Abstract
目的
鼻整形术是国内最普遍的美容手术之一,鼻中隔延伸支架已经被广泛应用于鼻整形术中,但对耳软骨来源的鼻中隔延伸支架移植物(septal extension grafts,SEG)报道较少。本研究探索耳廓软骨SEG在国人鼻整形术中应用的有效性和稳定性。
方法
回顾性分析2019年9月至2022年3月收治的35例鼻整形患者的临床资料。其中29例为初次进行鼻整形,6例为鼻修复;年龄18~32(平均22.4)岁;所有患者采用耳甲腔、耳甲艇软骨来源的鼻中隔延伸支架行鼻整形术。术后随访3~28(平均18.5)个月,观察鼻部外形改善情况,比较术前术后鼻尖角度、鼻唇角、鼻额角的变化,记录并发症。
结果
使用耳甲腔及耳甲艇软骨搭建的鼻中隔延伸支架进行鼻整形术后,所有患者的鼻外形均得到显著改善。术后3个月患者的鼻尖角度、鼻唇角、鼻额角与术前相比均明显改善(均P<0.001),术后14个月与术后3个月各项指标相比差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。32例患者术后鼻腔外观满意;2例患者发生鼻小柱偏斜;1例患者诉鼻尖下旋,重新调整移植物后效果令人满意。
结论
耳软骨来源的SEG可以为鼻尖提供稳定的支撑,术后鼻的形态自然,单侧耳廓软骨移植创伤小。
Keywords: 鼻整形术, 耳廓软骨, 鼻中隔延伸支架移植物
Abstract
Objective
Rhinoplasty is one of the most common cosmetic surgeries in China. Septal extension grafts (SEG) have been widely used in rhinoplasty, but there are few reports on SEG derived from ear cartilage. This study aims to explore the effectiveness and stability of auricular cartilage nasal SEG transplantation in Chinese rhinoplasty.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of 35 rhinoplasty patients admitted from September 2019 to March 2022 has been conducted. Among them, 29 patients underwent rhinoplasty for the first time and 6 patients underwent rhinoplasty with the age of 18-32 (average 22.4) years old. The postoperative follow-up was 3-28 (average 18.5) months. The improvement of the nose shape was observed. The changes of the nose tip angle, nasolabial angle, and nasofrontal angle were compared between before and after the operation, and the complications were recorded.
Results
All patients who underwent rhinoplasty with a septal extension grafts constructed from the concha cavity and concha cartilage showed significant improvement in nasal contour. The preoperative nasal tip angle, nasolabial angle, and nasofrontal angle were significantly improved compared with 3 months after operation (all P<0.001), and there was no significant difference between 3 months and 14 months after operation (all P>0.05). The appearance of nasal cavity was satisfactory in 32 patients after operation. Columella deviation occurred in 2 patients and 1 patient complained of downward rotation of the nasal tip, which was satisfied after readjustment of the graft.
Conclusion
The simplified SEG derived from auricular cartilage can provide stable support for the nasal tip, the nasal shape is natural after operation, and minimal trauma of unilateral auricle cartilage transplantation remains.
Keywords: rhinoplasty, auricular cartilage, septal extension grafts
自1997年Lupo[1]报道自体软骨在隆鼻中的应用以来,自体软骨隆鼻逐步成为鼻整形的主要方法。由于更稳定的支撑和更自然的美观外形,鼻中隔延伸支架移植物(septal extension grafts,SEG)在鼻整形术中被广泛应用[2-4]。不同来源的软骨被用于SEG的构建,如鼻中隔软骨、肋软骨、耳廓软骨。自体肋软骨供区并发症包括气胸、瘢痕增生、剧烈疼痛、胸壁畸形,发生率为3.2%;受区并发症包括移植物翘曲、移位、断裂、吸收,发生率为11.4%[5-6]。加上在局部麻醉下,肋软骨隆鼻具有一定难度,也限制了它的应用。耳廓软骨因其软骨特性更接近鼻部软骨,已作为鼻尖、鼻背、鼻小柱移植物等用于鼻整形术[7-10]。传统的由鼻中隔软骨和肋软骨搭建的鼻中隔延伸支架有较多的并发症[11-12]。在本研究中,笔者采用单侧耳甲腔及耳甲艇软骨形成一种相对稳定的鼻中隔延伸支架行鼻整形术,取得了较满意的效果,现报告如下。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 临床资料
回顾性分析2019年9月至2022年3月中南大学湘雅医院收治的女性鼻整形患者35例,年龄18~32(平均22.4)岁,其中29例为初次进行鼻整形术,6例为鼻修复(5例为线雕隆鼻失败,1例为注射隆鼻失败),均采用耳甲腔、耳甲艇软骨来源的鼻中隔延伸支架行鼻整形术。本研究获中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会批准(审批号:202205127),所有患者签署手术知情同意书,并同意使用其照片。
1.2. 手术方法
1.2.1. 软骨取材与雕刻
将单侧耳甲腔和耳甲艇于皮下浸润麻醉后,取耳前切口,切口设计在耳甲腔和耳甲艇接近对耳轮的位置,耳甲艇软骨为8~10 mm×17~20 mm,在耳轮脚附近保留1~2 mm宽的软骨,以保持耳屏和耳轮脚的形状;耳甲腔软骨8~10 mm×14~16 mm,保持耳廓和对耳屏的完整。将取下的软骨置于生理盐水中,如果软骨量不够,可切取耳屏部分软骨。将取自耳甲艇的软骨用11号尖刀片从中间切开,取自耳甲腔的软骨用11号尖刀片分为3部分(图1)。依患者个人情况将鼻背假体雕刻成4 cm左右长度,以贴合鼻骨及额鼻角满意为标准。
图 1.
