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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Jun 28;48(6):909–919. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220146

Let-7i疾病中的关键调控分子和有前景的生物标志物

Let-7i: A key player and a promising biomarker in diseases

HOU Jiali 1,2,2, SUN Xuan 1,2,
Editor: 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10930445  PMID: 37587077

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding single-stranded small RNAs that regulate gene expression by recognizing homologous sequences and interfering with transcriptional, translational or epigenetic processes. MiRNAs are involved in a variety of disease processes, and regulate the physiological and pathological status of diseases by modulating target cell activity, migration, invasion, apoptosis, autophagy and other processes. Among them, let-7i is highly expressed in various systems, which participates in the process of tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fibrotic diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and other diseases, and plays a positive or negative regulatory role in these diseases through different signal pathways and key molecules. Moreover, it can be used as an early diagnosis and prognostic marker for a variety of diseases and become a potential therapeutic target. As a biomarker, let-7i is frequently tested in combination with other miRNAs to diagnose multiple diseases and evaluate the clinical treatment or prognosis.

Keywords: let-7i, tumor, cerebrovascular diseases, fibrotic diseases, immunomodulation, biomarker


微RNA(microRNA,miRNAs)是一种长20~24 nt的非编码RNA,在转录后水平调节基因表达。MiRNAs参与细胞生长、分化和凋亡等多种细胞活动,是一种强有力的调节因子[1]。MiRNAs与肿瘤、心血管疾病、糖尿病、纤维化疾病、自身免疫性疾病、神经退行性疾病、炎症性疾病及衰老等有关[2-9]。MiRNAs的模拟物或抑制剂在肿瘤、肝炎等疾病的临床前研究和临床试验中显示出作为治疗药物的潜力[10]。此外,miRNAs还是多种疾病的生物标志物,对肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、心血管疾病、糖尿病、炎症性疾病等有预测、诊断和判断预后的价值[3, 11-14]

Let-7家族是最早被发现和研究的miRNA之一[15]。Let-7家族有多个成员,在人类和小鼠中,存在10种let-7 miRNAs,包括let-7a、let-7b、let-7c、let-7d、let-7e、let-7f、let-7g、let-7i、miR-98和miR-202。尽管let-7家族的所有miRNAs都是let-7转录物前体通过Drosha途径加工处理的,长度也很相似,但他们在蛋白质翻译和生理功能方面存在显著差异[16]。Let-7家族是免疫反应或肿瘤等多种疾病的关键调节物[16-17],let-7i是let-7家族的重要成员之一。目前,关于let-7i的研究越来越多。多项研究[18-25]显示:let-7i通过调控细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、自噬等过程,参与肿瘤、心肌损伤、心脏纤维化、炎症性疾病等的进程。探讨let-7i在不同的疾病类型中发挥的作用及其作为联合生物标志物在多种疾病中的诊断意义对阐明疾病的机制及疾病的治疗具有指导意义。

1. Let-7i与肿瘤

肿瘤的发生和发展是一个复杂的多步骤过程,涉及一系列遗传、表观遗传、生物化学、组织学的变化[26]。MiRNAs在肿瘤生物学的各个方面都起重要的作用,如调控肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、侵袭、转移、血管生成、免疫逃逸等,miRNA的失调参与肿瘤的发生和发展[27]

