Abstract
目的
分析系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis,SSc)合并肺间质病变(interstitial lung disease,ILD)患者外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs)全基因组DNA甲基化和转录组表达谱,并进一步探讨DNA甲基化对Wnt/β-catenin信号通路和趋化因子信号通路的影响。
方法
收集19例SSc患者(SSc组)及18例健康人(对照组)外周血PBMCs。SSc患者中有10例合并ILD(SSc合并ILD亚组)、9例未合并ILD(SSc未合并ILD亚组)。采用Illumina 450K甲基化芯片和Illumina HT-12 v4.0基因表达谱芯片分析全基因组DNA甲基化和基因表达水平,研究DNA甲基化对Wnt/β-catenin和趋化因子信号通路的影响。
结果
全基因组DNA甲基化分析发现:与SSc未合并ILD亚组比较,SSc合并ILD亚组存在71个高甲基化位点,98个低甲基化位点。转录组分析发现:与SSc未合并ILD亚组相比,SSc合并ILD亚组有164个基因表达上调,191个基因表达下调。SSc组患者PBMCs中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路中有35个低甲基化基因,其中卷曲同源物1(frizzled-1,FZD1)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶9(mitogen-activated protein kinase 9,MAPK9)、母亲DPP同源物2(mothers against DPP homolog 2,SMAD2)、转录因子7类似物2(transcription factor 7-like 2,TCF7L2)和无翅型MMTV整合位点家族成员5B(wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5B,WNT5B) mRNA在SSc组中的表达显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。与SSc未合并ILD亚组比较,SSc合并ILD亚组中Dickkopf相关蛋白2(dickkopf homolog 2,DKK2)、FZD1、MAPK9等多个基因的mRNA表达虽上调,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。趋化因子信号通路中有38个低甲基化基因,其中β-抑制蛋白1(β-arrestin 1,ARRB1)、C-X-C基序趋化因子配体10(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10,CXCL10)、C-X-C基序趋化因子配体16(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16,CXCL16)、FGR、中性粒细胞胞浆因子1C(neutrophil cytosolic factor 1C,NCF1C)mRNA在SSc组中的表达显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。与SSc未合并ILD亚组比较,SSc合并ILD亚组中ARRB1、CXCL10、CXCL16等多个基因的mRNA表达上调,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
结论
SSc合并ILD与SSc无ILD患者存在DNA甲基化和转录组表达谱的差异,且SSc患者PBMCs中存在Wnt/β-catenin和趋化因子信号通路多个基因表达上调,这可能与SSc的发病机制有关。
Keywords: 系统性硬化症, 肺间质病变, 外周血单个核细胞, 全基因组DNA甲基化, 转录组表达谱, Wnt/β- catenin信号通路, 趋化因子信号通路
Abstract
Objective
This study aims to investigate the genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptome expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) with interstitial lung disease (ILD), and to analyze the effects of DNA methylation on Wnt/β-catenin and chemokine signaling pathways.
Methods
PBMCs were collected from 19 patients with SSc (SSc group) and 18 healthy persons (control group). Among SSc patients, there were 10 patients with ILD (SSc with ILD subgroup) and 9 patients without ILD (SSc without ILD subgroup). The genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression level were analyzed by using Illumina 450K methylation chip and Illumina HT-12 v4.0 gene expression profiling chip. The effect of DNA methylation on Wnt/β-catenin and chemokine signal pathways was investigated.
Results
Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis identified 71 hypermethylated CpG sites and 98 hypomethylated CpG sites in the SSc with ILD subgroup compared with the SSc without ILD subgroup. Transcriptome analysis distinguished 164 upregulated genes and 191 downregulated genes in the SSc with ILD subgroup as compared with the SSc without ILD subgroup. In PBMCs of the SSc group, 35 genes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were hypomethylated, while frizzled-1 (FZD1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (MAPK9), mothers against DPP homolog 2 (SMAD2), transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), and wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5B (WNT5B) mRNA expressions were upregulated as compared with the control group (all P<0.05). Compared with the SSc without ILD subgroup, the mRNA expressions of dickkopf homolog 2 (DKK2), FZD1, MAPK9 were upregulated in the SSc with ILD subgroup, but the differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). In PBMCs of the SSc group, 38 genes in chemokine signaling pathway were hypomethylated, while β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), FGR, and neutrophil cytosolic factor 1C (NCF1C) mRNA expressions were upregulated as compared with the control group (all P<0.05). Compared with the SSc without ILD subgroup, the mRNA expressions of ARRB1, CXCL10, CXCL16 were upregulated in the SSc with ILD subgroup, but the differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05).
