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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Feb 28;48(2):285–293. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220560

补片材料在心血管手术中的应用进展

Progress in the application of patch materials in cardiovascular surgery

SHAO Rubing 1,2,1, LI Jiehua 1,2, WANG Lunchang 1,2, LI Xin 1,2,✉, SHU Chang 1,2,3,✉
Editors: 宋 柳, 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10930349  PMID: 36999476

Abstract

The cardiovascular patch, served as artificial graft materials to replace heart or vascular tissue defect, is still playing a key role in cardiovascular surgeries. The defects of traditional cardiovascular patch materials may determine its unsatisfactory long-term effect or fatal complications after surgery. Recent studies on many new materials (such as tissue engineered materials, three-dimensional printed materials, etc) are being developed. Patch materials have been widely used in clinical procedures of cardiovascular surgeries such as angioplasty, cardiac atrioventricular wall or atrioventricular septum repair, and valve replacement. The clinical demand for better cardiovascular patch materials is still urgent. However, the cardiovascular patch materials need to adapt to normal coagulation mechanism and durability, promote short-term endothelialization after surgery, and inhibit long-term postoperative intimal hyperplasia, its research and development process is relatively complicated. Understanding the characteristics of various cardiovascular patch materials and their application in cardiovascular surgeries is important for the selection of new clinical surgical materials and the development of cardiovascular patch materials.

Keywords: patch materials, biomaterials, tissue engineering materials, cardiovascular surgery

在中国人口老龄化的背景下，心血管疾病患病率处于持续上升阶段。2019年中国农村、城市心血管疾病死亡分别占总死亡原因的46.74%和44.26%，患病人数约达3.3亿[1]。心血管疾病也是全球死亡的主要原因，心血管手术量每年都在增加[2]。目前，心血管补片作为替代心血管缺损部分的重要人工移植物，在心血管手术中应用广泛，起至关重要的作用。传统的补片材料包括合成材料[聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯纤维(又称涤纶)、聚四氟乙烯等]和生物材料(心包补片、血管壁材料等)[3-4]，其存在的不足可能导致心血管手术后长期效果不理想甚至某些致命的并发症。目前组织工程材料或三维(three dimensions，3D)打印材料等新型材料也在研发中，但距离其实际的临床应用仍存在一定距离[5-6]。补片材料需要与血液长期接触[7-9]，因此对血液相容性要求较高[3]。本文就补片材料及其特点，以及其在心血管疾病手术中的应用进行总结，旨在为补片材料的研发提供一些线索和思路。

1. 补片材料及特点

1.1. 合成材料

1.1.1. 涤纶补片

20世纪50年代，人们使用涤纶材料作为血管移植物[4]。涤纶具有质地薄、张力和弹性强、易修整、相容性好、稳定且不易变质等优点[10-12]，可以用于加固血管吻合部位[13]，被作为补片材料在心血管手术中广泛应用[14]。但涤纶不够柔软，容易产生皱褶[15]，修复后易引起吻合口变形，导致血栓栓塞、溶血和感染等并发症，且自愈的可能性低[16]。通过浸渍肝素-聚对苯二甲酸或胶原蛋白等药物，涤纶补片可获得抗血栓和抗内皮细胞增殖的特性[17]。通过结合银离子可以有效控制感染、高效止血，并加强对薄弱血管的机械支撑[18]。0.25%~0.50%的涤纶补片移植会导致在移植术后的早期或晚期出现炎症[19]，长期炎症可能导致吻合口血肿形成等并发症[20]。对于一些年轻的动脉疾病患者，由于其大隐静脉可能用于以后的心脏或外周搭桥手术，因此不能使用自体血管壁作为补片，在此情况下，涤纶补片是最佳的选择[21]。也有学者认为，术后血栓形成与患者本身有关，而与补片类型无关[18]。