Let-7i在多种恶性肿瘤中表达异常。在大部分肿瘤(如食管癌、肺癌、结肠癌)中,let-7i表达量均较低,过表达后发挥抑癌作用[28-32](表1)。在食管癌细胞中过表达let-7i后,let-7i通过靶向抑制组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基化酶5B(histone lysine demethylase 5B,KDM5B),使其下游基因SRY盒转录因子17(SRY-box transcription factor 17,SOX17)表达上调,乳腺癌雌激素调控蛋白1(gene regulated by estrogen in breast cancer protein 1,GREB1)的表达被抑制,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和迁移,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡[28]。在顺铂处理食管癌细胞系的体外实验中,let-7i可通过直接与耐药基因ATP结合盒转运蛋白C10(ABCC10)结合来抑制ABCC10的表达,增强食管癌细胞对药物的敏感性,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡[29]。在肺癌的体内和体外实验中,用过表达let-7i的骨髓间充质干细胞来源的外体处理肺癌细胞或肺癌动物模型,均可通过抑制组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基酶3A(histone lysine demethylase 3A,KDM3A),进一步降低肿瘤干细胞标志物双肾上腺皮质激素样激酶1(double cortin-like kinase 1,DCLK1)的表达,抑制肺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭,从而抑制肿瘤发展[30]。在结肠癌细胞中,过表达let-7i通过降低肿瘤增殖及恶性转化相关蛋白血管舒缓素相关肽酶-6(kallikrein-related peptidase 6,KLK6)的表达,抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖和迁移;并通过抑制与KLK6相关的裂解的caspase-3的表达,促进结肠癌细胞凋亡。过表达let-7i的结肠癌细胞在小鼠体内形成肿瘤的能力也明显下降[31]。过表达let-7i和miR-142的小鼠乳腺癌细胞系4T1分泌的外体,可通过促进树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)的成熟和T细胞的增殖及活化,缩小荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤体积,提高荷瘤小鼠的存活率[32]

表1.

Let-7i对肿瘤的调节作用

Table 1 Regulatory role of let-7i in tumors

肿瘤类型 肿瘤细胞系 信号通路/关键分子 Let-7i的作用 参考文献
肝癌 SNU-387、SNU-423 TSP1 抑制let-7i可通过增加肿瘤抑制子TSP1的表达,抑制肿瘤细胞的生长、增殖、迁移和侵袭,诱导肝癌细胞的凋亡,促进巨噬细胞与其共培养时的吞噬能力;在体内实验中,反义let-7i抑制肿瘤的生长、侵袭和转移 [22]
食管癌 KYSE-150、TE-10 KDM5B Let-7i通过靶向抑制KDM5B,使其下游基因SOX17表达上调,GREB1表达被抑制,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和迁移,促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡 [28]
EC109、TE10 ABCC10 过表达let-7i抑制食管癌细胞增殖,并靶向抑制耐药基因ABCC10的表达,增强细胞对药物的敏感性,促进细胞凋亡 [29]
肺癌 A549 KDM3A/DCLK1/FXYD3 过表达let-7i在体外通过抑制KDM3A/DCLK1/FXYD3轴抑制肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,在体内抑制肿瘤生长和肿瘤进程 [30]
乳腺癌 4T1 let-7i和miR-142 过表达let-7i和miR-142的乳腺癌细胞外体促进DCs的成熟和T细胞的活化,缩小荷瘤小鼠肿瘤体积,提高荷瘤小鼠存活率 [32]
ccRCC

786-0、

769-p

HABP 4 Let-7i通过下调靶标HABP4的表达,促进癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭 [33]
膀胱癌 T24、5637 HMGA1 过表达let-7i通过下调高迁移率族蛋白A(high-mobility group A,HMGA)1抑制膀胱癌细胞增殖、迁移 [34]
皮肤癌 SK-MEL-3 KISS1 过表达let-7i诱导黑色素瘤细胞的凋亡,并通过上调KISS1抑制黑色素瘤细胞的增殖和迁移 [35]
胰腺癌 PANC1、SW1990、 PATU8988 Lin28B/let-7i/TET3 Lin28B通过抑制let-7i上调TET3促进胰腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭,并维持胰腺癌干细胞特性,TET3表达增加可进一步促进Lin28B的表达 [36]
结直肠癌 SW480、 HT-29 KLK6 在体外,过表达let-7i可通过降低KLK6的表达,抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖和迁移,并通过抑制裂解的caspase-3表达,促进结肠癌细胞凋亡;过表达let-7i的结肠癌细胞在小鼠体内形成肿瘤的能力也明显下降 [31]
HCT116、SW480 p110α/p-Akt 过表达let-7i通过抑制其下游肿瘤信号通路p110α/p-Akt抑制肿瘤生长和转移 [37]
Colo205、SW620 ABCC10 下调let-7i促进结肠癌细胞增殖,抑制结肠癌细胞凋亡;过表达let-7i通过抑制耐药基因ABCC10,增强药物敏感性 [38]
胃癌 SGC-790、MGC-803 COL1A1 过表达let-7i减少胃癌细胞COL1A1的表达,抑制胃癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,降低细胞活力,抑制胃癌的生长和转移 [39]
卵巢癌 OVCAR8 同源重组修复途径 抑制卵巢癌细胞迁移、侵袭,促进其凋亡 [40]
脑胶质 母细胞瘤 U87、U251 GALE 过表达let-7i通过抑制GALE抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和迁移及人脑胶质母细胞瘤的生长 [41]
宫颈癌 CaSki、HeLa HMGA2、SOX2 过表达let-7i通过抑制HMGA2和SOX2抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖能力 [42]

