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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 Jan 28;47(1):123–128. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210359

鼻翼畸形分型及相关的治疗

Classification of alar abnormalities and the relevant treatments

YAN Quanding 1,2, WANG Xiancheng 1,, DENG Yiwen 1
Editor: 傅 希文
PMCID: PMC10930485  PMID: 35545372

Abstract

At present, nasal abnormalities is often classified from different perspectives, such as the alar-columella relationship, nasal base width, and the condition of alar hyperplasia. However, due to the impact of race and region, different people may be applied to different classification methods, resulting in different clinical diagnosis and treatments. So far, there is no unified standard for alar deformity classification to guide clinical treatment. In alar-columella relationship, the retracted ala and the hanging columella, hanging ala and retracted columella are easily confused. According to the classification of nasal base width, it is easy to confuse the alar flare with wide alar base. Therefore, the accurate preoperative evaluation of the nasal ala and the selection of appropriate clinical treatments for different abnormalities are beneficial for surgeons to achieve perfect rhinoplasty results.

Keywords: classification of nasal alar abnormities, aberrant alar-columellar relationship, wide of nasal base, thick alar side wall, clinical treatments


鼻翼是关系到鼻部美学平衡的重要结构,尽管大家愈来愈意识到鼻翼的重要性,但在进行鼻部手术之前未对鼻翼进行单独的评估,所以术后常出现一些不理想的矫正情况[1]。目前关于鼻翼分型的方式有很多,如以Gunter等[2-10]为代表的根据鼻翼鼻小柱比例关系对鼻翼分型,该分型从理想的鼻部美学进行分析,鼻孔呈卵圆形,鼻翼缘构成了鼻孔的上边界,鼻小柱构成了鼻孔的下边界,以鼻孔长轴为参考线,每条边界至鼻孔长轴两端距离应为1~2 mm,此时鼻翼处于理想位置,基于此范围将鼻翼和鼻小柱关系分为6型:鼻翼退缩型、鼻翼悬垂型、小柱悬垂型、小柱退缩型、小柱悬垂并鼻翼退缩型和小柱退缩并鼻翼悬垂型(图1A)。Totonchi等[4]在Gunter等[2-3]分型基础上增加了底面视图的两种类型,即鼻翼缘凸出和鼻翼缘凹陷。Choi等[1, 7-8]根据鼻基底宽度进行分型,将之分为鼻翼外扩侧凸、鼻翼基底过大、鼻翼基底过大合并外扩侧凸和鼻翼肥厚、鼻翼肥厚合并鼻翼基底过大或鼻翼外扩侧凸和鼻翼悬垂6种类型。孙宝珊等[11-13]根据鼻翼肥大的特点提出了一些分型方式,将鼻翼肥大分为鼻翼过长、鼻翼过高、鼻翼过长和过高等类型。

图1.

图1

鼻翼鼻小柱理想比例关系及相关手术方式示意图

Figure 1 Ideal alar-columellar relationship and related surgical procedures

A: In a normal alar-columella relationship, the longest distance from the long axis of nostril to ala (ac) or columella (bc) is 1 to 2 mm, namely ac=bc=1 to 2 mm. B: Alar contour grafts. C: Lateral crural strut grafts. D: Auricular composite graft.

1. 鼻翼分型与治疗

1.1. 鼻翼和鼻小柱比例失调

1.1.1. 鼻小柱悬垂型

鼻小柱与鼻孔长轴间距超过2 mm为鼻小柱悬垂。Pesteur[14]等最早提出了鼻翼软骨环的概念,随后郑永生等[15]在此基础上提出鼻中隔软骨尾部、前鼻棘、鼻翼软骨内外侧脚及大量纤维结缔组织一起构成了鼻翼软骨环,起到维持外鼻正常形态的作用。鼻翼内侧脚异常,则重塑内侧脚;鼻中隔尾部过长则适当修剪尾部;膜性鼻中隔过多则适当切除;鼻小柱皮肤相对冗长则适当切除部分皮肤;若是前鼻棘的问题,则进行前鼻棘的复位。这些方法均可纠正悬垂的鼻小柱组织[16-17]

