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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Feb 28;48(2):206–212. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220151

双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞在老年患者腰椎后路手术中的应用效果

Effects of bilateral erector spinae plane block for posterior lumbar spine surgery in elderly patients

PENG Jie 1,✉,2, ZHANG Wenqi 1, WU Youping 1, MA Yongyuan 1, QIE Wenbin 1, XU Bo 1
Editor: 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10930347  PMID: 36999467

Abstract

Objective

With the rapid development of aging population, the number of elderly patients undergoing posterior lumbar spine surgery continues to increase. Lumbar spine surgery could cause moderate to severe postoperative pain, and the conventional opioid-based analgesia techniques have many side effects, which are barriers to the recovery after surgery of the elderly. Previous studies have demonstrated that erector spinae plane block (ESPB) could bring about favorable analgesia in spinal surgery. As far as the elderly are concerned, the analgesic and recovery effects of ESPB on posterior lumbar spine surgery are not completely clear. This study aims to observe the effects of bilateral ESPB on elderly patients undergoing posterior lumbar spine surgery, and to improve the anesthesia techniques.

Methods

A total of 70 elderly patients of both sex, who were selected from May 2020 to November 2021, scheduled for elective posterior lumbar spine surgery, and in the age of 60-79 years, with American Society of Anesthesiologists class Ⅱ-Ⅲ, were divided into a ESPB group and a control (C) group using a random number table method, with 35 patients each. Before general anesthesia induction, 20 mL 0.4% ropivacaine was injected to the transverse process of L3 or L4 bilaterally in the ESPB group and only saline in the C group. The score of Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) indicating pain at rest and on movement within 48 h after operation, time of first patient control analgesia (PCA), cumulative consumptions of sufentanil within 48 hours, Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) scores on the morning of day 1 and day 2 after operation, Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) scores at 24 and 48 h after operation, full diet intake times, perioperative adverse reactions such as intraoperative hypotension, postoperative dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and constipation were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

A total of 70 patients were enrolled and 62 subjects completed the study, including 32 in the ESPB group and 30 in the C group. Compared with the C group, the postoperative NRS scores at rest at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h and on movementat at 2, 4, and 6 h were lower, time of first PCA was later, sufentanil consumptions were significantly decreased during 0-12 h and 12-24 h after operation, LSEQ scores on the morning of day 1 and QoR-15 scores at 24 and 48 h after operation were higher, full diet intakes achieved earlier in the ESPB group (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidences of intraoperative hypotension, postoperative dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and constipation between the 2 groups (all P>0.05).

Conclusion

Providing favorable analgesic effects with reduced opioids consumption, bilateral ESPB for posterior lumbar spine surgery in the elderly patients could also improve postoperative sleep quality, promote gastrointestinal functional restoration, and enhance recovery with few adverse reactions.

Keywords: erector spinae plane block, elderly patient, posterior lumbar spine surgery, analgesia


中国社会当前处于人口中度老龄化阶段,因腰椎疾病接受手术治疗的老年患者持续增多。腰椎手术后疼痛以中重度为主,单纯依赖阿片类药物镇痛可引起恶心、呕吐、便秘、尿潴留、瘙痒、过度镇静甚至严重精神障碍,患者难以早期活动和早期摄食,导致住院时间延长,并发症发生风险增加,不利于老年患者快速康复[1-3]。以外周神经阻滞等局部麻醉为核心的低阿片多模式镇痛新理念在老年患者围手术期被广泛应用[4]。竖脊肌平面阻滞(erector spinae plane block,ESPB)操作简单,安全性高,近期研究[5-8]表明ESPB在腰椎后路手术中镇痛效果良好,可减少阿片类药物的使用量,提升患者满意度,促进术后康复。本研究旨在观察双侧ESPB在老年腰椎后路手术中的应用效果,以期为改进麻醉方式提供参考。