1.1.2. 聚四氟乙烯补片

聚四氟乙烯是一种应用较多的补片材料，但其存在内皮化慢、血栓发生率高和通畅率低等缺点[2-3, 22]，特别是在小直径移植物中，这些缺点更为凸显。也有研究[13]发现聚四氟乙烯补片具有抗血栓形成和支持再内皮化的能力，但这一点仍需更多实验数据支持。研究[23]发现与心包补片组相比，聚四氟乙烯补片术后患者组对正性肌力药的需求较少。聚四氟乙烯补片可以通过药物涂层或与某些药物或分子交联，达到降低术后血栓发生率等效果[24]。Rizwan等[22]开发了1种一锅法，通过靶向交联三偏磷酸钠-聚乙烯醇[sodium trimetaphosphate-poly(vinyl alcohol)，STMP-PVA]水凝胶上的残留羟基，使用羰基二咪唑进行羟基-胺偶联，从而结合细胞黏附蛋白，使原代人脐血管内皮细胞更易黏附于STMP-PVA水凝胶上，且其细胞活力和扩散能力显著增加。该研究提示STMP-PVA水凝胶有望作为小直径血管移植物治疗心血管疾病。Bui等[2]研究发现：透明质酸可以与聚四氟乙烯稳定结合，经透明质酸处理后，聚四氟乙烯亲水性增加，血液凝固和血小板活化减少，而其弹性模量、拉伸强度、屈服应力和极限应变等拉伸性能不会改变。在颈动脉内膜切除术中，聚四氟乙烯补片的止血时间比静脉补片或涤纶补片长，而长期病死率、脑卒中率、再狭窄率、手术时长和康复时间相似[25]。

1.2. 生物材料

1.2.1. 自体心包补片

20世纪60年代后期，人类自体心包补片开始被用于主动脉瓣的重建手术[26]。自体心包补片引起感染和血栓形成的风险较低[27-28]，且组织相容性较高，术后无需终生使用肝素、华法林等抗凝药物，可以有效降低移植物相关吻合口出血和血栓形成的发生率。此外，心包补片表现出更好的细胞渗透性和保留性[29]，是血管重建的理想移植物。但未经处理的自体心包组织会发生增厚和收缩，导致结构和功能退化，因此早期应用时治疗效果并不显著，并需要再次手术治疗[30]。戊二醛处理可以使心包组织具有更大的回缩阻力，使其保持内在柔韧性，并可以通过组织蛋白的交联稳定其形状[4, 31]，降低心包的抗原性及血栓发生率，并增加其抗酶解能力[32]。研究[24]表明使用戊二醛处理后的心包组织内皮化程度较高，但会发生一定程度的细胞死亡，核损伤，细胞代谢活性降低，细胞膜通透性增加，炎症因子释放增加。戊二醛处理也可能与术后钙化过程相关[33-34]，而新鲜的自体心包可能可以避免这一过程，并能长期地维持瓣膜功能。Quinn等[35]使用超声心动图评估接受新鲜自体心包进行二尖瓣修复的患者的瓣膜功能。结果显示：移植后新鲜自体心包的柔韧性没有显著变化，部分发生轻度钙化，其中少部分患者发生复发性严重二尖瓣关闭不全，再次手术时，补片柔韧，无钙化，厚度与相邻的原生小叶相当，没有观察到斑块裂开、回缩或动脉瘤情况，且10年免再手术率和存活率与戊二醛处理或使用牛心包贴片修复相当。所以使用自体心包补片时是否需要使用戊二醛处理，或什么情况下需要处理仍需进一步探索。

1.2.2. 同种异体移植物

同种异体移植物包括同种异体心包及动脉壁等。其具有血流动力学性能稳定，抗感染能力强，血栓形成及栓塞发生率低的优点[36]，且止血效果好，免疫原性较低，弹性好，可以满足一些轮廓不规则部位的需要[37-38]。发生自体组织供给不足或不可使用的情况时，同种异体移植物可以作为安全的替代材料。但同种异体心包的使用也受到一定的限制。市面上的同种异体心包材料不稳定或较为昂贵，并且在缺乏低温保存设施的机构中使用抗生素保存时，其保质期短[39]。作为非自体来源的组织，增加了病原体传播[39]、炎症或免疫反应的潜在风险[40]。同种异体动脉壁容易受到不同压力的影响而发生尺寸的变化，这种变化是较难预测的，可能会影响手术的远期效果[4]。与同种异体肺动脉移植物相比，同种异体主动脉移植物更容易发生钙化和阻塞[36]。药物涂层处理可能达到更满意的效果。Prat-Vidal等[41]针对一种结合间充质干细胞的载药生物移植物进行了实验研究，结果发现该材料方便储存并易于使用(其使用不需要进行宿主免疫抑制)，并且表现出核型稳定、免疫调节活性高、肿瘤发生率低及增殖和分化潜力低等优点。Musilkova等[42]研究发现：与京尼平弱交联并通过纤维蛋白和纤连蛋白涂层进行修饰的心包材料，可以获得最高程度的细胞活力，从而促进人心脏同种异体移植物或异种移植物的内皮化。