Conclusion
There are differences in DNA methylation and transcriptome profiles between SSc with ILD and SSc without ILD. The expression levels of multiple genes in Wnt/β- catenin and chemokine signaling pathways are upregulated, which might be associatea with the pathogenesis of SSc.
Keywords: systemic sclerosis, interstitial lung disease, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, genome-wide DNA methylation, transcriptome expression profiles, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway
系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis,SSc)是一种多器官、多系统受累的自身免疫性疾病,皮肤和多脏器进行性纤维化是其主要特征[1]。内脏器官的纤维化改变尤其是肺间质纤维化和继发性肺动脉高压是SSc高病死率的主要原因[2-3]。SSc的病因未明,目前普遍认为是遗传易感个体暴露于某些环境因素所引发。个体接触二氧化硅或病毒等[4-6],可能引起表观遗传学改变(如DNA甲基化)[6],进而出现一系列分子事件,最终导致SSc发生。DNA甲基化是指在DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferases,DNMT)的作用下,S-腺苷甲硫氨酸作为甲基供体,在CpG岛胞嘧啶的第5位碳原子上加上1个甲基基团,使之成为5-甲基胞嘧啶的化学修饰过程[6-9]。甲基化的CpG岛多位于基因启动子区,DNA甲基化使DNA结构更加致密,进而阻碍转录因子与基因启动子区域的结合,抑制基因的转录。即DNA高甲基化使基因表达下调,反之,DNA低甲基化使基因表达上调。本课题组前期的研究[10]发现SSc患者外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs)的DNA甲基化和转录组表达谱与正常对照组不同,但是未对SSc合并肺间质病变(interstitial lung disease,ILD)患者进行分析。本研究旨在进一步分析SSc合并ILD的DNA甲基化和转录组表达谱,并对参与SSc发病机制的重要信号通路(Wnt/β-catenin和趋化因子信号通路)进行分析。
1. 对象与方法
1.1. 对象
选取2013至2016年在中南大学湘雅医院风湿免疫科住院的19例SSc患者(SSc组),所有患者均符合美国风湿病协会修订的SSc分类标准[11]。依据高分辨率CT(high resolution CT,HRCT)诊断ILD,主要有以下5种影像学特征:1)磨玻璃影;2)实变影;3)蜂窝影;4)网格状影;5)结节状影。同时排除:1)环境、职业、药物等因素造成的肺部疾病;2)肺结核、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、炎性假瘤、肺部肿瘤等非肺间质病变;3)其他结缔组织病相关的ILD。19例SSc患者中又分为SSc合并ILD亚组(10例)、SSc未合并ILD亚组(9例)。同时选取18例健康体检者作为对照组。本研究通过中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会审批(审批号:201303293),所有参与者均知情同意。
1.2. DNA和RNA提取
抽取所有受试者的外周静脉血,采用密度梯度离心法(Ficoll法)分离PBMCs。使用DNA专用提取试剂盒(Life Technologies,Gaithersburg,MD)提取全血细胞DNA。用TRIzol(Invitrogen Life Technologies,Carlsbad,CA)提取细胞总RNA。
1.3. 全基因组DNA甲基化芯片分析
参考本课题组前期研究[10],检测全基因组485 000个CpG位点。取1 μg提取的基因组DNA,采用EZ DNA甲基化试剂盒(Zymo Research Corp,Orange,CA)进行重亚硫酸盐处理。之后经过全基因组扩增、断裂、沉淀、重悬,在甲基化芯片(Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K BeadChips,San Diego,CA)上进行杂交、洗涤、延伸、复染和扫描等,检测甲基化位点。采用Illumina BeadStudio系统进行数据扫描与图像输出,利用ChAMP软件包进行差异分析。β值反映每个CpG位点的甲基化程度,越接近于0,表示该位点甲基化程度越低;越接近于1,表示该位点甲基化程度越高。
1.4. 基因表达差异分析
参考本课题组前期研究[10],利用Illumina humanHT-12 v4.0基因表达谱芯片分析SSc组和对照组受试者PBMCs全基因组mRNA转录谱。首先采用Ambion Illumina RNA扩增试剂盒进行cRNA的线性扩增,提取200 ng RNA,以Oligo(dT)-T7为引物,合成双链cDNA。然后用T7 RNA聚合酶合成生物素标记的cRNA。根据Illumina标准方案对1.5 mg cRNA进行杂交,并使用Cy3作为标记。采用Illumina Hiscan芯片扫描仪进行荧光扫描,Genome Studio V3软件(Illumina)进行结果分析;在Genome Studio模块中提取Illumina humanHT-12 v4.0表达阵列的原始文件,并对其进行分组。利用limma软件包进行差异分析,P<0.05并且差异表达倍数(fold change,FC)>1.5为差异具有统计学意义。
1.5. 生物信息学及统计学处理
利用注释可视化和集成发现的数据库(Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery,DAVID)V6.8对差异甲基化位点所在基因进行基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)功能分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书通路富集分析[12-13]。甲基化表达谱和基因表达谱数据采用ChAMP软件包和lumi软件包进行分析,火山图和热图采用R ggplot软件包绘制,其余数据采用均数±标准误( ±SEM)表示,Graphpad Prism软件进行独立样本t检验分析,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1. SSc未合并ILD与SSc合并ILD全基因组DNA
甲基化比较及基因表达差异
与SSc未合并ILD亚组比较,SSc合并ILD亚组PBMCs中存在71个高甲基化位点,98个低甲基化位点(图1A)。转录组分析发现:与SSc未合并ILD亚组比较,SSc合并ILD亚组有164个基因表达上调,191个基因表达下调(图1B)。
图1.
