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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Jun 28;48(6):903–908. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230043

工作场所暴力对医务工作者职业倦怠的影响:抑郁的中介作用

Mediating role of depression between workplace violence and job burnout among healthcare workers

ZHAO Xiaohua 1,2, ZHANG Zheng 2, CHEN Zengyu 3, TIAN Yusheng 2,3, CHEN Haiyan 4,, ZHOU Jiansong 2
Editor: 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10930434  PMID: 37587076

Abstract

Objective

Health workers are at risk of workplace violence, which can seriously affects their mental health and work status. This study aims to explore the mediating role of depression between workplace violence and job burnout among healthcare workers.

Methods

From January 10 to February 5, 2019, a questionnaire was distributed to frontline healthcare workers through the wenjuanxing platform using convenient sampling (snowball sampling). The questionnaire included the Chinese version of the Workplace Violence Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-2). Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and mediation model tests were conducted on the cross-sectional data collection.

Results

The study included 3 684 participants, with (31.63±7.69) years old. Among them 2 079(56.43%) were experienced workplace violence, 687(18.65%) were screened positive for depression, and 2 247(60.99%) were experienced high levels of occupational burnout. Correlation analysis showed positive association between workplace violence and depression, workplace violence and occupational burnout, depression and occupational burnout (r=0.135, r=0.107, r=0.335, respectively, all P<0.001). After controlling for covariates, workplace violence had an indirect effect on occupational burnout through depression, with a standardized coefficient of 0.25 (SE=0.02, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.28), accounting for 13.87% of the total effect.

Conclusion

The study highlights the close relationship between workplace violence, depression, and occupational burnout among healthcare workers, with depression acting as a mediator between workplace violence and occupational burnout. This study suggests that it is necessary to improve the communication skills of healthcare workers, increase the installation of security systems and emergency plans, use new media platforms to convey positive energy between doctors and patients, and open channels for medical consultation and complaints. It is also necessary to provide guidance for healthcare workers’ depressive emotions. Addressing depression among health care workers will help reduce the harm caused by workplace violence, protect the physical and mental health of healthcare workers, and reduce work burnout.

Keywords: workplace violence, healthcare workers, job burnout, depression


工作场所暴力是职工在工作相关场所中,遭受来自组织内部或外部的攻击、谩骂、骚扰、虐待等一系列威胁职工身心健康的相关事件[1]。医院是工作场所暴力的高发地点,一项大规模荟萃分析[2]结果显示:61.9%的医务工作者曾遭受过工作场所暴力。在中国,大约62.4%的医务人员曾经历过工作场所暴力[3],其中95.4%来自与医务工作者密切接触的患者或同事[4]。工作要求-资源模型(job demands-resources model)认为工作中存在正向和负向两种因素,工作资源是支持工作开展的积极因素,而工作要求如工作过载、角色冲突等则是可能会损害个体身心健康甚至导致倦怠的消极因素。该理论将工作场所暴力视作一种工作风险/要求[5],即工作场所暴力会导致个体身心健康受损[6],常见的后果包括抑郁、焦虑、压力感知、工作意义感低下、职业倦怠等[7-9]。其中,职业倦怠作为工作场所暴力的典型后果[10],会导致医务工作者幸福感降低、离职意愿提高、工作效率低下等[11]。抑郁是一种情绪持续低落的精神状态,表现为思维缓慢、语言动作迟缓、兴趣降低[12]。医务人员工作场所暴力与抑郁显著正相关[13-14]。此外,抑郁与医务人员职业倦怠也存在显著正相关[15]。根据工作要求-资源模型,笔者提出假设:抑郁在工作场所暴力与医务人员职业倦怠之间起中介作用。因此,本研究旨在探索抑郁在医务工作者工作场所暴力与职业倦怠间的中介作用。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 资料

研究者于2019年1月10日至2月5日期间,面向一线医务工作者发放问卷,通过问卷星平台进行方便抽样(滚雪球抽样),同一个IP地址只能填写一次。问卷由40名最初参与研究的医务工作者在微信中传播,最终收到来自23个省份的3 706份问卷,删除无效问卷后剩余3 684份。其中男性556名,女性3 128名,年龄18~72(31.63±7.69)岁。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 中文版工作场所暴力量表

中文版工作场所暴力量表(the Chinese version of the Workplace Violence Scale,WVS)[16]由躯体攻击、情感虐待、威胁恐吓、言语的性骚扰和躯体的性骚扰5个维度组成。问卷采用李克特4点量表,根据频率赋予0~3分,总分为0~15,分数越高,表明个体遭受工作场所暴力的频率越高。本研究中将工作场所暴力按照是否遭受过暴力设置成二分类变量。在5种暴力类型中遭受过任意1种暴力即会被定义为遭受过暴力。该量表克龙巴赫系数为0.754。