1. 对象与方法

1.1. 对象

选取2020年5月至2021年11月于中国人民解放军南部战区总医院择期行腰椎后路手术的老年患者70例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞(ESPB)组和对照(C)组,每组35例。纳入标准:1)性别不限,年龄60~79岁;2)体重指数(body mass index,BMI)22~30 kg/m2;3)美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。排除标准:1)严重心、肺、肝、肾疾病;2)严重脊柱、脊髓及外周神经疾病或相关手术史;3)慢性疼痛、酗酒、精神及阿片类药物依赖;4)精神疾病或交流障碍;5)严重睡眠和认知障碍,入院后匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)评分≥16,简易精神状态检查量表(Mini-Mental Status Examination,MMSE)评分<27。剔除标准:1)围手术期出现严重并发症;2)中途退出研究;3)不能配合随访。本研究通过中国人民解放军南部战区总医院医学伦理委员会批准(审批号:NZLLKZ2022051)。

1.2. 方法

进入手术室后开放静脉通路,监测心电图、脉搏血氧饱和度及无创血压,静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg后,以0.2 μg/(kg·h)维持至手术结束前30 min。局部麻醉下行桡动脉穿刺置管,监测有创血压。ESPB组:患者取侧卧位,常规消毒铺单,M7便携式超声(深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司)凸阵探头用无菌保护套包裹后,行正中矢状位扫描L3(或L4)棘突,向患侧移动约3 cm至L3(或L4)横突。以平面外技术进针至横突骨质,回抽无血后注入0.4%罗哌卡因20 mL;以同样方法行对侧阻滞,30 min后以针刺法检测痛觉阻滞平面。C组依上法双侧注射等量生理盐水。所有操作均由同一高年资主治医师完成。

麻醉诱导:静脉注射舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg,以血浆浓度1.5 μg/mL起始靶控输注丙泊酚,每2 min增高0.5 μg/mL,患者意识消失时予顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,经口气管插管后控制呼吸,潮气量6~8 mL/kg,频率12~14 次/min,呼气末正压(end-expiratory positive pressure,PEEP)3~8 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),术中维持呼气末二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide,PetCO2)35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),脑电双频指数40~60。调整瑞芬太尼0.1~0.4 μg/(kg·min),维持平均动脉压(mean artery pressure,MAP)于基础值(±20%)。深静脉置管,间断给予顺式阿曲库铵,输注乳酸钠林格注射液、琥珀酰明胶及必要的血管活性药物,维持血流动力学稳定。缝合前静脉注射舒芬太尼0.1 μg/kg及托烷司琼 5 mg。使用静脉自控镇痛(patient control analgesia,PCA)至术后48 h,术后每12 h静注氟比洛芬酯 50 mg。PCA泵配方及设置:舒芬太尼100 μg及托烷司琼10 mg稀释至100 mL,按压量2.5 mL/h,锁定时间10 min,无背景量。术后疼痛数字评分量表(Numerical Rating Scale,NRS)评分≥4或患者需要时,均可使用PCA。术中管理及术后随访由对分组不知情的医师完成。

1.3. 观察指标

主要指标:术后48 h内不同时间点静息及活动(翻身)时的NRS评分。次要指标:1)术后首次PCA时间及48 h内不同时间段舒芬太尼累积用量;2)术后第1和2天里兹睡眠问卷(Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire,LSEQ)评分;3)术后24、48 h时15项恢复质量量表(Quality of Recovery-15,QoR-15)评分;4)术后开始进普通膳食的时间;5)术中低血压(MAP低于基础值80%并持续5 min以上),术后头晕、恶心呕吐、便秘等不良反应的发生情况。

1.4. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计处理。正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差( x¯ ±s)表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验;偏态分布计量资料以中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)[M(P 25P 75)]表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以频数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 一般资料及术中情况的比较

共纳入70例患者,其中ESPB组剔除3例(1例术中出血超过总血容量30%,2例不配合随访),C组患剔除5例(1例苏醒延迟,1例中途退出,3例不配合随访),最终62例完成研究。2组患者一般资料及术中各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,表1)。

表1.

