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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 Oct 28;47(10):1375–1384. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220085

糖尿病前期患者灰质协变网络拓扑组织特性的改变

Alteration in topological organization characteristics of gray matter covariance networks in patients with prediabetes

DENG Lingling 1,2, LIU Huasheng 1, LIU Wen 1, LIAO Yunjie 1, LIANG Qi 1,, WANG Wei 1
Editors: 田 朴, 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10930362  PMID: 36411688

Abstract

Objective

Prediabetes is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the exact mechanism of prediabetes-related brain diseases has not been fully elucidated. The brain structure of patients with prediabetes has been damaged to varying degrees, and these changes may affect the topological characteristics of large-scale brain networks. The structural covariance of connected gray matter has been demonstrated valuable in inferring large-scale structural brain networks. The alterations of gray matter structural covariance networks in prediabetes remain unclear. This study aims to examine the topological features and robustness of gray matter structural covariance networks in prediabetes.

Methods

A total of 48 subjects were enrolled in this study, including 23 patients with prediabetes (the PD group) and 25 age-and sex-matched healthy controls (the Ctr group). All subjects’ high-resolution 3D T1 images of the brain were collected by a 3.0 Tesla MR machine. Mini-mental state examination was used to evaluate the cognitive status of each subject. We calculated the gray matter volume of 116 brain regions with automated anatomical labeling (AAL) template, and constructed gray matter structural covariance networks by thresholding interregional structural correlation matrices as well as graph theoretical analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) in conjunction with permutation testing was employed for testing the differences in network measures, which included small world parameter (Sigma), normalized clustering coefficient (Gamma), normalized path length (Lambda), global efficiency, characteristic path length, local efficiency, mean clustering coefficient, and network robustness parameters.

Results

The network in both groups followed small-world characteristics, showing that Sigma was greater than 1, the Lambda was much higher than 1, and Gamma was close to 1. Compared with the Ctr group, the network of the PD group showed increased Sigma, Lambda, and Gamma across a range of network sparsity. The Gamma of the PD group was significantly higher than that in the Ctr group in the network sparsity range of 0.12-0.16, but there was no difference between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). The grey matter network showed an increased characteristic path length and a decreased global efficiency in the PD group, but AUC analysis showed that there was no significant difference between groups (all P>0.05). For the network separation measures, the local efficiency and mean clustering coefficient of the gray matter network in the PD group were significantly increased and AUC analysis also confirmed it (P=0.001 and P=0.004, respectively). In addition, network robustness analysis showed that the grey matter network of the PD group was more vulnerable to random damage (P=0.001).

Conclusion

The prediabetic gray matter network shows an increased average clustering coefficient and local efficiency, and is more vulnerable to random damage than the healthy control, suggesting that the topological characteristics of the prediabetes grey matter covariant network have changed (network separation enhanced and network robustness reduced), which may provide new insights into the brain damage relevant to the disease.

Keywords: prediabetes, gray matter volume, structural covariance network, graph theoretical analysis, topological measures


糖尿病前期(prediabetes,PD)是指血糖高于正常值但低于2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)诊断值的慢性升高阶段,通常定义为糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)5.7%~6.4%[1],包括糖耐量异常与空腹血糖受损。近年来在中国人群中的PD患病率逐渐增加。最新的一项基于大样本的流行病学调查[2]发现中国成人中PD的发病率从2013年的35.7%上升到了2018年的38.1%。研究[3-5]表明PD与认知缺陷和神经退行性疾病的风险增加有关。然而,PD相关脑疾病的确切机制尚未完全阐明。

现有的神经影像学研究证据表明PD会影响脑结构及功能。结构上,纵向研究[6]发现PD患者大脑皮质厚度变薄及灰质体积相较于正常人显著减少[7]。一项大样本的老年人群研究[8]也发现PD患者与灰质体积萎缩密切相关。灰质形态学研究[9-10]发现PD患者的扣带-颞叶、脑岛和一些皮层下区域的灰质体积(海马、杏仁核及壳核)减少。此外,研究[11-12]还发现PD的白质体积减少及白质纤维微结构异常,包括下纵束、上纵束和前丘脑辐射。功能上,静息态功能磁共振研究[13]发现感觉、刺激和注意相关的脑网络(腹侧注意网络、视觉网络、感觉运动网络)之间的功能连接改变与PD有关。这些证据说明PD对脑结构及功能产生不同程度的损害,范围并不局限,这些结构的损害可能对大规模脑网络也存在一定影响。