1.2.2. 中文版马氏职业倦怠调查表

中文版马氏职业倦怠调查表(the Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey,CMBI-GS)[17]由情绪耗竭、去人格化和个人成就感降低3个维度组成。问卷采用李克特7点量表,根据程度分别赋予0~6分,3个维度的得分等于每个维度的平均题项得分(维度总得分除以题项数量),总分为0~18。Chen等[18]根据相应标准划分为低(0~8.5分)、严重(8.6~14.2分)和极严重(14.3~18.0分)3个等级。本文参考其标准划分为低倦怠(0~8.5分)和高倦怠(8.6~18.0分)。该量表克龙巴赫系数为0.870。

1.2.3. 两条目患者健康问卷

两条目患者健康问卷(two-item Patient Health Questionnaire,PHQ-2)由PHQ-9的前两项组成,用于评估抑郁情绪的频率和在过去2周内做事情时缺乏兴趣或乐趣的经历[19]。问卷采用李克特4点量表,根据频率赋予0~3分,总分为0~6,并根据相应标准划分为阴性(0~4分)和阳性(5~6分)。分数越高,代表个体抑郁水平越高。该量表克隆巴赫系数为0.824。

1.3. 统计学处理

使用SPSS 22.0进行数据处理,包括删除缺失值、变量赋值、重新分类等;使用描述统计和Pearson相关分析,分析变量之间的相关性,使用主成分分析法进行共同方法偏差检验;参考温忠麟等[20]的Bootstrap法,采用PROCESS宏程序的“Model4”(模型4)进行中介效应检验,分析抑郁在职业场所暴力和职业倦怠间的中介作用。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 共同方法偏差的检验

使用主成分分析法进行共同方法偏差检验,以特征根大于1为标准,共有3个因子特征根大于1,且首个因子方差解释率为35.2%,<40%为临界标准,表明不存在明显的共同方法偏差。

2.2. 医务工作者工作场所暴力、抑郁和职业倦怠得分

表1所示,在3 684名医务工作者中,曾经有2 079人遭遇过工作场所暴力,发生率为56.43%。按照医务工作者遭遇的工作场所暴力类型频率排序,依次为情感虐待、威胁、言语的性骚扰、躯体攻击、躯体的性骚扰。医务工作者抑郁得分为2.06±1.64,阳性检出率为18.65%。职业倦怠得分为9.75±3.70,低水平职业倦怠有1 437名(39.01%),高水平职业倦怠有2 247名(60.99%)。

表1.

医务工作者人口学变量信息(n=3 684)

Table 1 Demographic variable information of the enrolled healthcare workers (n=3 684)

变量 人数 构成比/% 变量 人数 构成比/%
性别 职业
556 15.1 护士 2 750 74.6
3 128 84.9 医生 934 25.4
婚姻状况 工龄/年
未婚 1 261 34.2 <5 1 382 37.5
已婚 2 423 65.8 6~10 1 054 28.6
学历 11~20 766 20.8
大专及以下 786 21.3 >20 482 13.1
本科 2 461 66.8 工作场所暴力
硕士及以上 437 11.9 2 079 56.4
是否抽烟 1 605 43.6
3 327 90.3 抑郁
357 9.7 阴性 2 997 81.4
是否喝酒 阳性 687 18.7
2 272 61.7 职业倦怠
1 412 38.3 2 247 61.0
1 437 39.0

2.3. 医务工作者工作场所暴力、抑郁和职业倦怠相关分析

在相关分析中,将性别、年龄、婚姻状况、学历、是否吸烟、是否喝酒、职业、工龄作为协变量加以控制。医务工作者工作场所暴力与抑郁、工作场所暴力与职业倦怠、抑郁与职业倦怠总分均呈显著正相关(分别r=0.135,r=0.107,r=0.335,均P<0.001)。

2.4. 抑郁在医务工作者工作场所暴力与职业倦怠间的中介作用

在中介模型检验中,工作场所暴力使用二分变量(有/无),抑郁和职业倦怠使用连续变量,将性别、年龄、婚姻状况、学历、是否抽烟、是否喝酒、职业、工龄作为协变量加以控制(表2)。结果显示:抑郁是工作场所暴力与职业倦怠的中介变量,工作场所暴力影响职业倦怠路径的直接效应为0.894(95% CI 0.691~1.097),通过抑郁影响职业倦怠的间接效应为0.908(95% CI 0.783~1.039),占总效应的50.39%(图1)。控制协变量后工作场所暴力通过抑郁对职业倦怠的间接效应为0.252(SE=0.022,95% CI 0.210~0.283),占总效应的13.874%。

表2.