1.2.3. 异种移植物

最常见的异种移植物是猪主动脉瓣和牛心包[43]。作为一种实心组织，牛心包具有可靠的加工一致性及适合手术处理的特性，如缝合出血较少，没有空气间隙，植入后能够在血管成形术部位立即进行动脉双功能彩色超声的检查[44-45]。Lu等[46]使用猪和牛的脏胸膜作为补片材料，发现其克服了合成补片顺应性差的缺点，并具有非血栓形成表面，有利于保持血管通畅，但异种移植物带来的免疫反应和与戊二醛残留物的结合可能在短时间内导致更为严重的钙化[39, 47]。脱细胞处理可以减轻补片材料的免疫反应，降低病原体传播和炎症发生的风险[48]，还可以维持人间充质干细胞、内皮细胞的活力和增殖能力，从而与宿主较好地融合[49]，促进宿主细胞渗透进入脱细胞补片，促进心血管形成[50]，但这可能会改变天然细胞外基质的组成和行为[51-52]。因此脱细胞是否会改变心包组织的机械性能(如渗透性、顺应性及刚度等)仍需进一步讨论[37, 53]。Baird等[54]报道一种染料介导光氧化的方法，该方法通过交联心包胶原，机械抗拉伸，可以替代戊二醛化学处理，使补片具有较好的生物稳定性，同时避免晚期钙化和细胞毒性。异种移植心包组织钙化的趋势受到植入部位、移植物所替代的功能及与宿主血液和心内膜接触程度的影响[47]。其中，作为左心房壁补片时钙化程度最高，作为心包修补材料时钙化程度最低，作为二尖瓣腱索替代物时钙化程度居中[46]。在Ditkowski等[55]的研究中，牛心包补片与脱细胞同种异体移植物及冷冻保存的同种异体移植物相比，被证实是最容易发生细菌黏附的组织移植物。

1.3. 新型材料

1.3.1. 组织工程材料

理想的组织工程材料应具备来源充足、易于操作、生物相容性好、顺应性高、经久耐用、抗原性低，血栓形成和扩张成瘤倾向风险低的特点，以及一定的韧性和抗拉伸性，并且不易与周围组织粘连[56-58]，最好能达到与同源天然组织相匹配的机械强度。经多步ADAPT®工艺(脱脂、脱细胞、脱核、固定和解毒)处理的CardioCel补片，具有机械性能保留时间长、不易发生钙化的优点[59-60]。组织工程心脏瓣膜可能可以随着患者的成长而生长、重塑和自我修复，且不会引起血栓形成并具有良好的抗感染特性[61]。另外，可降解材料使宿主的感染风险降低，允许宿主组织向内生长且粘连形成更少[62]，具有广泛的机械性能和良好的生物相容性，易于定制以适应天然组织的特殊需求[63-64]，并可减少血小板沉积，从而抑制动脉瘤或血栓形成[65]，因此作为组织工程材料受到广泛关注。目前，可降解材料包括聚己内酯、聚癸二酸甘油酯、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物、聚氨酯(polyurethane，PU)、聚左旋乳酸和ε-己内酯/L-丙交酯等。选择适当的降解速率对于设计此类补片至关重要。研究[66]发现降解速率快的移植物显著促进内皮细胞增生。而且长时间的降解可能引发持续的异物反应，进而产生钙沉积和增加补片刚度，导致与自体血管的顺应性不匹配、血流动力学不利的变化，从而增加血管纤维化或狭窄的风险[67-68]。Fujimoto等[69]将聚酯聚氨酯脲(polyester urethane urea，PEUU)补片植入心肌梗死大鼠的左心室后，发现可以保留左心室的几何形状并改善其收缩功能，PEUU可通过降解避免感染、钙化等潜在并发症。PEUU还具备一定的载药能力，可辅助药物达到更好的治疗效果[70]。

1.3.2. 3D打印材料

目前发现PU瓣膜血流动力学稳定、钙化程度低、血栓发生率低[32]，且孔隙率高、内在柔韧性好，具有机械性能灵活，降解速度快，以及利于新组织长入的特点[71-72]。研究[3]表明该材料可以引起早期内皮化，但这种作用并不持久。

1.3.3. 其他材料

Zhu等[73]研发了一种类心包补片结构，即在心包内注射生物相容性水凝胶，利用心包腔作为原位心脏补片形成的天然“模具”，有效且安全地递送含有祖细胞或间充质干细胞衍生的外泌体，减轻免疫反应并延长治疗药物在心脏的潴留时间，抑制心肌重塑并改善心肌梗死后的心脏功能，从而达到较好的治疗效果。另外，家蚕丝素蛋白可能是小直径血管移植物的优良材料[74]。Maleckis等[75]开发了一种具有动脉调谐非线性顺应性的弹性纳米纤维移植物，这种材料可以较好地维持类似动脉的机械性能且在实验中显现出更好的愈合反应。