2组患者一般资料及术中情况的比较

Table 1 Comparison of general data and intraoperative index between the 2 groups

组别 n 年龄/岁 性别/例 BMI/(kg·m-2) ASA分级/例 PSQI评分
ESPB组 32 68.4±5.6 18 14 26.4±1.8 20 12 9.4±1.8
C组 30 69.4±5.6 14 16 25.7±2.2 19 11 9.5±2.1
Z/t -0.681 0.25 1.372 0.038 -0.318
P 0.498 0.617 0.175 0.702 0.752
组别 MMSE评分* 术中低血压/例 手术时间/min 术中失血量/mL 输血/例 术中瑞芬太尼用量/[μg·(kg·min)-1]
ESPB组 28(27, 29) 5 190±23 667±101 2 0.202±0.026
C组 28(27, 29) 5 192±19 708±129 3 0.195±0.023
Z/t -0.348 -0.227 -1.404 1.163
P 0.728 0.999 0.821 0.165 0.667 0.250

*数据以中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)表示。ESPB:竖脊肌平面阻滞;C:对照;BMI:体重指数;ASA:美国麻醉医师协会;PSQI:匹兹堡睡眠质量指数;MMSE:简易精神状态检查量表。

2.2. 术后48 h内静息及活动NRS评分的比较

ESPB组术后2、4、6、12 h静息NRS评分及术后2、4、6 h活动NRS评分均低于C组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。2组术后24、48 h静息NRS评分及术后12、24、48 h活动NRS评分差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图1)。

图1.

图1

术后48 h内静息及活动NRS评分( x¯ ±s)

Figure 1 NRS score at rest (A) and on movement (B) within 48 h after operation ( x¯ ±s)

Compared with C group, *P<0.05. NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; ESPB: Erector spinae plane block; C: Control.

2.3. 术后LSEQQoR-15评分及开始进普通膳食时间的比较

与C组比较,ESPB组术后第1天LSEQ评分、术后24及48 h时QoR-15评分更高,术后进普通膳食时间更早(均P<0.05);2组术后第2天LSEQ评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。

表2.

2组术后LSEQQoR-15评分及开始进普通膳食时间的比较( x¯ ±s)

Table 2 Comparison of LSEQ score, QoR-15 score, and full diet intake time after operation between the 2 groups ( x¯ ±s)

组别 n 术后LSEQ评分 术后QoR-15评分 开始进普通膳食时间/h
第1天 第2天 24 h 48 h
ESPB组 32 470±13 455±20 108±7 110±7 15.0±2.3
C组 30 421±25 453±18 99±7 106±6 18.1±2.0
t 9.800 0.301 5.213 2.255 -5.653
P <0.001 0.765 <0.001 0.028 <0.001

ESPB:竖脊肌平面阻滞;C:对照;LSEQ:里兹睡眠问卷;QoR-15:15项恢复质量量表。

2.4. 术后首次PCA时间及48 h内舒芬太尼用量的比较

与C组比较,ESPB组术后首次PCA时间更晚,术后0~12 h、12~24 h舒芬太尼用量更少(均P<0.05);2组24~48 h舒芬太尼用量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表3)。

表3.

2组术后首次PCA时间及48 h内舒芬太尼用量的比较[M(P 25 P 75)]

Table 3 Comparison of PCA initiation time and sufentanil consumption after operation between the 2 groups [M(P 25, P 75)]

组别 n 首次PCA时间/h 术后舒芬太尼用量/μg
0~12 h 12~24 h 24~48 h
ESPB组 32 7.5(6.0, 10.9) 10.0(7.5, 12.5) 12.5(10.0, 15.0) 17.5(15.0, 22.5)
C组 30 4.5(3.4, 6.6) 15.0(11.9, 17.5) 15.0(12.5, 17.5) 21.3(15.0, 22.6)
Z 3.537 -4.110 -2.494 -1.373
P <0.001 <0.001 0.013 0.170

ESPB:竖脊肌平面阻滞;C:对照;PCA:自控镇痛。

2.5. 2组围手术期不良反应的比较

2组术中低血压,术后头晕、恶心呕吐、便秘等不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,表4)。

表4.

