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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 Jan 28;47(1):139–142. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210523

胰腺性脂膜炎——超声个案分析

Ultrasound analysis for pancreatic panniculitis: A case report

LIN Qian 1,✉,2, LI Junlai 1
Editor: 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10930483  PMID: 35545374

Abstract

Pancreatic panniculitis (PP) is a necrotizing inflammation of subcutaneous fat that is a rare complication of pancreatic disease appearing in 2% to 3% of all patients. It is more common in the elderly and often affects the extremities. It presents as skin inflammation with pain and erythema nodules. We report a case of acute pancreatitis associated with PP in an old female. She was admitted for vomiting and abdominal pain for 3 days and presented with a 2-week history of erythematous subcutaneous nodules on her legs. Laboratory and ultrasonic findings revealed acute pancreatitis. High frequency ultrasound showed hypoechoic foci in subcutaneous soft tissue layer and adipose layer. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of PP. Nodules disappeared with the resolution of acute pancreatic inflammation. PP may be the first manifestation of pancreatic disease. Imaging features of this pathology are seldom described and ultrasonic diagnosis experience is worth to be accumulated.

Keywords: pancreatitis, panniculitis, ultrasound


胰腺性脂膜炎是一种罕见的胰腺疾病并发症,在2%~3%的胰腺疾病患者中出现,男性好发(男꞉女=4꞉1),酒精中毒患者发病率较高,常见于急、慢性胰腺炎,胰腺癌(腺泡细胞癌为主)[1-4]。胰腺性脂膜炎是一种皮肤病学表现,主要特征是皮下脂肪坏死。其诊断依赖于临床探查和深部皮肤活体组织检查(以下简称为活检)的组织病理学证实[5-6]。但是,临床医生通常不愿意对皮下病灶进行活检,因对皮下病灶活检诱发溃疡并不罕见[7],尤其是老年人皮肤自愈性差,一旦出现溃疡会使患者生活质量大大下降,延长住院时间,同时也给患者增加感染或死亡的风险。

高频超声以其快速、无创的优势,在炎症性皮肤病的研究中显示了其有用性[7]。超声作为一种非侵入性检查,可以在病程中重复使用,提供有关病情演变的动态信息。

笔者报告1例长期卧床高龄患者,以双下肢皮下结节为首发症状,最终确诊为急性胰腺炎。我们使用高频超声辅助诊断,为临床确诊提供了有价值的影像学信息。

1. 病例资料

1例86岁长期卧床的女性患者,因呕吐、腹痛3 d入院。两周前家人偶然发现患者双侧小腿出现轻微触痛的皮下结节,后期结节数量不断增加,入院时结节几乎散布双侧下肢,多为红斑或褐红色结节(图1),部分结节消退后出现无痛的色素沉着。患者既往有高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症和心脏病史,长期服用乙酰水杨酸、地尔硫卓、洛伐他汀、缬沙坦、二甲双胍等药物。

图1.

图1

1例急性胰腺炎合并胰腺性脂膜炎患者的下肢可见多发红斑或褐红色结节

Figure 1 Multiple erythema or reddish brown nodules are seen in the lower limb in a case of acute pancreatitis with pancreatic panniculitis

入院时体格检查:上腹部有压痛,无反跳痛。无黄疸。双下肢皮肤散在轻压痛的红斑结节。未触及明显肿大的浅表淋巴结。患者就诊时血压为 180/95 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),体温38.5 ℃。

实验室检查:血糖为13.23 mmol/L(正常参考值范围3.6~6.1 mmol/L),白细胞计数为12.39×109/L(正常参考值范围3.5×109/L~10.0×109/L),中性粒细胞比例为86.3%(正常参考值范围50.0%~70.0%),血清淀粉酶为2 880 U/L(正常参考值范围28~150 U/L),血清脂肪酶为1 910 U/L(正常参考值范围13~60 U/L),肝转氨酶为68 U/L(正常参考值范围0~50 U/L),总胆红素为43 μmmol/L(正常参考值范围0~21 μmmol/L),肿瘤标志物正常。

腹部超声检查显示胰腺弥漫性肿大,回声减低,主胰管轻度扩张,提示急性胰腺炎(非重症型)(图2)。高频超声(飞利浦CX50超声仪,线阵高频探头6~18 MHz)检查腿部皮下结节显示:回声增高的皮下软组织层和脂肪层内混有类“囊性”低回声区。彩色多普勒超声检查显示低回声内部及周围轻度增加的血流信号(图3),未发现皮下深部脓肿或深筋膜积液。超声检查提示脂膜炎。

图2.

图2

1例急性胰腺炎合并胰腺性脂膜炎患者入院时腹部超声结果显示:胰腺弥漫性肿大(如红色箭头所示),回声减低,主胰管轻度扩张,提示急性胰腺炎(非重症型)

Figure 2 Abdominal ultrasound on admission in a case of acute pancreatitis complicated with pancreatic panniculitis shows pancreatic inflammatory changes (red arrow) with diffuse enlargement, decreased echo, and mild dilated pancreatic duct, suggesting acute pancreatitis (not heavy)

图3.

图3

1例急性胰腺炎合并胰腺性脂膜炎患者的皮下结节高频超声检查结果显示:弥漫性回声增强的脂肪(白色方框内)内可见类“囊性”低回声区()。彩色多普勒显示低回声灶周边血流信号轻度增加。

Figure 3 High frequency ultrasound for a case of acute pancreatitis complicated with pancreatic panniculitis shows panniculitis with hyperechogenicity of the adipose lobules (in the white box) and the round hypoechoic hypodermal pseudocystic structure (star). Color Doppler shows a slight increase in blood flow signals around the lesion.

