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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Feb 28;48(2):302–310. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220104

上颌侧切牙重度畸形舌侧沟多学科联合治疗1例并文献复习

Multi-disciplinary treatment of severe palatal radicular groove of maxillary lateral incisor: A case report and literature review

CHEN Jun 1,2,2, LUO Zhiwei 1, TSENG Hsinyi 1, WANG Lefan 3, LIU Binjie 1,2, LI Wenjie 1,
Editor: 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10930339  PMID: 36999478

Abstract

Palatal radicular groove is a developmental malformation of maxillary incisors, lateral incisors in particular, which often causes periodontal destruction. This paper reports a case of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions induced by palatal radicular groove, which was initially misdiagnosed as a simple periapical cyst. After root canal therapy and periapical cyst curettage, the course of disease was prolonged, resulting in the absence of buccal and maxillary bone plates in the affected tooth area. After the etiology was determined, the affected tooth was extracted and guide bone tissue regeneration was performed at the same time, followed by implantation and restoration at the later stage, leading to clinical cure. The palatal radicular groove is highly occult, and the clinical symptoms are not typical. If the abscess of the maxillary lateral incisor occurs repeatedly, and the abscess of the maxillary lateral incisor has not been cured after periodontal and root canal treatment, cone-beam computed tomographic and periodontal flap surgery should be considered

Keywords: palatal radicular groove, combined periodontal-endodontic lesions, periapical cysts, periodontal abscess, guide bone tissue regeneration, dental implant


畸形舌侧沟是一种牙根发育异常所致的畸形,因种族、年龄等因素,畸形舌侧沟的发病率有所不同,为2.8%~18.0%[1]。该病常发生于上颌侧切牙的腭侧根面上,偶见于上颌中切牙或尖牙,表现为从舌隆突到根尖方向任意位置的纵行沟裂。该疾病的治疗原则是彻底去除感染、封闭沟裂、整平根面、促进牙周组织再生及早诊断、早治疗;畸形舌侧沟的预后与诊断时间、裂沟的位置和深度、感染情况、牙周问题严重程度相关。当畸形舌侧沟伴有严重牙周-牙髓联合病变,引起周围骨质广泛破坏时,多预后不佳,可拔除患牙[2]。现报告1例12#牙畸形舌侧沟引发的牙周-牙髓联合病变被误诊为单纯根尖周囊肿的病例,该病例经完善根管治疗及根尖周囊肿刮除术后病程迁延不愈,造成患牙区域颊、颚侧骨板缺如,通过拔除患牙同期行引导骨组织再生(guide bone tissue regeneration,GBR),恢复牙龈和牙槽骨丰满度,后期行种植修复治疗,实现临床治愈。

1. 病例资料

1.1. 一般资料

患者,女,33岁,2013年因腭侧脓包于当地医院(不详)诊断为“12#根尖周囊肿”,并行12#根尖周囊肿刮除术,但术后腭侧脓包仍未完全消失、时大时小;2017年6月在外院(不详)诊断为“12#根尖周囊肿”行“12#根管治疗术”,但术后3个月以来腭侧仍反复长脓包,轻微溢脓,咬物不适,为求进一步诊治就诊于中南大学湘雅口腔医院牙周科。患者每天刷牙2次,否认患牙外伤史,否认夜磨牙,无咬异物习惯,否认吸烟、饮酒及咀嚼槟榔史。既往史:否认全身疾病史和家族遗传病史,无过敏史及长期服药史。

1.2. 专科检查及临床诊断

全口卫生一般,简化牙石指数(simplified calculus index,CI-S)为0~1,简化软垢指数(simplified debris index,DI-S)为0~1,牙龈轻度水肿,出血指数(bleeding index,BI)为1~2。12#舌侧可见大小约1.0 cm×1.5 cm的脓包,略高于黏膜表面,触诊无明显波动感;12#腭侧窝可见树脂充填物,腭侧可探入8 mm深窄牙周袋,无松动,未探及明显龋坏、无咬合创伤;12#唇侧、腭侧无牙龈退缩、无软组织不足等情况;其余牙位探诊深度(probing depth,PD)为1~4 mm。锥形束CT(cone-beam computed tomographic,CBCT)显示12#根尖周低密度圆弧形阴影(图1A);12#唇侧骨板凹陷,腭侧骨板缺如(图1B);12#根管内高密度填充影,根管恰填(图1B、1C)。诊断:12#慢性根尖周囊肿?慢性牙周炎。

图1.