火山图显示SSc合并ILD与SSc未合并ILD患者差异DNA甲基化位点(A)及热图显示二者基因表达差异(B)
Figure 1 Volcano plot shows the differential DNA methylation between SSc complicated with ILD and SSc without ILD (A) and heatmap shows the differentially expression of transcriptome profiles between them (B)
A: Red dots represent hypermethylated, green dots represent hypomethylated. B: Red represents upregulated, green represents downregulated. SSc: Systemic sclerosis; ILD: Interstitial lung disease.
2.2. DNA甲基化对Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的影响
通路分析结果显示甲基化差异位点涉及22条信号通路。SSc组PBMCs中Wnt通路甲基化程度异常。根据差异基因的表达构建Wnt信号通路。GO功能分析结果显示该信号通路中有54个低甲基化位点对应的35个低甲基化基因(图2A)。35个低甲基化基因中卷曲同源物1(frizzled-1,FZD1)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶9(mitogen-activated protein kinase 9,MAPK9)、母亲DPP同源物2(mothers against DPP homolog 2,SMAD2)、转录因子7类似物2(transcription factor 7-like 2,TCF7L2)和无翅型MMTV整合位点家族成员5B(wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5B,WNT5B) mRNA在SSc组中的表达显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05,图2B),而Dickkopf相关蛋白2(dickkopf homolog 2,DKK2)、活化T细胞核因子(nuclear factor-activated T cell 1,NFATC1)、刺样1(prickle-like 1,PRICKLE1)、Rac家族小GTP酶1(Rac family small GTPase 1,RAC1)和无翅型MMTV整合位点家族成员7A(wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7A,WNT7A)的mRNA表达虽上调,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图2B)。进一步比较这些基因在SSc合并ILD与SSc未合并ILD2个亚组中的表达,结果显示:FZD1、MAPK9、SMAD2、TCF7L2、WNT5B、DKK2、NFATC1、PRICKLE1、RAC1和WNT7A mRNA表达水平在SSc合并ILD亚组中虽然上调,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图2C)。
图2.
SSc患者低甲基化基因在Wnt/β-catenin信号通路中的表达情况
Figure 2 Expression of hypomethylated genes of SSc patients in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
A: Fifty-four hypomethylated sites and corresponding 35 genes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; B: Expression of genes in Wnt/β- catenin signaling pathway between the SSc group and the control group. C: Expression of genes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway between SSc with ILD and SSc without ILD. *P<0.05 vs Control. SSc: Systemic sclerosis; ILD: Interstitial lung disease; DKK2: Dickkopf homolog 2; FZD1: Frizzled-1; MAPK9: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9; NFATC1: Nuclear factor-activated T cell 1; SMAD2: Mothers against DPP homolog 2; PRICKLE1: Prickle-like 1; RAC1: Rac family small GTPase 1; TCF7L2: Transcription factor 7-like 2; WNT5B: Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5B; WNT7A: Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7A.
2.3. DNA甲基化对趋化因子信号通路的影响
趋化因子信号通路中有61个低甲基化位点对应的38个基因(图3A)。其中β-抑制蛋白1(β-arrestin 1,ARRB1)、C-X-C基序趋化因子配体10(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10,CXCL10)、C-X-C基序趋化因子配体16(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16,CXCL16)、FGR、中性粒细胞胞浆因子1C(neutrophil cytosolic factor 1C,NCF1C)基因表达上调,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05,图3B);C-X3-C基序趋化因子受体1(C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1,CX3CR1)、吞噬和细胞运动蛋白1(engulfment and cell motility 1,ELMO1)、蛋白酪氨酸激酶2(protein tyrosine kinase 2,PTK2)、蛋白酪氨酸激酶2β(protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta,PTK2B)、Rac家族小GTP酶1(Rac family small GTPase 1,RAC1)、vav鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子2(vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2,VAV2) mRNA表达上调,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图3B)。进一步比较这些基因在SSc合并ILD与SSc未合并ILD2个亚组中的表达,结果显示:ARRB1、CX3CR1、CXCL10、CXCL16、ELMO1、FGR、NCF1C、PTK2、PTK2B、RAC1和VAV2 mRNA表达水平在SSc合并ILD亚组中虽然上调,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图3C)。
图3.