医务工作者工作场所暴力、抑郁和职业倦怠回归分析表

Table 2 Regression analysis of workplace violence, depression, and burnout among healthcare workers

变量 职业倦怠 抑郁 职业倦怠
B t B t B t
常数 9.833** 36.165 2.225** 18.488 7.160** 29.737
性别 -0.164 -0.767 -0.130 -1.372 -0.008 -0.045
年龄 -0.381* -2.201 -0.116 -1.510 -0.242 -1.650
婚姻状况 0.061 0.391 0.012 0.179 0.046 0.350
学历 0.089 0.811 -0.035 -0.725 0.131 1.413
是否抽烟 0.276 1.166 0.405** 3.873 -0.211 -1.053
是否喝酒 0.024 0.183 0.021 0.350 0.001 -0.004
职业 -0.413** -2.597 -0.142* -2.017 -0.242 -1.799
工龄 -0.078 -0.637 -0.092 -1.681 0.032 0.303
工作场所暴力 1.802** 15.171 0.756** 14.376 0.894** 8.646
抑郁 1.201** 38.051
R 2 0.071 0.072 0.334
调整R 2 0.069 0.069 0.332
F 31.124*** 31.553*** 183.827***

*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001。

图1.

图1

抑郁在工作场所暴力与职业倦怠中的中介作用

Figure 1 Mediating role of depression in workplace violence and burnout

a: Direct influence of the independent variable on the intermediary variable; b: Direct effect of the mediating variable on the dependent variable; c': Direct effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable; c: Total effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

3. 讨 论

通过对医务工作者工作场所暴力、抑郁和职业倦怠的调查发现,医务工作者工作场所暴力发生率较高,达56.43%。同时,医务人员职业倦怠水平较高,处于高职业倦怠水平的医务人员比例达到60.99%。相关分析显示医务工作者工作场所暴力、抑郁和职业倦怠三者间两两显著正相关。工作场所暴力能通过抑郁正向预测医务工作者的职业倦怠。

与以往研究[2, 10, 17]相一致,医务工作者在职业场所中的职业暴力经历会导致职业倦怠。医务工作者由于其职业的特殊性,在面对急于就医和求治的患者、承担高负荷和高压力的工作时,往往处于认知资源耗竭、情绪不稳定的边缘。根据工作要求-资源模型[5],工作场所暴力带来的威胁是一种额外的、不合理的工作要求,往往会削减医务工作者对于职业的期待和热情,产生职业倦怠,这一结果往往是由于过度的工作要求损伤了医务工作者的身心健康[13-14]。本研究在这一理论框架指导下,揭示了工作场所暴力作为一种消极的工作要求会损伤医务工作者的心理健康,进而导致职业倦怠;同时,心理健康的损害亦导致抑郁情绪的增加,即抑郁在工作场所暴力与职业倦怠间起重要的中介作用。

为了降低工作场所暴力带来的风险和后果,研究者们提出了一系列干预和预防措施。有研究者[1]指出,医务人员遭遇工作场所暴力的来源可以分为患者、医生、组织及社会4类,并据此提出减少医务人员工作场所暴力的建议。例如医生可以适当学习沟通技巧,包括如何精准且恰当地向患者传递信息;医院可以适当增设安检系统和应急预案等[1]。此外,结合医院工作实际,笔者建议:首先,充分利用微信、微博等新媒体矩阵,深入宣传报道,向社会传递医患正能量,引导公众理性就医;其次,为公众提供畅通的建议与医疗咨询,搭建医患沟通平台;最后,为公众提供多元化、完善的投诉、举报渠道,以便及时处理医患纠纷,防止职业场所暴力的发生。根据工作要求-资源模型[5-6],工作场所暴力作为风险因素,是一种工作要求。相应地,如果我们可以提升医务工作者的工作资源水平,就可以对冲工作场所暴力带来的消极影响,例如提升医务工作者的社会支持水平[21],改善医务工作者的工作条件,提供心理疏导等服务[22],关心爱护医务工作者。上述措施均可以通过为医务工作者提供工作资源,提升工作投入水平,进而降低工作倦怠。

本研究也存在一定的局限性。首先,本研究使用横断面数据验证模型假设,未能获知因果关系的全貌;其次,职业倦怠的风险与保护因素是一个非常宏大复杂的模型,本研究仅仅是其中一条线索和脉络,仍有许多重要因素亟需探索,例如职业风险、工作压力、经济收入等;最后,受限于参与者覆盖情况,未能针对不同科室、不同性别进行讨论。事实上,医护群体性别和职业差异带来的暴力风险存在一定差异,希望针对此项进一步研究。

基金资助

科技创新2030-脑科学与类脑研究重大项目(2021ZD0200701,2021ZD0200702);中南大学湘雅二医院临床护理科研基金(2021-HLKY-04)。

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Project of Brain Science and Brain-like Research (2021ZD0200701, 2021ZD0200702), and the Clinical Nursing Research Foundation of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (2021-HLKY-04), China.

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

赵晓华 研究设计,文献检索和论文撰写;张正、陈曾煜 文献检索和论文撰写;田于胜 文献检索;陈海燕 研究经费获取,研究设计,修改与审阅论文;周建松 研究设计,修改与审阅论文。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202306903.pdf

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