价值,同时为衣原体疫苗的研发提供新思路。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(31370210)。

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31370210).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

胥颖 文献收集及论文撰写;王洁 论文指导。所有作者已阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2022091275.pdf

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