图论分析能够直接测量大规模脑网络组织特性(例如网络整合和分离)的差异[14],这是传统的单变量分析方法无法完成的。目前图论分析方法在PD患者的脑网络中少有应用,研究结论并不一致。一项功能网络拓扑特性图论分析研究[15]表明:在某些阈值下PD功能脑网络具有比正常人更高的平均聚类系数和局部效率。另一项基于白质结构网络的拓扑属性研究[16]却表明PD与较低的局部效率和聚集系数有关。尽管如此,这些证据仍表明PD的白质结构网络和功能网络拓扑特征已经发生了改变。然而,PD对灰质结构网络拓扑特性的影响仍不清楚。

最近的神经影像学研究[17]表明:结构协变网络模型可能是研究大脑拓扑结构的一个有价值的工具,能为其他功能和结构连接方法提供补充信息,其理论基础是相互连接的脑区在形态特征上共同变化和共同成熟。此外,与基于时间序列的功能网络和弥散张量的解剖网络相比,灰质结构协变分析方法具有计算复杂度相对较低[18]及对噪声的敏感性较低的优点[19-20]。鉴于PD被证实与灰质结构形态学异常有关,基于灰质形态学的灰质协变网络图论分析可能为理解该疾病的脑损害提供新见解。

因此,本研究首先以灰质体积构建结构协变网络,然后通过图论方法初步探索PD灰质结构网络拓扑特性的变化,以期为理解PD相关脑损害的潜在发病机制提供重要信息。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 样本来源及分组

本研究于2018年3月1日至2019年2月20日从中南大学湘雅三医院糖尿病门诊、体检中心和社会招募受试者。纳入标准:1)右利手;2)视力、听力和语言无异常;3)无冠心病、肾炎、肿瘤、胃肠道疾病或精神疾病史;4)教育年限≥6年;5)简易精神状态检查中文版(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)得分≥25;6)磁共振检查无禁忌证;7)年龄为30~70岁;8)Fazekas分级低于II级及以上。剔除灰质图像质量较低的(低于2 SD)的受试者5名,最后纳入48名受试者的灰质图像用于后续分析。根据美国糖尿病协会2014年发布的诊断标准[21],分为PD组(n=23)和正常对照(Ctr)组(n=25)。每名PD患者均未口服降糖药控制血糖。本研究通过中南大学湘雅三医院医学伦理委员会审查(审批号:2019-S381),所有受试者均签署知情同意书。

1.2. MRI数据采集与预处理

在Philips 3.0 T扫描仪(Ingenia,芬兰Philips 医疗公司)中用3D T1加权图像(T1-weighted imaging,T1WI)序列获取结构图像,扫描参数如下:重复时间/回波时间=7.8 ms/2.3 ms;层数=226;层厚=1 mm;间隔=0 mm;翻转角度=7°;矩阵=240×240;时间=376 s。

数据预处理:在Matlab 2014a(美国MathWorks公司)环境下使用SPM12软件(http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm)中的计算神经解剖工具箱(computational anatomy toolbox,Cat)(http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/cat12/)对结构像进行预处理,具体流程如下。1)图像分割:所有T1图像在校正偏差、噪声和强度后被分割为灰质、白质和脑脊液图像。2)空间标准化:运用Dartel算法,基于蒙特利尔神经病学研究所(Montreal Neurological Institure,MNI)模板对所有受试者图像进行空间标准化,将所有受试者的灰质图像空间标准化至MNI空间。3)图像重采样:将调制后的灰质图像的体素大小重新采样为1.5 mm×1.5 mm×1.5 mm。4)图像质量控制:在进一步分析和估计颅内总容积(total intracranial volume,TIV)前检查灰质图像的质量。

1.3. 构建结构网络

采用图论分析工具箱(graph analysis toolbox,GAT)[22](http://ncnl.stanford.edu/tools.html)进行结构网络构建及参数分析。首先使用WFU Pickatlas工具箱,根据自动解剖标记(anatomical automatic labeling,AAL)图谱将全脑划分为116个感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI),包括90个大脑区域和26个小脑区域[23-24]。将116个ROI重采样为与完成预处理后的灰质图像一致的体素大小(1.5 mm×1.5 mm×1.5 mm)。使用GAT工具箱中的REX模块提取标准化灰质图像中每个ROI的平均灰质体积(gray matter volume,GMV)。随后将年龄、性别和TIV作为协变量,计算所有受试者任意两个ROI之间平均GMV值的皮尔逊相关系数,生成两个116×116的相关矩阵(图1A,1B),再将相关矩阵转换为二元(0或1)无向矩阵(图1C,1D)。由于不同阈值下的相关矩阵会产生不同边数的网络模型,这可能会影响网络特性的估计[25]。因此,本研究在一定的网络稀疏度范围内(估计的最小密度到最大密度,步长0.02)对相关矩阵进行阈值化处理,以保证不同网络中边数相同。最小密度代表网络中所有节点完全连接的最小密度[22]。通过计算发现,两组受试者的灰质结构网络所有节点完全连接的最小密度为0.12。当超过某个阈值时,网络变得越来越随机,连通性>50%的结构网络被认为没有生物学意义[22]。因此,本研究最终选取0.12~0.50(步长为0.02)范围内的网络稀疏度来进行网络参数的差异比较。最后,计算并比较两组之间每个密度下的网络拓扑参数的差异。

图1.

