Abstract
目的
血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(cystatin C,Cys C)、血脂水平均与慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)的发生和发展有关,但对于CHF患者血脂水平与Cys C异常的相关性鲜有报道。本研究旨在探讨CHF患者血清Cys C水平与血脂水平的相关性,以期为CHF的临床诊断和治疗提供有价值的参考依据。
方法
选取2017年10月至2018年7月于陕西省人民医院心血管内科住院治疗的336例CHF患者。根据患者血清Cys C的水平,将其分为Cys C正常组(n=180)和Cys C异常组(n=156)。比较2组患者的一般资料、实验室指标及心脏超声检查结果,采用Pearson相关分析评估Cys C与血脂指标等的相关性,选取与Cys C相关的指标进行logistic回归分析。
结果
与Cys C正常组相比,Cys C异常组CHF患者的左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)较低(P<0.001),年龄较大(P=0.030),糖尿病发病率和吸烟指数较高(分别P=0.002和P=0.003),血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)和总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)水平较高(均P<0.001),而高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)、载脂蛋白(apolipoprotein,Apo)A和白蛋白(albumin,ALB)水平较低(分别P<0.001、P=0.001和P=0.003)。Pearson相关分析结果显示:血清Cys C水平与血小板计数、HDL、Apo A、ALB、LVEF呈线性负相关,与吸烟指数、平均血小板体积、中性粒细胞比例、BUN和TBIL呈线性正相关(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:HDL水平下降是CHF患者血清Cys C异常的危险因素(OR=0.119,P=0.003),而Apo A不是其异常的影响因素(P=0.337)。
结论
HDL可能是CHF患者血清Cys C异常唯一相关的血脂学指标。
Keywords: 慢性心力衰竭, 半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C, 高密度脂蛋白, 血脂, 载脂蛋白A
Abstract
Objective
Serum cystatin C (Cys C) and blood lipid levels are related to the occurrence and development of chronic heart failure (CHF). However, there are few reports on the correlation between blood lipid level and serum Cys C level in patients with CHF. The aim of this study is to explore the correlation between serum Cys C level and blood lipid level in patients with CHF, and to provide valuable reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of CHF.
Methods
A total of 336 CHF patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital from October 2017 to July 2018 were included and they were divided into a Cys C normal group (n=180) and a Cys C abnormal group (n=156) according to serum Cys C level of the patients. The general data, laboratory indicators, and cardiac ultrasound results were compared between the 2 groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to detect the correlation between serum Cys C level and blood lipid level and other factors, and the data related to Cys C were further analyzed by multivariate logistic regression.
Results
Compared with the Cys C normal group, patients in the Cys C abnormal group had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P<0.001), older age (P=0.030), higher incidence rate of diabetes and smoking index (P=0.002 and P=0.003, respectively). The levels of serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin (TBIL) were higher (all P<0.001), while the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein (Apo) A, and albumin (ALB) were lower (P<0.001, P=0.001, and P=0.003, respectively) in the Cys C abnormal group. Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum Cys C level was negatively correlated with platelet count, HDL, Apo A, ALB, and LVEF. It was positively correlated with smoking index, mean platelet volume, neutrophil ratio, BUN, and TBIL (all P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the decreased HDL level was a risk factor for the abnormality of serum Cys C in patients with CHF (OR=0.119, P=0.003), while Apo A was not a risk factor for its abnormality (P=0.337).
Conclusion
HDL might be the only blood lipid index associated with abnormal serum Cys C in patients with CHF.