TSP1:血小板反应蛋白1;KDM5B:组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基化酶5B;SOX17:SRY盒转录因子17;GREB1:乳腺癌雌激素调控蛋白1;ABCC10:ATP结合盒转运蛋白C10;KDM3A:组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基酶3A;DCLK1:双肾上腺皮质激素样激酶1;FXYD3:含FXYD结构域离子转运调节因子3;DCs:树突状细胞;ccRCC:透明细胞肾细胞癌;HABP4:透明质酸结合蛋白4;HMGA1:高迁移率族蛋白A1;KISS1:KiSS-1转移抑制因子;TET3:10-11易位家族蛋白酶;KLK6:血管舒缓素相关肽酶-6;COL1A1:胶原蛋白I型α1链;GALE:UDP-半乳糖-4-差向异构酶;HMGA2:高迁移率族蛋白A2;SOX2:SRY盒转录因子2。

有趣的是,另外一些研究显示let-7i对某些肿瘤的发生和发展有促进作用。Let-7i在人透明细胞肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)和肝癌细胞中的表达显著增加。在人ccRCC细胞中过表达let-7i,可抑制肿瘤抑制基因透明质酸结合蛋白4(hyaluronan-binding protein 4,HABP4)的表达,促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭[33]。Let-7i在7种不同的肝癌细胞系中高表达。过表达let-7i会降低组蛋白脱乙酰化酶6(histone deacetylase 6,HDAC6)对肝癌细胞的抑制作用;而抑制let-7i可通过增加血小板反应蛋白1(thrombospondin-1,TSP1)的表达,抑制肝癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭;过表达HDAC6或TSP1,或抑制let-7i均能促进巨噬细胞对肝癌细胞的吞噬能力[22]。因此,let-7i在肿瘤中的作用是多向的,对不同的肿瘤细胞发挥不同的作用(表1)。

2. Let-7i与心脏疾病

Let-7i广泛参与心肌细胞的增殖和凋亡,在心血管系统中发挥重要的调节作用。过表达let-7i对心肌损伤有保护作用。滋养层干细胞外体(trophoblast stem cells exosomes,TSCs-exos)可以将let-7i转移到人心肌细胞AC16中,使YES1相关转录调控因子(Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator,YAP1)信号通路沉默,通过下调let-7i/YAP1途径减轻阿霉素所致的心脏损伤(减轻心肌炎症,减少心肌细胞凋亡),改善心功能。这为TSC-exos应用于心力衰竭的治疗提供了新思路[20]。在缺氧条件下培养人心肌细胞AC16,过表达let-7i可以促进细胞增殖,增加细胞活力,减少细胞凋亡和BAX的表达,缓解线粒体能量代谢功能障碍,抑制乳酸脱氢酶和乳酸的生成和Toll样受体3和核转录因子κB (Toll-like receptor 3/nuclear factor κB,TLR3/NF-κB)的激活,减轻心肌细胞缺氧后的损伤[43]。过表达let-7i还可通过下调凋亡通路的主要因子Fas配体基因,抑制缺氧诱导的大鼠心肌细胞H9c2细胞膜损伤和细胞凋亡,显著降低缺氧诱导的细胞损伤[44]

在冠状动脉结扎引起心肌梗死的小鼠模型中,过表达let-7i可抑制小鼠心肌细胞增殖;而抑制let-7i可通过靶向G1/S期转化分子E2F2和细胞周期素D2(cyclin D2,CCND2),促进心肌细胞的增殖,改善模型小鼠心肌梗死后的心功能,促进心脏修复[23]

在人、大鼠、小鼠不同的细胞系,体内或体外的不同模型中,let-7i对心肌损伤起的作用及作用机制可能不同,目前仍缺少系统性的研究证据。有关let-7i参与心脏疾病的研究见表2

表2.