图1

相关矩阵及二元邻接矩阵

Figure 1 Association and binary adjacency matrices

A and B: Association matrices for the Ctr group (A) and the PD group (B). The color-bar shows the strength of the connections. C and D: Binary adjacency matrices for the Ctr group (C) and the PD group (D). The white color represents presence of connection. These matrices are plots under the Dmin (12%) threshold in which all nodes become fully connected in the structural networks of both groups.

1.4. 全局网络参数

在构建灰质结构网络后,比较一系列网络稀疏度(0.12~0.50)内感兴趣的全局网络参数,包括小世界属性指标[标准化聚类系数(Gamma)、标准化路径长度(Lambda)、小世界指数(Sigma)],网络整合指标(全局效率和特征路径长度)及网络分离指标(局部效率和平均聚类系数)。

1.5. 网络稳健性分析

评估神经损伤的网络稳健性可通过随机删除节点,或对具有最高连接的节点进行针对性的攻击来破坏网络模型[14]。前者是通过随机移除节点和相关连接并测量网络剩余最大组件的大小变化来检查网络模型对病变响应的拓扑行为[22];后者是按照节点度递减的顺序移除节点(和相关连接)并测量网络剩余最大组件的大小变化来进行有针对性的攻击分析。每项分析重复1 000次,以对潜在影响进行充分估计[19]

1.6. 统计学处理

应用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料采用均数 ± 标准差( x¯ ±s )表示。采用t检验和χ2检验来比较PD组和Ctr组之间的人口学数据及临床指标。采用双尾检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

为了比较网络参数的组间差异,根据GAT工具箱的操作手册,在GAT中进行了1 000次重复的非参数置换检验[26]。在每次排列中,每位受试者被随机重新分配到一个组中,然后生成两个与原来人数相同的随机组。构建每个随机组的相关矩阵,并在网络稀疏度范围内设置阈值,计算每个密度下的网络参数。然后计算网络参数的组间差异,以在零假设下创建差异的排列分布。对于每个网络参数,将PD组和Ctr组之间的实际差异置于其相应的排列分布中,以获得显著性水平。比较不同网络密度下的网络参数测量结果会导致多重比较,因此使用曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分析对每个网络参数进行量化[27]。本研究中所选各网络参数组间差异的结果均经过FDR校正(P<0.05)。

2. 结 果

2.1. 人口学特征

PD组和Ctr组的人口学和临床特征见表1。PD组的平均HbA1c高于Ctr组(P<0.05)。在年龄、性别、受教育时间、体重指数(BMI)、血压和血脂参数方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。

表1.

PD组和Ctr组人口学及临床特征( x¯ ±s)

Table 1 Demographic and clinic characteristics of the PD group and the Ctr group ( x¯ ±s)

组别 n 年龄/岁 男/女 受教育时间/年 BMI/(kg·m-2) 收缩压/mmHg 舒张压/mmHg 总胆固醇/ (mmol·L-1)
P 0.175 0.553 0.056 0.178 0.607 0.977 0.086
PD组 23 51.57±8.40 8/15 9.70±3.14 24.21±3.08 120.04±20.53 74.57±9.25 5.11±1.58
Ctr组 25 48.36±7.67 8/17 11.67±3.54 23.11±2.41 117.20±17.49 74.64±8.75 4.46±0.88
组别 三酰甘油/(mmol·L-1) 高密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L-1) 低密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L-1)

尿素氮/

(mmol·L-1)

血肌酐/

(μmol·L-1)

HbA1c/% MMSE得分
PD组 2.01±1.91 1.31±0.32 2.86±1.26 4.62±1.37 60.13±18.65 5.98±0.44 27.81±1.78
Ctr组 1.38±0.77 1.23±0.32 2.46±0.71 4.72±1.59 61.58±13.11 5.10±0.46 28.80±1.13
P 0.146 0.411 0.149 0.808 0.758 0.000 0.333