图1

12# 翻瓣探查术前CBCT影像

Figure 1 CBCT image before 12# periodontal flap surgery

A: CBCT coronal view shows a low density circular shadow in the 12# apical area and a dense shadow around it. B: CBCT sagittal view shows that the root canal of tooth 12# is just filled. The labial plate is sunken and the palatine plate is absent. C: CBCT horizontal view shows that the root canal of tooth 12# is just filled, and the periapical low-density is shadow. CBCT: Cone-beam computed tomographic.

1.3. 治疗方案

1)完善牙周基础治疗;2)因12#根尖周囊肿刮除术后及完善根管治疗后腭侧脓肿仍反复发作,拟行12#腭侧牙周翻瓣术探查,视术中情况做进一步治疗计划。

1.4. 诊疗过程

1)2017年10月完善牙周基础治疗。对患者进行口腔卫生宣教(oral hygiene instruction,OHI)后,行龈上洁治、超声龈下刮治及根面平整,并对12#牙辅以牙周袋内上“派丽奥TM”治疗(每周1次,连续4次)。

2)2018年4月行“12#腭侧牙周翻瓣术探查”。对患者口腔进行消毒,在局部麻醉下行12#腭侧翻瓣术,术中发现12#牙伴有畸形舌侧沟并深至根尖(图2A),与上级医生会诊后判断12#无保留价值,并向患者解释病情,获得患者知情同意后,行“12#拔除同期GBR”:微创完整拔除12#,可见12#腭侧有一畸形舌侧沟,自舌隆突向根方延伸至根尖部(图2B);搔刮牙槽窝、彻底刮净炎性肉芽组织,术中见12#颊、腭侧骨板穿通,用超声骨刀修整牙槽骨,Bio-Oss TM骨粉及Bio-Oss CollagenTM填充骨缺损区,覆盖Bio-Guide TM生物膜,严密缝合(图2C)。术后使用0.12%氯己定漱口水漱口,每日3次,口服抗生素3~5 d,嘱患者2周后拆线。术后即刻CBCT(图3),可见12#骨缺损区高密度影。

图2.

图2

12# 腭侧牙周翻瓣探查术及引导骨组织再生术

Figure 2 Palatine periodontal flap and guide bone tissue regeneration (GBR) of tooth 12#

A: A palatal radicular groove of tooth 12# can be seen after the palatine periodontal flap. B: Palatal radicular groove extends from the lingual protuberance to the root apex. C: Minimally invasive extraction of 12# and GBR is performed simultaneously.

图3.

图3

术后即刻CBCT影像

Figure 3 Immediate postoperative CBCT imaging

A: CBCT coronal view shows a dense shadow in the 12# operative area, which is similar to the density of artificial bone substitute granules. B: CBCT sagittal view shows a dense shadow in the operative area of tooth 12#. C: CBCT horizontal view shows a dense shadow in the operative area of tooth 12#. D: Three-dimensional reconstruction diagram shows a high density in the bone defect area of tooth 12#. CBCT: Cone-beam computed tomographic.

3)2018年8月复诊。“12#拔除同期GBR”术后4个月复诊,临床检查术区未见明显异常;腭侧牙龈质地、颜色正常,无红肿、脓包,探诊无深牙周袋;CBCT显示12#根尖区高密度影,密度与周围骨组织接近(图4)。

图4.

图4

12# 拔除同期GBR术后4个月

Figure 4 CBCT images at the 4th month after GBR

A: CBCT coronal view shows a dense shadow in the operative area of tooth 12#, which is close to the density of surrounding bone tissue. B: CBCT sagittal view shows a dense shadow in the operative area tooth 12#, and the labial palatine bony plate is normal. C: CBCT horizontal view shows a dense shadow in the operative area of tooth 12#. D: Three-dimensional reconstruction diagram shows a high density in the bone defect area of tooth 12#. CBCT: Cone-beam computed tomographic; GBR: Guide bone tissue regeneration.

4)2019年3月复诊。“12#拔除同期GBR”术后11个月复诊,术区牙龈颜色、质地正常;CBCT显示12#术区牙槽骨在水平向、垂直向保存良好,新骨生长致密(图5)。建议择期行12#种植修复。

图5.