入院第2天,对患者右侧胫骨前皮下结节行活检。组织病理学显示主要为小叶性脂膜炎,局灶性脂肪坏死,脂肪细胞液化,无核的厚壁“鬼影样”脂肪细胞聚集。最终临床确诊为急性胰腺炎合并胰腺性脂膜炎。对患者行对症治疗,随着急性胰腺炎的好转,患者皮肤结节最终消失。

2. 讨 论

诊断胰腺性脂膜炎主要依赖临床和组织学检查。实验室检查通常显示血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶水平升高[8]。本例患者入院时就显示出明显升高的血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶。在胰腺性脂膜炎的发病中,胰酶分泌过多导致毛细血管和淋巴通透性增加,同时胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和磷脂酶等胰酶的大量释放导致脂肪坏死和炎症反应[2]。皮肤活检是确诊胰腺性脂膜炎的必要条件。组织病理学显示小叶脂肪坏死伴以中性粒细胞为主的炎症浸润,局灶性脂肪坏死,脂肪细胞液化,无核的厚壁“鬼影样”脂肪细胞聚集是其特征[5-6]

实际上,临床诊断胰腺性脂膜炎,尤其是老年病患是极具挑战性的。首先,患者出现皮肤病变与胰腺疾病症状存在不同步性,据报道[9-10],约40%的胰腺性脂膜炎病例中,皮肤病变早于胰腺疾病发生症状前,间隔时间1~7个月。本例患者出现皮下结节在胰腺炎症状出现前2周。胰腺性脂膜炎通常表现为红斑或紫罗兰色的皮下结节,主要分布在腿部、臀部或躯干,部分结节可以自行破溃,流出棕色、无菌、黏稠的油状物质[11]。但是,因缺乏诊断特异性,故临床医生需要扩大鉴别诊断范围,如皮下脓肿、蜂窝组织炎、坏死性筋膜炎、结节性红斑、脂肪营养不良等[12]。此外,该病多见于老年患者,平均年龄60岁左右[4],本例患者为长期卧床老年患者,存在合并疾病多、药物反应多、主诉不清、定位不准、症状迟发等临床特点[13],更增加了诊断的难度。而患者预后通常取决于潜在胰腺疾病的早期诊断和治疗,延误诊疗都会使临床结局恶化,病死率显著增高[14]

目前,影像学检查是临床诊断必不可少的组成部分。相比其他影像学技术,超声检查的优势在于方便、快捷、无辐射性、相对便宜和能够做到足够的监测,可以根据临床需求重复检查[4, 6]。超声检查具有良好的软组织成像优势,在浅表以及皮肤疾病的研究中发挥极大的诊断价值[7]。在炎症性皮肤疾病的研究中,超声检查结果与组织病理学研究结果之间具有良好的一致性,能够较好地呈现脂肪坏死伴周围炎症的影像学特征[15]。胰腺性脂膜炎的超声检查病例罕见[16],超声描述为小叶性脂膜炎特征,即脂肪小叶弥漫性回声增强,内部较少的较厚低回声区。在本病例中超声检查亦呈现小叶性脂膜炎特征,只是脂肪坏死区域更为局限,呈现“类囊性”低回声区。在本例胰腺性脂膜炎超声检查过程中,我们的体会是:1)超声能够准确定位病灶。通过超声检查发现病灶相对局限,这有助于证明疾病过程仅侵及皮下脂肪层,未涉及筋膜层及深部组织。2)辅助鉴别诊断。胰腺性脂膜炎须与蜂窝织炎和坏死性筋膜炎相鉴别。超声显示蜂窝织炎皮肤增厚和皮下水肿,皮下组织、浅筋膜层均清晰可见。与胰腺性脂膜炎相比,蜂窝组织炎累及范围更广,胰腺性脂膜炎通常表现为结节状或局限于皮下软组织、脂肪层内的低回声灶状区域。超声显示坏死性筋膜炎病变侵犯深筋膜,相比胰腺性脂膜炎受累程度更重,常见筋膜层增厚,液体聚集,有时可见筋膜内气体。3)超声检查能够帮助临床医生排除那些不应该或不需要活检的实体病灶,如静脉曲张或脂肪瘤。4)监测以及随访疗效。应用超声随访本例胰腺性脂膜炎的病灶,在后期病灶完全消失。此外,基于胰腺性脂膜炎病例的罕见,全面的超声检查很有必要。腹部超声检查发现同时存在胰腺疾病,提示超声医生要加强临床思维能力的培养和提高,胰腺性脂膜炎可能是严重疾病的预警信号,如急性胰腺炎、胰腺癌或其他类型的癌症,并可能先于与这些疾病相关的典型症状和体征。

总之,胰腺性脂膜炎是一种罕见的胰腺疾病相关的皮肤表现。虽然确诊主要依据临床和组织学诊断,但我们提出了相关的超声影像学特征,当应用超声评估患者,尤其是老年患者下肢炎症或感染时,这些特征可以提示潜在的胰腺疾病,从而避免皮肤活检。超声也可以成为一种客观、无创的检查方式来辅助评估疗效和监测这种罕见疾病的进展。

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

林倩 病例采集、超声检查操作、病例分析及撰写文稿。李俊来 临床病例分析指导。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202201139.pdf

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