BMI:体重指数;HbA1c:糖化血红蛋白;MMSE:简易精神量表。1 mmHg=0.133 kPa。

2.2. 全局网络参数

两组相关矩阵显示大多数脑区之间存在强相关性(图1)。一系列网络稀疏度(0.12~0.50)内两组灰质结构网络全局网络参数的变化及组间差异见图2。结果显示两组灰质结构网络均遵循小世界属性,即Sigma大于1(图2A),Gamma远大于1(图2C),Lambda接近1(图2E)。与Ctr组比较,PD组灰质结构网络的Sigma、Lambda、Gamma均增加(图2B,2D,2F),其中Lambda在部分网络稀疏度(0.12~0.16)内显著增加(图2F),但AUC分析发现上述参数两组差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。

图2.

图2

Ctr组和PD组小世界属性参数的变化

Figure 2 Changes in small-world network measures as a function of network density between the Ctr and the PD group

A: Small-world index of network (Sigma) of the 2 groups; B: The 95% confidence intervals and between-group differences in Sigma; C: Normalized clustering (Gamma) of network of the 2 groups; D: The 95% confidence intervals and between-group differences in Gamma; E: Normalized path length (Lambda) of network of the 2 groups; F: The 95% confidence intervals and between-group differences in Lambda. The * marker shows the difference between Ctr vs PD networks, and the * signs falling out of the confidence intervals indicate the densities in which the difference is significant. Ctr: Control; PD: Prediabetes.

网络集成指标的分析显示:与Ctr组比较,PD组灰质结构网络的特征路径长度增加,引起全局效率的减低(图3A,3C)。在0.12~0.16网络稀疏度范围内,PD组灰质结构网络的特征路径长度显著长于Ctr组,但在其他网络稀疏度内的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图3B)。此外,在所选网络稀疏度(0.12~0.50)内两组灰质结构网络的全局效率差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05,图3D)。AUC分析显示全局效率及特征路径长度的组间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。

图3.

图3

Ctr组和PD组网络集成参数的变化

Figure 3 Changes in network integration measures as a function of network density between the Ctr and the PD group

A: Characteristic path length of network of the 2 groups; B: The 95% confidence intervals and between-group differences in characteristic path length; C: Global efficiency of network of the 2 groups; D: The 95% confidence intervals and between-group differences in global efficiency. The * marker shows the difference of network between the Ctr and PD group, and the * signs falling out of the confidence intervals indicate the densities in which the difference is significant. Ctr: Control; PD: Prediabetes.

另外,网络分离参数分析显示:与Ctr组比较,PD组灰质结构网络在一系列网络稀疏度范围内的局部效率和平均聚类系数显著增加(图4)。AUC分析显示PD组灰质协变网络的局部效率(P=0.001)和平均聚类系数(P=0.004)显著高于Ctr组。

图4.

图4

PD组和Ctr组网络分离参数的变化

Figure 4 Changes in network segregation measures as a function of network density between the Ctr and the PD group

A: Local efficiency of network of both the 2 groups; B: The 95% confidence intervals and between-group differences in local efficiency; C: Mean clustering coefficient of network of both the 2 groups; D: The 95% confidence intervals and between-group differences in mean clustering coefficient. The * marker shows the difference of network between the Ctr and PD group, and the * signs falling out of the confidence intervals indicate the densities in which the difference is significant. Ctr: Control; PD: Prediabetes.

2.3. 网络稳健性分析

网络稳健性分析显示:两组灰质结构网络在靶向攻击中的表现差异无统计学意义(P=0.46,图5A)。与Ctr组比较,PD组在一系列被随机移除的节点上灰质结构网络的稳健性显著降低(图5B)。AUC分析结果证实PD组灰质结构网络稳健性显著低于Ctr组(P=0.001)。

图5.

图5

两组的网络稳健性差异

Figure 5 Differences in network resilience between the two groups

Changes in the size of the largest component of the networks after targeted attack (A) and cascading random failure (B). Stars show where the difference in the size of the largest remaining components between groups is significant.