图5

12# 拔除同期GBR术后11个月CBCT

Figure 5 CBCT images at the 11th month after GBR

A: CBCT coronal view shows a dense shadow in the operative area of tooth 12#, which is close to the density of the natural alveolar bone. B: CBCT sagittal view shows a dense shadow in the operative area of tooth 12#, and the alveolar bone is well preserved. C: CBCT horizontal view shows a dense shadow in the 12# intraoperative area. D: Three-dimensional reconstruction diagram shows a high density in the bone defect area of tooth 12#. CBCT: Cone-beam computed tomographic; GBR: Guide bone tissue regeneration.

5)2019年7月行种植修复。“12#拔除同期GBR”术后15个月复诊,行12#种植修复:对患者口腔进行消毒,在局部麻醉下于12#位点植入拓美TM种植体(ThommenTM implant,SPI)1枚。术后使用0.12%氯己定漱口水漱口,每日3次,口服抗生素3~5 d,2周后拆线。

6)2019年12月种植术后复诊。“12#种植术”术后5个月复诊,种植体无松动,伤口愈合可,牙龈无明显异常;CBCT显示种植体与骨组织紧密贴合,无透射间隙(图6)。转诊修复科,拟行牙冠修复。告知患者种植体情况和修复效果,患者知情同意后,取模,送加工厂制作修复体,3周后试戴修复体。

图6.

图6

12# 种植术后5个月CBCT影像

Figure 6 CBCT images at the 5th months after implantation of tooth 12#

A: CBCT coronal view shows an implant in the 12# missing tooth area, and no low-density projection between the implant and the surrounding alveolar bone. B: CBCT sagittal view shows an implant in the 12# missing tooth area, and no low-density projection between the implant and the surrounding alveolar bone. C: CBCT horizontal view shows an implant in the 12# missing tooth area, and no low-density projection between the implant and the surrounding alveolar bone. D: Three-dimensional reconstruction diagram shows an implant in the 12# missing tooth area. CBCT: Cone-beam computed tomographic.

7)2020年1月种植体试戴。“12#种植术”术后6个月复诊,患者试戴12#种植体,行粘接、固定、调合、抛光,患者无不适、对美观满意。嘱患者如有不适则随诊,长期随访修复效果和牙周健康情况。

8)2021年12月种植术后复诊。“12#牙种植术”术后2年复诊,种植体无松动,牙龈无明显异常,患者无不适(图7);CBCT显示12#种植体与骨组织紧密贴合,牙槽骨生长致密(图8)。嘱患者如有不适则随诊,3~6个月复查1次。

图7.

图7

12# 种植术后2年复诊口内情况

Figure 7 12# intraoral photo 2 years after implantation Frontal (A), lateral (B), and palatine (C) pictures show no redness and swelling of 12# gingiva and no abscess of palatine.

图8.

图8

12# 种植术后2年复诊CBCT影像显示种植体骨结合良好

Figure 8 Two years after implantation of tooth 12#, CBCT imaging shows that the implant is well osseointegrated A: Three-dimensional reconstruction diagram shows an implant in the 12# missing tooth area. B: CBCT sagittal view shows an implant in the 12# missing tooth area, and no low-density projection between the implant and the surrounding alveolar bone. C: CBCT horizontal view shows an implant in the 12# missing tooth area, and no low-density projection between the implant and the surrounding alveolar bone.

2. 讨 论

畸形舌侧沟病因不明。畸形舌侧沟使龈沟底封闭不良,上皮在该处呈病理性附着,并形成骨下袋,成为细菌、毒素入侵的途径,易导致牙周组织的破坏。因此,畸形根面沟的充填封闭是关键,它能阻止细菌和毒素的再入侵,切断感染途径。

畸形舌侧沟本身一般不会产生疼痛,所以早期诊断困难,很多患者是在出现牙龈脓肿时才就诊,而且常被误诊为单纯的牙髓疾病或牙周疾病,只予以牙髓治疗或牙周治疗,而不进行根面沟封闭,从而导致病情反复。更有甚者,经过多次常规治疗不能治愈,将患牙拔除后才发现病变是由畸形舌侧沟引起。如本病例最开始在外院两次误诊为单纯的“根尖周囊肿”,只进行了根尖囊肿刮除术和根管治疗,并未解决根本问题,所以出现腭侧脓包反复发作、病程迁延不愈。