Keywords: chronic heart failure, cystatin C, high density lipoprotein, blood lipid, apolipoprotein A
慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)是多种心血管疾病的终末阶段。据《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2021》[1],中国CHF患病率为2.7%,且整体预后较差。PARADIGM-HF研究[2]表明:即使优化药物治疗,射血分数降低的CHF患者2年病死率仍高达20%。半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(cystatin C,Cys C)参与心室重构的发生和发展,是心血管疾病发生的独立预测因子。研究[3-4]表明Cys C是评价CHF严重程度的重要指标。而陈莹等[5]研究指出,CHF患者血脂水平对疾病的严重程度及预后具有重要的指导意义。那么CHF患者血清Cys C水平与血脂水平是否相关?尚缺乏相关报道。因此本研究探讨血清Cys C与血脂水平之间的相关性,旨在为临床工作提供有价值的参考依据。
1. 对象与方法
1.1. 对象
回顾性分析2017年10月至2018年7月在陕西省人民医院心血管内科住院治疗的336例CHF患者。纳入标准:年龄≥18岁;符合《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南2014》[6]中CHF诊断标准;纽约心脏病协会(New York Heart Association,NYHA)心功能分级为 Ⅱ~Ⅳ级;既往心力衰竭病史≥3个月;同意参加本研究并签署知情同意书的患者。排除标准:晚期恶性肿瘤、严重肝肾功能不全、免疫系统疾病、血液系统疾病患者;有精神疾病家族史的患者;近3个月内有手术史、严重创伤史、服用降脂药及利尿剂等影响血脂药物的患者。
1.2. 分组
将Cys C水平>1.09 mg/L定义为Cys C异常,Cys C水平≤1.09 mg/L定义为正常[7]。根据纳入的336例CHF患者血清Cys C水平,将其分为Cys C正常组(n=180)和Cys C异常组(n=156)。
1.3. 指标的收集
选取患者的一般资料(性别、年龄、高血压和糖尿病既往病史、吸烟史、体重指数)、实验室指标[血常规、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、Cys C、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TAG)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)、载脂蛋白(apolipoprotein,Apo) A、Apo B、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)]及心脏超声检查指标[左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)]。
1.4. 统计学处理
采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计量资料以均数±标准差( ±s)表示,计数资料以例(%)表示。计量资料采用t检验及Mann-Whitney U检验比较组间差异,计数资料采用χ2检验比较组间差异,采用Pearson相关分析检测血清Cys C水平与血脂等因素的相关性,并进一步采用logistic多因素回归分析探究与血清Cys C水平独立相关的指标。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1. Cys C正常组与Cys C异常组各项指标的比较
与Cys C正常组相比,Cys C异常组CHF患者的LVEF较低(P<0.001),年龄较大(P=0.030),糖尿病发病率和吸烟指数较高(分别P=0.002和P=0.003);血小板计数较低(P=0.039),白细胞计数和中性粒细胞比例较高(分别P=0.001和P<0.001);SCr、BUN和TBIL水平较高(均P<0.001),而HDL、Apo A和ALB水平较低(分别P<0.001、P=0.001和P=0.003);其他指标2组间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,表1)。
表1.
Cys C正常组与Cys c异常组基线资料比较
Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between the Cys C normal group and the Cys C abnormal group
| 组别 | n | Cys C/(mg·L-1) | 年龄/岁 | 女/[例/(%)] | 高血压/[例(%)] | 糖尿病/[例(%)] | BMI/(kg·m-2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | <0.001 | 0.030 | 0.469 | 0.384 | 0.002 | 0.459 | |
| Cys C异常组 | 156 | 1.51±0.32 | 63.49±10.63 | 72(46.2) | 94(60.3) | 48(30.8) | 23.67±3.26 |
| Cys C正常组 | 180 | 0.92±0.13 | 61.31±10.74 | 76(42.2) | 100(55.6) | 30(16.7) | 24.03±3.31 |
| 组别 | 腰围/cm | 吸烟指数 |
红细胞计数/ (×1012·L-1) |
血红蛋白/ (g·L-1) |
血小板计数/ (×109·L-1) |
血小板 压积/% |
平均血小板 体积/fL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cys C异常组 | 84.52±9.15 | 110.45±192.73 | 4.24±0.68 | 132.34±20.15 | 177.24±47.11 | 0.18±0.05 | 10.43±1.33 |
| Cys C正常组 | 86.19±9.92 | 75.22±202.74 | 4.31±0.46 | 133.60±15.38 | 190.31±59.91 | 0.19±0.05 | 10.24±1.42 |
| P | 0.110 | 0.003 | 0.865 | 0.850 | 0.039 | 0.373 | 0.182 |
| 组别 |
血小板分布 宽度/fL |
白细胞计数/ (×109·L-1) |
中性粒细胞 比例/% |
BUN/ (mmol·L-1) |
SCr/ (μmol·L-1) |
TC/ (mmol·L-1) |
TAG/ (mmol·L-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cys C异常组 | 16.36±2.11 | 6.81±1.99 | 55.94±23.78 | 7.61±3.97 | 97.31±42.57 | 4.39±1.15 | 1.68±0.94 |
| Cys C正常组 | 16.25±2.24 | 6.57±4.50 | 44.11±30.08 | 5.16±1.44 | 66.32±17.42 | 4.33±1.07 | 1.60±1.11 |
| P | 0.328 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.908 | 0.185 |
| 组别 |
HDL/ (mmol·L-1) |
LDL/ (mmol·L-1) |
Apo A/ (g·L-1) |
Apo B/ (g·L-1) |
TBIL/ (μmol·L-1) |
白蛋白/ (g·L-1) |
LVEF/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cys C异常组 | 1.08±0.28 | 2.12±0.77 | 1.08±0.25 | 1.30±3.99 | 22.37±17.33 | 36.90±5.24 | 27.96±14.61 |
| Cys C正常组 | 1.26±0.33 | 2.05±0.70 | 1.19±0.24 | 0.78±0.22 | 14.95±7.03 | 38.82±5.07 | 36.19±8.74 |
| P | <0.001 | 0.433 | 0.001 | 0.056 | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
Cys C:半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C;BMI:体重指数;BUN:血尿素氮;SCr:血肌酐;TC:总胆固醇;TAG:三酰甘油;HDL:高密度脂蛋白;LDL:低密度脂蛋白;Apo:载脂蛋白;TBIL:总胆红素;LVEF:左室射血分数。
2.2. 各项指标与Cys C的相关性分析
Pearson相关分析结果显示:血清Cys C水平与血小板计数、HDL、Apo A、ALB、LVEF呈线性负相关;与吸烟指数、平均血小板体积、中性粒细胞比例、BUN、SCr和TBIL呈线性正相关(均 P<0.05,表2)。
表2.