1.1.2. 鼻翼退缩型

鼻翼与鼻孔长轴间隔超过2 mm为鼻翼退缩。Dowlatshahi等[18]通过研究鼻翼的组织结构提出从组织结构上纠正鼻翼退缩。运用鼻尖盖板移植及鼻翼轮廓移植对外侧脚产生牵拉力,达到一定程度地延长鼻翼的效果,选用鼻翼缘移植物对鼻翼缘可起到一定的支撑作用(图1B)。选用外侧脚支撑移植物,通过增加外侧脚的稳定性和牵拉鼻翼软骨组织来纠正鼻翼退缩,若下外侧软骨头侧移位,联合下外侧软骨尾侧复位可恢复下外侧软骨的解剖结构(图1C);植入鼻翼板条移植物可对鼻翼提供结构支撑,并能帮助下拉退缩的鼻翼边缘;当鼻翼退缩严重时,可选用软骨间移植物或复合移植物来修复缺损,也可选用V-Y成形术推进皮瓣下拉鼻翼缘[2-6, 19-23](图1D)。

1.1.3. 鼻小柱退缩型

鼻小柱与鼻孔长轴间距小于2 mm为鼻小柱退缩。将鼻小柱支撑移植物或鼻中隔延伸移植物置于鼻中隔尾侧以达到延长鼻子的效果,使用鼻尖盖板移植物覆盖于穹窿部以纠正小柱退缩与鼻尖突出度不够的问题,术后要消除鼻小柱与鼻尖之间的死腔[2-6, 24-28]

1.1.4. 鼻翼悬垂型

鼻翼与鼻孔长轴间隔不足2 mm为鼻翼悬垂。选择平行于鼻翼缘的椭圆形切口,切除前庭皮肤,切除范围不应超过3 mm;也可修剪外侧脚头侧或尾侧来修复鼻翼悬垂,但不适用于皮肤较厚者,因为张力较大不能适应软骨的新位置;也可直接切除鼻翼皮肤,但术后鼻翼形态不规则且瘢痕明显;若患者鼻翼悬垂严重,在鼻翼处作三角形带蒂皮瓣,皮瓣蒂在外上方,松解鼻翼及其周围组织,向内上旋转带蒂三角皮瓣,使鼻翼沟向内上移位[2-6, 29]。张旭东等[30]也提出要采用V-Y成形术上移鼻翼组织。采用帆状切除前庭沟前的三角形组织来纠正畸形的效果令人满意[31-32]

1.2. 鼻基底宽度

若鼻基底宽度大于内眦间距,则为鼻基底宽大。研究[1, 33-34]将鼻基底宽大分为如下类型:I型为鼻翼外扩侧凸,II型为鼻翼基底过大,III型为I型合并II型,IV型为鼻翼肥厚,V型为I型或II型或III型合并IV型,VI型为鼻翼悬垂。对于I型可采用鼻翼外张切除或鼻堤切除联合鼻翼楔形切除,目的是切除局部扩张鼻翼组织以缩小鼻翼。对于II型可采用鼻槛切除和鼻基底切除,或使用Y-V成形术推进皮瓣来纠正[35],而鼻翼缩窄术或拉拢缝合技术也可取得满意的效果[36-37]。对于IV型者采用鼻翼修薄术,彭绍宗[33]设计了沿鼻翼沟的新月形切口,先切除局部多余的鼻翼组织,再联合采用鼻堤切除及鼻翼切除。赵庆芳[38]设计了“M形”皮瓣,以纠正鼻翼肥厚与宽大的问题。鼻翼肥厚常合并鼻翼基底宽大或鼻翼外扩侧凸,可联合上述方式纠正畸形。

1.3. 鼻翼肥大

东方人呈现鼻基底较宽、鼻头肥大等特点[39-40],孙宝珊等[11]对300例中国女性鼻翼长、鼻翼高、鼻宽、鼻孔长、鼻孔高等数据进行了采集,在已有数据库的基础上,将之分为鼻翼纵向肥大(鼻翼过高)、横向肥大(鼻翼过长)及双向肥大(鼻翼过高过长),对于单纯纵向肥大的患者,可采用鼻翼内缘部分切除联合鼻翼后壁部分切除,采用鼻翼侧后方楔形切除纠正横向肥大的效果较好,联合上述两种方法既可解决双向肥大问题,又可改善鼻宽,还可以缩小鼻孔。范荣杰等[13]从形态学角度将之分为鼻翼扩张型、鼻槛过长型、鼻翼肥厚型,并提出采用内外联合切口三角皮瓣法可纠正鼻翼宽大,解决鼻槛过长,并能缩小鼻孔。