目前,畸形舌侧沟尚无统一的分类标准,临床上应用最广泛的是Goon等[3]依据畸形舌侧沟的范围和复杂性进行的分类方式。轻度:畸形舌侧沟仅为冠方牙釉质的轻微凹陷,终止于釉牙骨质界。中度:畸形舌侧沟以浅裂隙形式沿牙根表面延伸一定距离,但未达根尖。重度:深裂隙,长度涉及整个牙根,极少数情况下从主干分离出一个额外根。中度与重度两种情况的界定不是特别明确,一般将舌侧沟超过牙根冠方三分之二定义为重度[3-4]。本病例分类属于重度畸形舌侧沟,沟裂从近中向远中走行的深凹陷,抵达根尖,治疗难度和牙齿保留难度较大。

CBCT有助于显示微小结构和变异,有利于确定根沟的深度和长度[1],所以针对畸形舌侧沟的CBCT分型也逐渐被使用。I型凹槽:凹槽深度较浅,对应于正常、简单和单一根管。II型凹槽:凹槽深度中等,对应于C形管系。III型凹槽:齿槽较深,几乎将牙根分为2个,同时有2个独立的根管,形状和顶端正常。在具体分型鉴别中,各分型具有以下特点:I型凹槽具有正常、单一和狭窄的透射线管图像;II型凹槽在近中方向有一个相对较宽的透射线管图像,有一条不透射线的纵线将根管分为近中和远中两部分,在从根尖孔退出之前合并;III型凹槽有一条透光纵线,将牙根分为近中和远中两部分,没有合并,并显示出2个独立的牙根[5]。尽管CBCT对于诊断畸形舌侧沟有一定优势,但仍存在不足:CBCT的分辨率较低,对于细小病变难以展示,较浅及沟裂走行不规整的病变的影像学表现不典型甚至无异常,极易被临床工作者忽视;另外,由于成像原理存在部分容积效应,低密度影像会被周围高密度影像平均,导致不能呈现典型特征,也是临床漏诊原因之一。如本例患者辗转3所医院求诊,治疗前都拍摄了CBCT,但均未显示典型的畸形舌侧沟影像学表现。由于畸形舌侧沟病情隐匿、发病率较低,且易被误诊为单纯的牙髓炎或牙周炎,因此要求临床工作者诊治时应结合病程和表现,若进行完善根管治疗及牙周治疗后牙龈脓包仍反复发作或深牙周袋持续存在,则建议行牙周翻瓣术探查牙根形态,尽早明确诊断从而作出合理的治疗方案,增加保留患牙的概率。

畸形舌侧沟的治疗原则是彻底清除感染微生物、封闭根面沟隙、促进牙周再生[4, 6]。其治疗方案的制订与沟裂的深度、长度及对牙髓、牙周波及情况密切相关[7]。根面沟隙的封闭目前推荐使用Biodentine[8]、MTA[9]等材料。对于轻、中度畸形舌侧沟,因为沟裂较浅,所以一般仅破坏患牙的牙周组织,而不累及牙髓。常规治疗方案为牙根成形术结合牙周治疗,包括龈下刮治、根面平整,充分控制感染和封闭窦道后,在使用或不使用GBR的情况下,对舌侧沟进行外科暴露和平整,对舌侧沟进行研磨或者使用填充材料填补沟裂,可以恢复患牙的功能[10-12]。但岳炜等[13]曾报道2例轻度畸形舌侧沟导致的慢性根尖周炎,因此对于轻、中度畸形舌侧沟患牙也不能忽视牙髓活力的检测。对于重度畸形舌侧沟,若仅造成牙周破坏,则进行完善的牙周治疗,包括刮治、根面平整和GBR促进牙周组织愈合,并对舌侧沟进行封闭;若造成了牙周-牙髓联合病变,则进行完善的牙髓治疗和牙周治疗,包括根管治疗、刮治、根面平整和GBR[14-15];但重度畸形舌侧沟治愈率较低,临床工作中一般选择拔除患牙,待牙周组织满足种植要求后行种植修复[3, 16]。对于有强烈意愿保留天然牙的患者,如果在完善牙髓治疗、牙周治疗后仍不能长时间保留天然牙,可以考虑意向性牙再植术,即将患牙拔除后,体外行根管治疗、牙根修整等治疗,再将其种植回原本位置[17]。意向性牙再植术具有可同时处理根管内感染和根外感染的优势,同时相对于种植牙可减少患者经济负担等优点。使用意向性再植术治疗重度畸形舌侧沟,符合手术适应证,可以作为保留天然牙的最后手段[18-19]。尽量保持牙周膜的完整性和活性是意向性牙再植获得牙周膜愈合的关键,所以对于牙周组织损失较多的患牙,不建议行意向性牙再植术,因为健康的牙周膜余留较少,远期预后不良[20-21]。值得一提的是,如果未满18岁的患者出现重度畸形舌侧沟,则建议尽量通过牙髓治疗、牙周治疗和定期牙周维护将患牙保存至18周岁,再作进一步治疗计划。对于未成年患者而言,在成长过程中保留前牙美学区患牙,保持“根在骨”可以有效保存牙槽骨,将会简化未来治疗的流程和提高效果[16]