SSc患者低甲基化基因在趋化因子信号通路中的表达情况
Figure 3 Expression of hypomethylated genes of SSc patients in chemokine signaling pathway
A: Six-one hypomethylated sites and corresponding 38 genes in chemokine signaling pathway; B: Expression of genes in chemokine signaling pathway between the SSc group and the control group. C: Expression of genes in chemokine signaling pathway between SSc with ILD and SSc without ILD. *P<0.05 vs Control. SSc: Systemic sclerosis; ILD: Interstitial lung disease; ARRB1: β-arrestin 1; CXCL10: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10; CXCL16: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16; NCF1C: Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1C; CX3CR1: C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1; ELMO1: Engulfment and cell motility 1; PTK2: Protein tyrosine kinase 2; PTK2B: Protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta; RAC1: Rac family small GTPase 1; VAV2: Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2.
3. 讨 论
在多种自身免疫性疾病以及纤维化疾病中存在DNA甲基化模式异常。表观遗传学研究[14]发现SSc患者成纤维细胞中全基因组DNA甲基化程度异常。笔者所在研究组对SSc合并ILD与SSc未合并ILD患者的PBMCs进行全基因组DNA甲基化和基因表达分析,结果显示2组存在不同的DNA甲基化和转录组表达谱[10]。本研究发现SSc合并ILD亚组中有4位患者的PBMCs转录组表达谱与SSc未合并ILD患者的相似,推测SSc患者存在高度异质性。SSc患者皮肤组织的转录组表达谱主要分为正常型、局限型、炎症型、纤维化促增殖型4种亚型,其中正常型SSc皮肤转录组表达谱与正常对照组相似[15]。转录组表达谱亚型与SSc预后及对治疗的反应密切相关,且药物治疗不会改变转录组表达谱亚型,是SSc固有的表达谱。根据SSc皮肤转录组表达谱的特征,SSc合并ILD患者的PBMCs转录组表达谱或许也存在相似的表型,而另一部分患者的PBMCs表达谱与SSc 无ILD相似。
对筛选出的差异甲基化位点基因进行信号通路富集分析,发现甲基化程度低的差异甲基化位点对应的基因共参与22条信号通路,包括Wnt/β-catenin信号通路和趋化因子信号通路。Wnt/β-catenin信号通路被认为在胚胎发育、干细胞稳态和机体代谢的维持等生物过程中具有重要作用,Wnt信号通路的异常与多种疾病有关。全基因组表达谱分析发现在SSc患者皮肤标本中Wnt受体FZD2和β-catenin的靶基因表达上调[16],提示在SSc患者皮肤中经典的Wnt/β- catenin通路被激活。通过对SSc患者的皮肤成纤维细胞进行异常甲基化分析,发现Wnt/β-catenin通路中多种重要分子甲基化异常,提示SSc中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路存在表观遗传学改变。本研究发现参与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的大部分基因甲基化程度低,相应的基因表达上调,与文献报道一致。在特发性肺间质纤维化患者中,Wnt/β-catenin通路被激活[17]。在本研究中,无论SSc是否合并ILD,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路中的差异甲基化基因表达水平的差异并无统计学意义。本研究发现参与趋化因子信号转导途径的大多数基因低甲基化,且部分基因mRNA的表达上调。趋化因子信号通路在肺纤维化中发挥重要作用[18]。同样,无论SSc是否合并ILD,趋化因子信号通路中的差异甲基化基因表达水平的差异并无统计学意义。这可能是由于SSc患者存在高度异质性,且本研究中SSc合并ILD亚组样本量较少,下一步研究需进一步扩大样本量进行验证。
本研究首次在SSc患者PBMCs中对全基因组DNA甲基化数据进行筛选,并评估DNA甲基化改变对基因表达的影响。结果表明,在参与纤维化生成的过程中,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路和趋化因子信号通路均存在DNA甲基化异常。本研究为进一步研究SSc发病机制奠定了基础。
基金资助
湖南省自然科学基金(2021JJ31083)。
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021JJ31083), China.
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
谢艳莉 选题确定,数据收集与分析,论文撰写;赵洪军、罗卉 数据收集,数据分析;左晓霞、李全贞 研究设计与指导,论文修改;刘思佳 选题确定,数据分析,论文撰写。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202306829.pdf
参考文献
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