软骨取材与雕刻
Figure 1 Cartilage materials and carving
Cartilages removed from unilateral ear and were divided into 5 pieces. Cartilage from the cymbal conchae was divided into piece A and piece B, and cartilage from the concha cavum was divided into pieces C, D, and E.
1.2.2. 鼻中隔延伸支架构成
将雕刻好的耳软骨拼接形成支架的两边,与鼻中隔尾端共同构成鼻中隔延伸支架,具体操作如下:将软骨条A和B在鼻中隔尾部背对背缝合,作为鼻小柱支撑物(columellar struture graft,Strut),可根据所需要的高度调整Strut。将软骨条C和D的一端夹住鼻中隔尾端并背对背缝合,另一端夹住Strut中部并缝合固定,与Strut形成一个角度小于90°的鼻中隔延伸支架(图2)。
图2.
耳软骨来源的中隔延伸移植物模式图
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of septal extension graft from auricular catilage Strut: Columellar struture graft.
1.2.3. 鼻整形术
采用常规经鼻小柱的倒V形切口,延伸至双侧下外侧软骨外侧脚尾侧端。从下外侧软骨膜剥离双侧下外侧软骨,在鼻中隔远端软骨外膜下分离3~5 mm,保留软骨内膜的完整性。将鼻中隔延伸支架搭建好后,将之固定,复位皮肤软组织罩,观察鼻尖形态、鼻背高度,必要时加用软骨条E或从同侧耳屏取少量软骨作为帽状移植物。所有软骨连接点采用5-0聚对二氧环已酮(polyp-dioxycyclohexanone,PDS)线固定以加强支架的稳定性。鼻背凹陷部分采用假体雕刻隆鼻,整个手术约2 h。术后使用胶布、热塑板固定7 d,用纱布填塞鼻腔1 d。于术后第7天进行皮肤拆线,第10天进行鼻腔拆线。采用头孢唑林注射液行抗感染治疗3 d。
1.3. 效果评价
术后随访3~28(平均18.5)个月,观察患者术后鼻尖、鼻背等外形改善情况,收集所有患者在术前、术后3个月、术后≥14个月的照片和并发症,采用Photoshop 8.0 (Adobe Systems Software Ireland Ltd)测量3个时间点的鼻尖角、鼻唇角、鼻额角的变化。
1.4. 统计学处理
采用SPSS 27.0统计学软件进行数据分析。结果用均数±标准差( ±s)表示,对不同时间点的测量指标进行t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
32例患者对术后即刻鼻尖形态及整体外观的改善感到满意,术后无明显手术并发症,按时拆线,伤口愈合良好(图3,4)。患者术后鼻唇角、鼻尖角、鼻额角均得到显著改善(均P<0.001),所有观察指标在术后3个月与≥14个月的差异均无统计学意义(均 P>0.05,表1)。2例患者术后出现鼻小柱偏曲,行鼻修复术重新调整小柱支撑移植物,术后达到满意效果;1例患者出现鼻尖下旋,通过修复手术调整Strut和鼻背假体后达到满意效果。所有患者供区未出现瘢痕增生、耳廓变形等并发症,受区未出现术后感染、鼻尖上旋、移植物外露、鼻尖僵硬等并发症。
图3.
19岁女性初次鼻整形术前(A)和术后第14个月(B)外观
Figure 3 Appearance of a 19-year-old girl with primary rhinoplasty at preoperation (A) and the 14th month postoperation (B)
图4.
30岁女性行鼻修复术术前(A)和术后第14个月(B)外观
Figure 4 Appearance of a 30-year-old woman with revision rhinoplasty at the preoperation (A) and the 14th month postoperation (B)
表1.