2. 治疗方式

临床上,鼻翼退缩与鼻小柱悬垂、鼻翼悬垂和鼻小柱退缩、鼻翼外扩侧凸和鼻基底宽大容易混淆,但手术方式大不相同(图2)。鼻中隔尾侧偏斜或脱位可影响鼻尖突出度,从而导致鼻基底变形、鼻孔不对称及鼻翼不对称的情况,而鼻尖突出度、旋转度、宽窄都会影响鼻基底,所以进行鼻翼分型之前要充分纠正上述畸形,综合评估鼻基底形状、鼻孔的对称性、鼻翼的轮廓,测量鼻孔长与高、鼻翼及鼻小柱至鼻孔长轴的距离、鼻翼厚度、鼻宽等。不同种族人群的鼻孔朝向、鼻基底形状、鼻孔形状都大不相同,也会导致鼻孔长轴的变化,所以还需根据不同种族人群进一步研究以形成相对统一的鼻翼分型标准。

图2.

图2

不同鼻翼畸形的相关手术方式

Figure 2 Relavant surgical procedures about different alar deformities

A: V-Y plasty can move up alar rim (arrow) to correct the hanging ala, the alar contour grafts can move down and support alar rim to rectify the retracted ala, and the trim caudal-septum appropriately can correct the hanging columella. B: Retracted columella can be corrected by a columellar strut, the alar-wedge excision can rectify alar flare, and the wide of nasal base can be corrected by nasal sill excision, cinching suture, etc.

对于鼻小柱悬垂,要充分认识鼻翼软骨环结构,尽可能恢复鼻小柱的解剖位置。鼻小柱退缩可采用鼻小柱支撑移植物、鼻中隔延伸移植物或鼻尖盖板移植物来纠正。鼻翼缘移植物、外侧脚支撑移植物、鼻翼板条移植物、复合移植物等纠正鼻翼退缩都可取得较满意的治疗效果。鼻翼悬垂多采用前庭皮肤切除,但范围不可超过3 mm,避免鼻翼缘内卷,也可应用改良皮瓣或者V-Y成形术来纠正。临床上常忽略鼻翼轴向异常,若采用单纯鼻翼切除,容易产生保龄球样外观,充分分离梨状韧带及其周围组织,术后可获得满意效果。对于鼻基底宽大者,在临床上常用鼻翼缩窄术,也可采用拉拢缝合技术缩窄鼻基底,或采用V-Y成形术推进皮瓣以纠正鼻基底宽大,术后效果令人满意,且不破坏鼻槛。鼻翼外扩侧凸常采用鼻翼基底新月形部分切除。鼻翼肥厚者采用鼻翼修薄术,同时要根据患者的需要适当修剪前庭皮肤或组织。

3. 结 语

众多学者从不同角度对鼻翼畸形进行分型,如根据鼻翼与鼻小柱比例关系分为鼻翼退缩、鼻翼悬垂、鼻小柱悬垂、鼻小柱退缩、鼻小柱悬垂并鼻翼退缩型以及鼻小柱退缩并鼻翼悬垂型;根据鼻基底宽度分为鼻翼外扩侧凸、鼻翼基底过大、鼻翼基底过大合并外扩侧凸、鼻翼肥厚、鼻翼肥厚合并鼻翼基底过大或鼻翼外扩侧凸、鼻翼悬垂;根据鼻翼的肥大将之分为横向肥大、纵向肥大、双向肥大。这在一定程度上为外科医生提供了诊疗思路及相关临床治疗方法。临床整形医生近年来越来越意识到鼻翼的重要性,术前增加对鼻翼的测量与评估也非常必要,但是鼻翼的形态或结构受很多因素的影响,如人种因素、地域因素、鼻尖旋转度、鼻尖突出度等,并且目前关于鼻部美学特征没有统一的量化标准,所以对于制定国际上公认的分型标准以用于指导临床治疗还需要更广泛和深入的研究。

基金资助

湖南省社会发展领域重点研发项目(2018SK2086)。

This work was supported by the Hunan Province Key Research and Development Project in Social Development Field, China (2018SK2086).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

晏权锭 文章构想、撰写、修订、图片绘制。王先成 文章构想、初稿的审阅、修改。邓毅文 图片绘制。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202201123.pdf

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