Let-7i在多种心脏疾病中的调节作用

Table 2 Regulatory role of let-7i in a variety of heart diseases

心脏疾病类型 信号通路/关键分子 Let-7i的作用 参考文献
扩张型心肌病 YAP1 Let-7i通过下调YAP1信号减轻心肌炎症,减少心肌细胞凋亡,改善心功能 [20]
心肌梗死 E2F2、CCND2 抑制let-7i通过增强E2F2和CCND2,促进心肌细胞增殖和心脏修复,改善心肌梗死后的心功能 [23]
TLR3/NF-κB Let-7i促进细胞增殖,增加细胞活力,减少细胞凋亡,缓解线粒体能量代谢功能障碍,抑制TLR3/NF-κB的激活,从而减轻心肌细胞缺氧后的损伤 [43]
急性心肌梗死 Fas配体基因 Let-7i通过下调Fas配体基因抑制缺氧诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞H9c2的凋亡;过表达let-7i显著减轻缺氧诱导的心肌细胞损伤 [44]
扩张型心肌病 Myc Let-7i通过抑制Myc减少扩张型心肌病来源的CD4+T细胞的增殖和活化,改善T细胞的免疫功能,下调T细胞的代谢重编程,改善心功能 [45]

YAP1:YES1相关转录调控因子;E2F2:E2F转录因子2;CCND2:细胞周期素D2;TLR3:Toll样受体3;NF-κB:核转录因子-κB。

3. Let-7i与纤维化疾病

Let-7i在多种纤维化疾病中发挥作用。过表达let-7i在抗纤维化中起重要作用。在血管紧张素II诱导的心脏炎症以及纤维化体内体外实验中,let-7i通过抑制炎症因子IL-6和多种胶原(COL1A2、COL3A1)的表达,成为血管紧张素II所致心脏炎症和纤维化的一种新的负调节因子,这可能是治疗高血压性心脏纤维化的潜在治疗靶点[24]。在某些疾病(如血管纤维化、动脉硬化)的进展过程中,会出现内皮-间充质转化(endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition,EndMT),即内皮细胞向间充质样细胞转变,并进一步导致纤维化。在小鼠脑梗死病灶中,血管内皮细胞发生了EndMT。敲除脑血管内皮细胞中的let-7i,可上调转化生长因子β受体1(transforming growth factor-β receptor 1,TGF-βR1),并诱导EndMT和血管纤维化的发生。在内皮细胞中过表达let-7i,则可抑制TGF-βR1的表达,减少EndMT和血管纤维化,抑制大脑中动脉阻塞(middle cerebral artery occultation,MCAO)模型中血脑屏障的渗漏并缩小梗死体积,改善脑卒中后的运动功能,提高生存率[46]。脐带来源间充质干细胞外体可以传递let-7i给人胚胎肺成纤维细胞,通过靶向TGF-βR1,调节TGF-βR1/Smad3信号通路,抑制成纤维细胞的激活,从而减轻肺纤维化[47]。这些研究表明let-7i过表达在心脏纤维化和脑血管纤维化过程中具有抗纤维化作用。

然而,另外一些研究则显示let-7i可能促进纤维化进程。在TGF-β1刺激诱导大鼠肾小管上皮细胞NRK-52E的纤维化模型中,间充质干细胞分泌的外体(MSC-Exos)传送的anti-let-7i-5p(let-7i拮抗剂)能有效抑制细胞外基质沉积及细胞间质转化过程。在结扎单侧输尿管构建的小鼠肾纤维化模型中,MSC-Exos传送的anti-let-7i-5p通过上调颗粒硬化症复合物亚单位1(tuberous sclerosis complex subunit 1,TSC1)减轻小鼠肾纤维化[48]。在单侧输尿管梗阻和叶酸诱导的肾纤维化小鼠模型中,let-7i水平升高,N-乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶1(N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1,GALNT1)表达降低,炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达升高。在体外TGF-β1诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞HK-2纤维化模型中,过表达let-7i抑制GALNT1表达,诱导炎症因子的释放和胶原的表达,抑制let-7i则降低胶原表达水平[49]。这些研究表明抑制let-7i表达在肾纤维化过程中具有积极作用。