耳软骨来源的中隔延伸移植物行鼻整形术前后相关 参数值的比较(n=26, ±s)
Table 1 Comparison of related parameters before and after rhinoplasty with septal extension graft derived from conchal cartilage (n=26, ±s)
组别 | 鼻尖角/(°) | 鼻唇角/(°) | 额鼻角/(°) |
---|---|---|---|
术前 | 86.2±1.7 | 83.5±3.0 | 137.7±1.9 |
术后3个月 | 79.2±1.5 | 97.3±2.9 | 145.0±1.6 |
术后 ≥14个月 | 79.0±1.5 | 96.7±2.5 | 144.8±1.6 |
t* | 6.046 | 6.259 | 6.044 |
t† | 0.581 | 0.737 | 0.725 |
P* | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
P† | 0.569 | 0.471 | 0.478 |
9例患者未收集到术后14个月后的数据,因此只纳入26例进行统计学分析。*术前与术后3个月比较;†术后3个月与术后≥14个月比较。
3. 讨 论
保持鼻尖支撑的稳定性和维持鼻部外形的美观是鼻整形手术成功的关键,不同形状的自体软骨移植物被广泛应用于鼻整形术[13-16]。目前有多种能改善鼻尖形态并使其自然的软骨移植物,其中鼻小柱移植物(悬浮移植物)、SEG能有效改善鼻尖角度并提供稳定的支撑力[17-19]。然而,与单纯的鼻小柱移植物相比,SEG在控制鼻尖突度和角度方面更有效,并能提供更好的支撑且更稳定[2, 20]。SEG已经成为亚洲鼻整形术中的一种通用材料[2, 11]。
然而,使用源自自体肋软骨和鼻中隔软骨的SEG可能会出现较多并发症,例如鼻尖的僵硬和偏曲[11],这可能是由于肋软骨质地较硬,在移植后鼻中隔软骨的支撑力减弱所致。任家骠等[21]应用双侧耳甲艇搭建SEG行鼻整形术取得了良好的术后效果,但取双侧耳软骨对供区的损伤较大,瘢痕增生的风险高。Namgoong等[22]将单侧耳甲腔软骨对折成“贝壳状”置于鼻中隔尾端,显著增加了鼻尖突度并改善鼻唇角。亚洲短鼻患者的下三分之二鼻可通过SEG延长并得到加强[23]。在耳廓软骨面积较大且硬度较好的患者中,通过一个切口获得单侧耳甲腔及耳甲艇,不仅软骨充足,还能减少供区的损伤。在本研究随访中,患者并未出现耳廓的变形以及明显的瘢痕增生。在支架搭建中将两片软骨条背对背缝合在鼻中隔尾侧端,两条耳甲腔软骨缝合于软骨条中部,支架与鼻中隔远端形成三角形结构,不仅能形成稳定的支架结构,还能加强鼻小柱的支撑力。在手术操作中,保留鼻中隔软骨内膜及下外侧软骨膜,可减少对软骨和其软骨膜的损伤,有利于软骨营养、硬度的维持及支架的长期稳定。
利用SEG进行鼻整形时也可能会出现鼻尖僵硬、突出减少、鼻尖偏斜和感染等并发症[11]。本组2例出现鼻小柱偏斜,1例出现鼻尖下旋,但调整支架后均达到满意的效果。因此,在支架搭建过程中应充分考虑后期可能出现的变化。若软骨硬度较差,可通过获取耳廓软骨膜增加硬度,同时适当增加小柱上唇角度,以弥补后期下旋带来的鼻尖改变。耳廓软骨的支撑性相比肋软骨差,对于鼻尖高度很差或者要求鼻尖自然、高度偏夸张的患者,单侧耳廓软骨、甚至双侧耳廓软骨都不足以形成稳定支撑,后期很可能存在高度下降、鼻尖下旋等问题,术前应进行充分的评估;另外,SEG在鼻修复手术的应用中也需谨慎,须全面评估患者鼻部瘢痕及被覆组织的情况,如果患者接受过多次鼻整形术,瘢痕明显并且要求较高,则须告知患者此种方法的风险。本研究存在纳入研究的患者数量较少,未与其他鼻整形技术作对比的不足,这也将是笔者下一步研究的重点。
单侧耳甲腔和耳甲艇能提供足量的耳软骨,其所构成的中隔延伸支架可以明显改善鼻尖角、鼻唇角、鼻额角并为鼻尖提供稳定的支撑力,术后鼻的外观自然且稳定。
基金资助
湖南省自然科学基金(2020JJ4907)。
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2020JJ4907).
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
孙玉鸣 病例收集,数据采集,论文撰写;雷少榕、邱凤贞、左琛琛、范鹏举、龙剑虹 绘图,统计分析,论文修改;谭骛远 手术设计,论文构想与修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2022101392.pdf
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