1.3.4. 补片与载药纳米颗粒

在血管疾病治疗过程中，直接给药方式具有一定的局限性(如药物容易快速洗脱、靶部位血浆半衰期短和严重的全身性不良反应)。目前纳米技术的进步为血管疾病和癌症等各种疾病的早期发现、预防和治疗提供了良好的手段[76]。在药物递送系统(如聚合物纳米载体、脂质体纳米载体、树枝状大分子、纳米凝胶)中，只有聚合物和脂质体纳米载体已被广泛研究用于血管疾病的药物递送，它们具有高度的生物相容性和生物可降解性，并有可能进行多种表面修饰和高药物封装。相比之下，聚合物纳米颗粒具有作用效果更持久、药物包裹性更好的优点[77-78]。不同的纳米粒子作用效果不同[79]，纳米材料的体内动力学主要取决于粒径[80]。

2. 补片材料在心血管手术中的应用

2.1. 血管成形术

在血管成形术中，自体大隐静脉是最常见的补片材料类型，其次是自体心包[81]，体外循环和上腔静脉重建时，也可以使用牛心包补片[82]。补片移植术后患者发生脑卒中或死亡、动脉闭塞、门静脉节段性狭窄或血栓形成等的风险均降低[83-86]，并且可能可以替代冠脉旁路移植术用于治疗孤立开口左冠状动脉主干狭窄[12, 87]。补片修补在儿童中也得到了很好的应用。1例永存左上腔静脉伴右上腔静脉缺如，合并房间隔缺损的6岁女性患儿使用新鲜的自体心包补片修补房间隔缺损后恢复良好[88]。在Fontan手术中使用补片可以维持较好的中期开窗通畅率，从而降低了Fontan术后并发症的风险[89-90]。然而，这一方法仍需积累更多的治疗经验以进行长期评估。此外，心包补片还可用于封堵某些瘘口，如动脉导管未闭[91]、冠状动脉瘘的瘘口[92]等。

2.2. 心脏房室壁或房室间隔修补术

补片材料可以用于心包或心脏肿瘤患者的房室壁或房室间隔修补[93-95]，修复心肌梗死后的室间隔破裂[3, 96]，改善心室功能[20]，或用于左心耳封闭术治疗房颤[97]，该方法安全有效，出血风险低。近年来使用双层或多层补片治疗心血管疾病的案例逐渐增加，3层补片可以使缺损完整而持久地闭合，并且保证了对缝合应力的抵抗力，降低了渗漏和血栓形成的风险[98-99]。自体心包补片可用于封闭婴儿孤立性室间隔缺损，其治疗效果与涤纶补片相当。使用自体心包时术后即刻轻微或少量残余室间隔缺损的发生率较高，但这种差异会随着时间的推移而消失[100]。自体心包补片可能可以允许宿主组织生长[101]，但仍未被证实，因此对于婴幼儿来说，需要进一步研究最佳手术时机。Sadeghi等[102]认为对于病情稳定的患儿，可在2~3岁前进行全修复，病死率最低；对于患有严重充血性心力衰竭的患儿，应考虑早期纠正；对于主动脉缩窄的患儿，需要在心内修补前切除。

2.3. 瓣膜置换术

使用补片进行瓣膜置换可以用治疗感染性心内膜炎等疾病，自体心包是作为瓣膜替代物的良好选择[103]，其血流动力学较为稳定[104-105]，有望降低术后发生心衰的风险[106]，但瓣膜钙化、缝合部位破裂、感染风险较高[107-109]，可能导致瓣膜置换术后1年生存率较低[110]，住院率和晚期病死率较高[111-112]。

3. 结 语

补片材料作为替代心血管缺损部分的人工移植物已广泛应用于心血管手术中。除传统的合成材料和生物材料外，组织工程材料、3D打印材料等新型材料也在持续研发中，并在临床应用中显示出巨大潜力。但目前没有证据证明何种补片材料治疗效果为最佳，每种补片材料均具有其优势和劣势，血栓形成、钙化、感染等近、远期并发症仍然是材料开发过程中急需解决的难题。另外，在治疗中要达到理想的手术效果及远期治疗效果，需考虑患者的实际情况。组织工程或生物材料结合纳米颗粒载药技术、药物涂层或分子交联技术可能是未来补片材料发展的方向。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82120108005)。

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82120108005).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

邵茹冰 文献收集及论文撰写；李杰华、王伦常 论文审阅、修订；李鑫、舒畅 论文指导。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202302285.pdf

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