Let-7i是一种多功能调节剂,对纤维化的调节作用可能受组织纤维化和成纤维细胞的致病状态的影响。在正常和致病性成纤维细胞中,过表达或敲除let-7i对胶原蛋白COL3A1、基质金属蛋白酶1(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP1)和波形蛋白Vimentin的基因表达模式的影响不同。过表达let-7i显著增加正常成纤维细胞中COL3A1的表达,降低MMP1和Vimentin的表达;但在致病性成纤维细胞中,过表达let-7i可使COL3A1表达降低,增加MMP1和Vimentin的表达;在正常和致病性成纤维细胞中,过表达或敲除let-7i均增加纤连蛋白(fibronectin,FN)、actin、TGF-βR1和金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子1(tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1,TIMP1)的表达,致病状态下这些基因的表达增加更显著。由于let-7i可以调节多种信号通路,在不同的细胞事件中发挥不同的功能,因此,let-7i是一种多功能的调节因子,它可能受到纤维化和致病状态的影响发挥不同的作用[18]

4. Let-7i与炎症及免疫反应

Let-7i在感染性炎症中发挥重要作用(表3)。隐孢子虫感染人的胆管上皮细胞后,let-7i表达下降,参与非特异性免疫的重要蛋白质Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)表达增加。过表达let-7i能抑制TLR4的表达,通过调节TLR4/Myd88通路上分子的表达,增强胆管上皮细胞防御寄生虫感染的能力[50]。Let-7i通过调节内溶酶体转运和液泡内环境,靶向宿主G蛋白信号调节因子2(regulator of G protein signaling 2,RGS2),特异性地抑制沙门氏菌的复制,从而发挥抗感染作用[51]。众所周知,镰状细胞病患者能抵抗恶性疟原虫感染。携带引起镰状细胞病的变异血红蛋白等位基因(HbS)的红细胞,杂合的HbAS和纯合的HbSS红细胞均能使let-7i和miR-451生成增多,这些miRNAs进一步整合到疟原虫的mRNA中,通过受损的核糖体负载抑制翻译,对疟原虫的生长产生负调控,使得镰状红细胞表现出对疟原虫的固有抗性[52]。以上报道均显示let-7i在多个感染模型中发挥抗感染的作用。

表3.

Let-7i在感染性疾病中的作用

Table 3 Role of let-7i in infectious diseases

疾病类型 信号通路/关键分子 Let-7i的作用 参考文献
寄生虫感染 TLR4

过表达let-7i后,其抑制TLR4的表达,通过介导TLR4/Myd88通路上分子的

表达,增强胆管细胞对抗寄生虫感染的防御反应

[50]
沙门氏菌感染 RGS2 过表达let-7i抑制RGS2蛋白,增加溶酶体降解功能,从而特异性地抑制沙门氏菌在宿主细胞内的复制 [51]
疟疾 miR-451和miR-223

Let-7i在HbAS和HbSS红细胞中高度富集,与miR-451、miR-223联合负调控

疟原虫的生长,抑制let-7i后促进HbSS和HbAS红细胞中疟原虫的生长

[52]
尿路感染 TLR4

过表达anti-let-7i通过恢复TLR4、CXCL1和CXCL2的表达及MPO的活性,

从而减少CsA治疗所致UPEC负荷,减轻肾脏损伤

[53]
HIV-1感染 CD4+T细胞 过表达let-7i可增加IL-2的表达,减轻HIV-1诱导的CD4+T细胞的凋亡 [57]
多方棘球蚴感染 TLR4 Let-7i抑制巨噬细胞炎症因子IL-1α、IL-6以及LPS/TLR4通路上的分子RIPK1和NF-κB的表达,有利于多方棘球蚴寄生 [58]