3. 讨 论

本研究分析了PD患者灰质结构网络的拓扑特性改变。与Ctr组相比,PD组灰质结构网络呈现出典型的小世界属性,表现为更高的Gamma和相似的Lambda;此外,本研究还发现PD组灰质结构网络的分离指标(局部效率及平均聚类系数)增加及网络稳健性降低。这些结果表明PD患者灰质协变网络拓扑组织特性发生了改变。

与其他复杂的生物网络一样,脑网络有一个小世界特性,平衡网络整合和分离,以最小化的网络成本最大限度地提高信息处理效率[28]。研究[29-30]表明正常人的结构网络遵循小世界特性。本研究中两组灰质网络均显示出小世界特性,即与随机网络相比,具有更高的Gamma和相似的Lambda[14]。最近的一项研究[31]发现T2DM灰质网络遵循小世界特征,且Gamma及Lambda较正常人显著增加。本研究结果与该研究结果不一致的原因可能与本研究所选的研究对象是T2DM前期阶段的患者,疾病程度较轻及对脑解剖结构损害程度较轻有关。一项PD及T2DM的功能网络图论分析研究[15]表明:PD及T2DM功能网络的Gamma及Lamba均较正常人增加,但PD患者增加的程度小于T2DM患者。另外一项结构形态学研究[11]也发现,与正常对照比较,PD患者灰质体积减少,但其减少的程度远小于T2DM患者。

本研究结果显示PD组灰质结构网络的局部效率及平均聚类系数显著高于Ctr组,这与之前的功能网络拓扑特性研究[15]结果一致,但与基于白质结构网络的图论分析研究[16]结果不同,该研究发现PD白质结构网络的局部效率和聚类系数均较正常对照降低。笔者认为这可能有两方面的原因:一是灰质结构连接模式与功能连接模式相似。早前的研究[32]证实健康成年人的灰质结构网络和静息态功能网络之间的连接模式存在显著一致性。二是灰质结构共变的区域不一定发生在白质连接的区域。如有研究[33-34]证实没有直接白质连接的区域也会出现强大的功能连接;白质连接与皮质厚度协变网络的对比研究[35]发现只有30%~40%的区域间协变发生在由白质束连接的区域。聚类系数是局部网络连接性的度量,量化了相邻大脑区域连接的程度,是一个脑区与最相邻的脑区之间的连接数目与最大可能连接数目之间的比值;平均聚类系数是网络中所有节点的聚类系数的平均值,量化的是网络局部信息传输的效率[28]。局部效率是某个节点与所有邻近节点的平均最短路径的倒数[36]。在正常人的脑网络中,高平均聚类系数和高局部效率表示大脑局部信息处理的能力增强。我们在PD中观察到了这种改变,这说明PD灰质结构网络组织能力增强。有一种观点将这种脑网络组织能力增强解释为功能重组,是对脑结构损害的一种早期阶段的代偿机制[37]。也有研究[15]发现PD聚类系数及局部效率较正常人增加,但是增加的程度较T2DM患者小,认为PD及早期T2DM为应对轻微认知下降,脑网络会通过功能重组来进行补偿,随着病程的增加及疾病的进展,这种补偿机制最后被打破,导致聚类系数及局部效率的降低,从而出现认知功能降低(如痴呆)的临床表现。本课题组之前的研究[38]也发现了功能连接增强可能反映代偿机制,如PD患者的默认模式网络连接增强及病程短的T2DM患者中小脑-默认模式网络前部的功能连接增加[39]。因此,笔者推测PD患者灰质网络分离增加可能是脑损害早期阶段的一种代偿机制。结合上述证据,说明在T2DM临床诊断之前,PD患者灰质结构网络的拓扑特性已经发生了改变。

此外,本研究还进行了灰质结构网络模型对神经损伤的稳健性分析。结果表明PD组灰质结构网络应对随机故障的能力显著低于Ctr组,这说明PD患者的灰质结构网络更容易受到随机损害,这可能是由于上述全局网络参数的改变所致。这一发现与T2DM灰质结构网络[31]及1型糖尿病皮层厚度结构网络[40]更容易受到随机损害的结论相符。理论上,网络越规则,它对病理性攻击的稳健性就越差[41]。本研究发现PD患者灰质结构网络的稳健性降低,为这一观点提供了进一步的证据。

本研究尚存在局限性:1)为小样本的初步探索性研究,结论需要更大样本的研究进一步确认;2)为横断面研究,未研究灰质网络拓扑特征的动态改变;3)由于灰质网络是在组水平构建,未探索灰质网络拓扑参数与个体认知量表评分及生化检查结果的相关性。

综上,本研究揭示了PD患者灰质协变网络拓扑特性的改变,主要表现为网络分离属性增加及网络稳健性降低,这可能为PD患者脑损害提供新证据。

基金资助

国家重点研发项目(2019YFA0110703);湖南省科技重大项目(2018SK2010)。

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2019YFA0110703), and the Major Scientific and Technological Project of Hunan Province (2018SK2010), China.

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

邓灵灵 资料收集,统计分析,论文撰写和修改;刘华生、刘文、廖云杰 数据收集与分析;梁琪、王维 研究设计,论文审阅、修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2022101375.pdf

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