本病例的上颌侧切牙(12#)有完整的髓室和牙冠,舌侧沟从舌隆突开始延长至根尖,并逐渐加深,属于重度畸形舌侧沟,凹陷较深为细菌滋生提供了解剖基础,深及根尖的畸形舌侧沟利于细菌及其产物向根方发展,成为慢性炎症的来源,导致牙周组织破坏;炎症也可通过根尖孔逆行感染牙髓,并形成根尖周囊肿。患者在初期治疗时,两家外院的口腔医师未意识到病因是畸形舌侧沟,只采用了根管治疗和根尖囊肿刮除术,未阻断内、外交通,炎症未被彻底清除,导致病程迁延不愈。后行牙周翻瓣术探查发现有重度畸形舌侧沟,但由于病程(4年)较长,牙周组织破坏严重,不具备保留患牙的条件,也不具备意向性牙再植的条件,遂术中拔除患牙,同时彻底清除感染灶,引导组织再生,恢复牙周软、硬组织高度,为种植牙提供良好的牙周条件。后期种植修复效果满意,达到临床治愈,满足患者的功能和美学需求。但是,目前存在的缺陷是12#牙冠长度与对侧同名牙及邻牙不协调,上前牙龈缘线不美观,可能的原因:一是由于12#牙区域炎症病程久、骨缺损大,位点保存术后虽然实现了骨增量,但垂直向骨增量仍不是十分满意,如果在12#牙种植术同期再次植骨,效果可能更好。二是由于患者天然牙轻度被动萌出不足,临床冠较短。这种情况可以考虑用龈色瓷修饰12#牙冠来改善,或行12#唇侧骨增量术,但患者目前对于治疗效果满意,所以未作进一步改善处理。

畸形舌侧沟是牙周和牙髓问题的一个危险因素,牙科医师在临床工作中如果发现上前牙没有明显的龋坏、外伤史或咬合创伤,但出现了深牙周袋和/或根尖周炎,应该考虑患牙是否合并畸形舌侧沟。对于畸形舌侧沟应该早发现、早治疗,以提高保存患牙的概率。本病例在外院经历了两次的误诊、漏诊,延误了病情,导致患牙区域牙槽骨严重损坏,失去了保留患牙的机会。希望通过本病例的报道,能够给牙科医师在诊断和治疗该类疾病方面带来启示。

Acknowledgments

致谢:此病例的牙冠修复由王月红教授完成。在此,本文作者对王月红教授所作出的贡献表示衷心感谢!

基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金青年基金(2020JJ5404);湖南省临床医疗技术创新引导项目(2021SK53602);湖南省卫生健康委员会课题(202108011054);大学生创新创业训练计划省级项目(S2021105330736);中南大学湘雅口腔医(学)院青年教师科研启动基金(2018YQ02, 2019YQ01)。

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2020JJ5404); the Clinical Medical Boot Technology Innovation Project of Hunan Province (2021SK53602), the Project of Health Comission of Hunan Province (202108011054), the National-level College Students’ Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program (S2021105330736), and the Young Teacher’s Institutional Grant from Xiangya School of Stomatology and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University (2018YQ02, 2019YQ01), China.

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

陈珺、罗智伟、曾心怡、李文杰 研究设计,数据收集,论文撰写;王乐凡 论文修改;刘斌杰 数据收集,论文修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202302302.pdf

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