TLR4:Toll样受体4;RGS2:G蛋白信号调节因子2;CXCL:CXC模体趋化因子配体;MPO:髓过氧化物酶;CsA:环孢素A;UPEC:尿路致病性大肠杆菌;HIV:人类免疫缺陷病毒;IL:白细胞介素;LPS:脂多糖;RIPK1:受体相互作用丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶1;NF-κB:核转录因子-κB。

然而,在环孢素A治疗肾移植后尿致病性大肠杆菌引起尿路上行感染的模型中,let-7i发挥促感染的作用。免疫抑制剂环孢素A通过上调肾集合管细胞中let-7i的表达,靶向抑制TLR4、CXC模体趋化因子配体(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand,CXCL)1、CXCL2的表达和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)的活性,导致细菌负荷增加,肾损伤加重。小鼠体内过表达let-7i可以模拟环孢素A的作用,使尿路感染加重,而抗let-7i预处理可拮抗环孢素A的作用,挽救肾集合管细胞的固有免疫反应,抵抗上行细菌感染[53]

Let-7i除在多种细菌和寄生虫导致的感染性疾病中可发挥重要作用外,在机体慢性炎症性疾病中也不可或缺,发挥多重调节作用(表4)。在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的炎症性肾损伤模型中,薯蓣皂苷可通过上调let-7i,抑制TLR4的表达水平,进而抑制炎症、氧化应激和细胞凋亡,发挥肾保护作用;抑制let-7i后,TLR4、裂解的caspase-3、NF-κB p65的表达上调,超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)2表达下调,细胞凋亡增多,削弱了薯蓣皂苷通过抑制TLR4及其下游信号分子的表达对肾损伤产生的保护作用[54]。在强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)小鼠模型中,let-7i表达增加,丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶1(pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1,PDK1)表达降低。敲除let-7i和/或过表达PDK1可使AS小鼠的骨密度、胫骨最大载荷和弯曲弹性模量增加,肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、MMP3和NF-κB受体激活因子配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)含量降低,滑膜组织损伤减轻,骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)含量增加。同时,低表达let-7i可上调PDK1,促进AS成骨细胞分化[19]。在二硝基苯刺激小鼠骨髓源性肥大细胞的模型中,let-7i可通过抑制囊泡外复合物组分8(exocyst complex component 8,EXOC8)的表达,抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒[55]。在大鼠心脏移植模型中,let-7i通过抑制Janus激酶1(Janus kinase 1,JAK1)/信号转导及转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,STAT3)信号通路,靶向白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-10,调节大鼠DCs的成熟;转染let-7i抑制剂的DCs可使调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)增加,同种异体心脏移植存活时间延长和移植结构的完整性得以保持[56]

表4.

Let-7i在调节炎症性疾病及免疫反应中的作用

Table 4 Role of let-7i in regulating inflammatory diseases and immune responses

疾病类型

信号通路/

关键分子

Let-7i的作用 参考文献
炎症性肾损伤 TLR4 抑制let-7i后,TLR4、裂解的caspase-3、NF-κBp65的表达上调,SOD2表达下调,细胞凋亡增加,削弱了薯蓣皂苷对肾损伤的保护作用 [54]
心脏移植 JAK1-STAT3

Let-7i通过抑制JAK1/STAT3信号通路,靶向IL-10,调节DCs的成熟;转染let-7i抑制剂的DCs可使Treg增加,同种异体心脏移植存活时间延长和移植

结构的完整性得以保持

[56]
强直性脊柱炎 SOST LncRNA MEG3通过抑制let-7i促进SOST表达,从而抑制AS进程 [59]
Th1 Let-7i表达的增加促进Th1免疫应答(IFN-γ) [60]
多发性硬化症 IGF1R/TGF-βR1 循环外体let-7i通过阻断IGF1R/TGF-βR1通路参与多发性硬化症的发病 [61]
HBMECs损伤 TLR4 过表达let-7i可显著减少缺氧缺糖诱导的HBMECs死亡,降低MMP9和iNOS的表达;let-7i通过下调TLR4的表达而减轻缺氧缺糖诱导的HBMECs损伤 [62]
细胞免疫 C/EBPδ 豆状绦虫尾囊蚴外体来源的let-7i通过抑制C/EBPδ,减少M1巨噬细胞标志物的表达,增强M2巨噬细胞标志物的表达 [63]
冠心病 TLR4 将let-7i转染人THP-1细胞可调节TLR4的表达;阿托伐他汀可通过let-7i下调冠心病患者的TLR4的表达 [64]