2组围手术期不良反应的比较

Table 4 Comparison of perioperative adverse reactions between the 2 groups

组别 n 不良反应/例
低血压 头晕 呕心呕吐 便秘
P 0.999 0.667 0.294 0.999
ESPB组 32 3 2 3 2
C组 30 2 3 6 2

ESPB:竖脊肌平面阻滞;C:对照。

3. 讨 论

老年患者由于消化、呼吸系统功能的脆弱性,围手术期主要依赖阿片类药物实施镇痛,这将导致术后肠功能恢复延迟、呼吸系统并发症风险增加。围手术期采用低阿片方案的多模式镇痛是促进老年患者术后康复的关键[8]。值得注意的是,老年患者出现术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)的风险显著增高,优化围手术期镇痛策略和睡眠管理有助于降低POD发生率[9]

ESPB是一种椎旁筋膜平面间阻滞技术,由Forero等[10]率先开展。该技术通过超声引导将局部麻醉药注射于竖脊肌深筋膜与横突之间,达到阻滞脊神经前支及后支的目的。ESPB操作简单、并发症少,能显著减少围手术期阿片类药物用量,在胸部、腹部及脊柱手术的应用日渐广泛[11]。腰椎后路手术由于广泛损伤椎骨、椎间盘、韧带、硬脊膜、小关节、肌肉、筋膜、皮肤及皮下组织,疼痛较为严重[2, 12]。上述组织主要由脊神经后支支配,于L3或L4行ESPB,可有效阻滞以注射点为中心的4~5节段的脊神经后支,达到较为满意的镇痛效果[6, 13]。Singh等[8]证实ESPB可减少腰椎后路手术后24 h吗啡用量,且患者满意度评分显著提升。Finnerty等[6]发现ESPB可降低胸腰椎减压术后羟考酮用量,提升术后24 h QoR-15评分,加速患者康复。

本研究中ESPB组术后12 h内静息NRS评分及术后6 h内活动NRS评分低于C组,且术后0~12 h及12~24 h内舒芬太尼用量更少,证实老年患者行腰椎后路手术时采用双侧ESPB,早期镇痛效果良好。LESQ包括入睡情况、睡眠质量、宿睡状态和觉醒行为4个方面,其一致性、效度及信度良好,可用于评价治疗或干预前后睡眠情况的变化[14]。ESPB组术后第1天LSEQ评分和术后24、48 h QoR-15评分更高,胃肠功能恢复更早可能与术后疼痛程度较轻、舒芬太尼用量较少有关。本研究中C组术后疼痛控制欠佳,对睡眠造成不利影响。既往研究[15-16]证实:睡眠质量不佳及睡眠连续性受损可能是导致手术后疼痛敏感性增加及产生严重疼痛的重要危险因素,改善睡眠质量或许有助于缓解疼痛。

尽管ESPB安全性极高,但老年患者各器官系统代偿能力明显减弱,仍应警惕腰椎双侧ESPB导致局部麻醉药中毒的风险。局部麻醉药进入硬膜外隙(尤其既往有脊柱手术史的患者)、下肢肌力减弱甚至完全消失、阴茎异常勃起等情况亦有报道[17]。由于腰段ESPB局部麻醉药扩散范围小于胸段[17],或许有必要根据腰椎手术节段的不同而选择适宜的腰段ESPB注射部位。在胸科手术以右美托咪定作为局部麻醉药佐剂时,ESPB作用时间延长,镇痛效果增强,可减少阿片类药物用量[18-19],且右美托咪定有助于预防老年患者POD[20],该方法可借鉴用于老年腰椎后路手术。

本研究的局限性在于样本量较小,系单中心对照研究,难以避免数据偏倚,有待后续扩大样本量、采取多中心研究进行更为深入的探索。

综上,双侧ESPB用于老年患者腰椎后路手术,镇痛效果良好,可减少阿片类药物用量,改善术后睡眠状,促进胃肠功能恢复,提升术后恢复水平,且不良反应少,值得临床推广。

基金资助

广东省自然科学基金(2021A1515010077);广州市科技计划项目(202002030379);中国人民解放军军队后勤科研项目(CLB21J023)。

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515010077), the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (202002030379), and the Military Logistics Science Research Project of People’s Liberation Army of China (CLB21J023).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

彭捷 研究设计,阻滞操作,论文的撰写及修改;张雯琪 随访及数据采集;吴友平 麻醉管理;马永圆 阻滞操作;郄文斌 病例筛选及统计分析;徐波 研究指导及论文修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202302206.pdf

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