TLR4:Toll样受体4;NF-κBp65:核因子κB的p65亚单位;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶;JAK1:Janus激酶1;STAT3:信号转导及转录激活因子3;IL:白细胞介素;DCs:树突状细胞;Treg:调节性T细胞;SOST:骨硬化蛋白;LncRNA MEG3:长链非编码RNA人母系表达基因3;Th1:T1辅助细胞;IFN-γ:干扰素γ;IGF1R:胰岛素生长因子1受体;TGF-βR1:转化生长因子β受体1;HBMECs:人脑微血管内皮细胞;MMP:基质金属蛋白酶;iNOS:诱导型一氧化氮合酶;C/EBPδ:CCAAT增强子结合蛋白δ。

5. Let-7i作为生物标志物

Let-7i参与多种疾病的发病,是炎症性疾病、肿瘤、神经性疾病等多种疾病的生物标志物(表5)。Let-7i可作为多种炎症性疾病的血清标志物,为疾病的诊断和预后提供依据。局限性硬皮病患者血清中6种miRNAs(let-7i、miR-181b、miR-223、miR-21、miR-29a、miR-210)表达水平明显高于健康志愿者;丧失行动力的女性局限性硬皮病患者的血清let-7i水平明显高于有活动能力的患者[65]。因此,这些miRNAs可能是局限性硬皮病新的生物标志物,长期的纵向研究对于确认其判断预后的价值至关重要。与健康受试者相比,类风湿关节炎患者血清中8种miRNAs(let-7i、let-7d、miR-126、miR-431、miR-221、miR-24、miR-130a、miR-339)显著升高,miR-17显著降低。这些miRNAs组合可能是“风险个体”疾病预后或预测氨甲蝶呤治疗反应的生物标志物[12]。通过let-7i和另外2个miRNA(miR-223、miR-4284)组合的特异表达可准确区分儿童溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)患儿和对照儿童[66]

表5.

Let-7i联合其他miRNAs作为疾病的生物标志物

Table 5 Let-7i in combination with other miRNAs as biomarker for diseases

疾病类型 联合的miRNAs 标志类型 参考文献
类风湿关节炎 Let-7d、miR-126、miR-431、miR-221、miR-24、 miR-130a、miR-339、miR-17 预后、对MTX治疗的反应 [12]
局限性硬皮病 MiR-181b、miR-223、miR-21、miR-29a、miR-210 预后 [65]
儿童溃疡性结肠炎 MiR-223、miR-4284 诊断、预后 [66]
卵巢癌 对化学治疗的反应、生存 [67]
滤泡性淋巴瘤 Let-7b、miR-223、miR-217、miR-222、miR-221 诊断、预后 [68]
散发性克雅氏病 MiR-16、miR-93 诊断 [69]
心血管疾病 RASGRP3、KRT1、CEP41 诊断 [73]
冠状动脉疾病 MiR-32、miR-3149、miR-26a 诊断 [74]
子宫内膜异位症 Let-7a、let-7b、miR-320a、miR-320d 诊断 [75]
IVF/胚胎移植 Let-7g、let-7f 诊断 [76]

MTX:氨甲蝶呤;RASGRP3:RAS鸟苷酸释放蛋白3;KRT1:角蛋白-1;CEP41:中心体蛋白41;IVF:体外受精。

Let-7i作为肿瘤生物标志物的作用也相继被报道。在卵巢癌化学治疗耐药的患者中,let-7i表达显著下调。功能缺失和功能获得试验显示:下调let-7i的表达可显著增加卵巢癌和乳腺癌细胞对化学治疗药物顺铂的耐药性。通过miRNA微阵列研究[67]发现let-7i表达下调与晚期卵巢癌患者无进展生存期缩短显著相关。这些结果均表明let-7i可能成为调节以顺铂为基础的化学治疗的靶点,并作为预测卵巢癌患者对化学治疗反应及生存率的生物标志物。除了卵巢癌和乳腺癌,let-7i还可增加食管癌对顺铂的药物敏感性[29]。在恶性淋巴瘤中,let-7i也具有潜在的诊断和预测预后价值。部分滤泡性淋巴瘤会转化为更具有侵袭性的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤,let-7i和5个miRNA(miR-223、miR-217、miR-222、miR-221及let-7b)的组合可以预测滤泡性淋巴瘤向弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的转化[68]。Let-7的家族成员已被证明在Burkitt淋巴瘤中靶向原癌基因Myc的表达[69],而Myc表达降低与滤泡性淋巴瘤向弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤转化高度相关[70]

Let-7i也可能是一些神经系统疾病的生物标志物和药物治疗靶点。散发性克雅氏病是一种传染性神经退行性疾病,表现为快速进展性痴呆,患者通常在6个月内死亡。目前临床血液检测不能诊断或监测该病。高通量测序发现散发性克雅氏病患者血清let-7i、miR-16及miR-93水平较正常对照组显著下降[69]。而症状同样表现为进展性认知损害的阿尔茨海默病患者血清let-7i、miR-16及miR-93水平较对照组显著上升[71]。这些发现为更好地理解散发性克雅氏病的机制提供了基础,并为改善疾病诊断、鉴别诊断和后续治疗提供了机会。脑卒中会引起部分患者认知功能受损,与脑卒中后认知正常的患者相比,脑卒中后认知功能受损的患者血液中let-7i水平上升,且与蒙特利尔认知评估量表评分呈负相关。因此let-7i可作为诊断卒中后认知受损的生物标志物[72]

Let-7i在心血管疾病中也有良好的诊断价值。心血管疾病是2型糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因。mRNA-miRNA共表达网络和mRNA-单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)-miRNA相互作用网络表明:let-7i、RAS鸟苷酸释放蛋白3(RAS guanyl releasing protein 3,RASGRP3)、角蛋白-1(keratin-1,KRT1)和中心体蛋白41(centrosomal protein,41,CEP41)可能是早期诊断2型糖尿病患者心血管疾病的潜在生物标志物。其中,下调let-7i,上调RASGRP3、KRT1和CEP41可能在2型糖尿病患者心血管疾病发生和发展的分子机制中发挥重要作用[73]。联合4种miRNAs(let-7i、miR-32、miR-3149、miR-26a)诊断冠状动脉疾病的准确率较高,尤其对重度冠心病有较好的诊断价值[74]

子宫内膜异位症是一种常见的妇科疾病。Let-7i、let-7a、let-7b、miR-320a、miR-320d可能是子宫内膜异位症的诊断生物标志物[75],这为子宫内膜异位症的特异性诊断和有效治疗提供了潜在的靶点。在体外受精/胚胎移植术中,根据患者的年龄、窦卵泡数、抗米勒管激素、促性腺激素使用情况等,将卵巢反应分为低、中、高反应组。中反应组患者血清中let-7i、let-7f、let-7g水平明显高于高、低反应组;在高反应组中,let-7i、let-7f、let-7g的表达水平在黄体中期呈下降趋势。这些血清miRNAs可作为预测女性卵巢对刺激反应的潜在生物标志物[76]

6. 结 语

Let-7i作为关键调节因子,参与细胞增殖、凋亡、自噬等过程,通过靶向不同的信号通路在多种疾病中发挥正向或负向调控作用,从而影响疾病进程。除肿瘤、心血管疾病、纤维化疾病、炎症、神经性疾病等外,let-7i还参与调节哮喘、地中海贫血、近视等[77-79]。Let-7i还可作为多种疾病诊断和预测预后的生物标志物。尽管let-7i在各种疾病中的表达变化并不一致,但与其他miRNAs联合用于诊断疾病具有特异性。这不仅为疾病的早期监测、诊断及预后奠定了基础,而且为基于miRNAs的临床治疗提供了研究方向和价值。总之,let-7i在多种疾病中扮演着重要的角色,有待进一步被探索,以挖掘更多治疗新靶点。

基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金(2019JJ50812)。

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2019JJ50812).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

侯佳丽 文献收集,论文写作;孙璇 写作指导,论文修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202306909.pdf

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