Cys C水平与血脂学指标及其他相关因素的Pearson相关分析
Table 2 Pearson correlation analysis of Cys C level with blood lipid index and other related factors
| 因素 | r | P |
|---|---|---|
| 年龄 | 0.036 | 0.507 |
| BMI | -0.030 | 0.587 |
| 腰围 | -0.042 | 0.442 |
| 吸烟指数 | 0.138 | 0.011 |
| 红细胞计数 | -0.075 | 0.177 |
| 血红蛋白 | -0.105 | 0.058 |
| 血小板计数 | -0.116 | 0.036 |
| 血小板压积 | -0.036 | 0.521 |
| 平均血小板体积 | 0.116 | 0.037 |
| 血小板分布宽度 | 0.066 | 0.234 |
| 白细胞计数 | 0.056 | 0.312 |
| 中性粒细胞比例 | 0.222 | <0.001 |
| TC | -0.012 | 0.832 |
| TAG | 0.092 | 0.101 |
| HDL | -0.321 | <0.001 |
| LDL | 0.032 | 0.565 |
| Apo A | -0.285 | <0.001 |
| Apo B | 0.047 | 0.400 |
| BUN | 0.743 | <0.001 |
| SCr | 0.808 | <0.001 |
| TBIL | 0.196 | <0.001 |
| ALB | -0.305 | <0.001 |
| LVEF | -0.387 | <0.001 |
Cys C:半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C;BMI:体重指数;TC:总胆固醇;TAG:三酰甘油;HDL:高密度脂蛋白;LDL:低密度脂蛋白;Apo:载脂蛋白;BUN:血尿素氮;SCr:血肌酐;TBIL:总胆红素;ALB:白蛋白;LVEF:左室射血分数。
2.3. 多因素logistic回归分析
经过对糖尿病、吸烟指数、血小板计数、平均血小板体积、中性粒细胞比例、TBIL、ALB、LVEF的校正后,血脂指标Apo A不是CHF患者血清Cys C异常的影响因素(P=0.337,表3),而HDL水平下降是CHF患者血清Cys C异常的危险因素(OR=0.119,P=0.003;表4)。
表3.
CHF患者血清Cys C异常与Apo A等因素的logistic回归分析
Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of abnormal serum Cys C and Apo A in patients with CHF
| 影响因素 | OR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| 糖尿病 | 1.844 | 0.737~4.614 | 0.191 |
| 吸烟指数 | 1.002 | 1.000~1.004 | 0.051 |
| 血小板计数 | 1.003 | 0.997~1.010 | 0.334 |
| 平均血小板体积 | 1.197 | 0.866~1.653 | 0.276 |
| 中性粒细胞比例 | 0.968 | 0.934~1.004 | 0.079 |
| Apo A | 0.436 | 0.080~2.373 | 0.337 |
| TBIL | 1.097 | 1.032~1.167 | 0.003 |
| ALB | 0.845 | 0.770~0.928 | <0.001 |
| LVEF | 0.975 | 0.938~1.013 | 0.194 |
CHF:慢性心力衰竭;Cys C:半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C;Apo A:载脂蛋白A;TBIL:总胆红素;ALB:白蛋白;LVEF:左室射血分数。
表4.
CHF患者血清Cys C异常与HDL等因素的logistic回归分析
Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of abnormal serum Cys C and HDL in patients with CHF
| 影响因素 | OR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| 糖尿病 | 1.243 | 0.488~3.168 | 0.649 |
| 吸烟指数 | 1.002 | 1.000~1.004 | 0.089 |
| 血小板计数 | 1.003 | 0.996~1.010 | 0.361 |
| 平均血小板体积 | 1.155 | 0.830~0.592 | 0.402 |
| 中性粒细胞比例 | 0.973 | 0.937~1.010 | 0.146 |
| HDL | 0.119 | 0.029~0.492 | 0.003 |
| TBIL | 1.103 | 1.035~1.176 | 0.003 |
| ALB | 0.816 | 0.738~0.902 | <0.001 |
| LVEF | 0.981 | 0.944~1.020 | 0.341 |
CHF:慢性心力衰竭;Cys C:半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C;HDL:高密度脂蛋白;TBIL:总胆红素;ALB:白蛋白;LVEF:左室射血分数。
3. 讨 论
CHF是心血管疾病患者的主要致死原因,其5年生存率和恶性肿瘤接近[8]。早期诊断和有效干预对于改善CHF患者的生存质量,降低再住院率和病死率至关重要。
CHF是一个逐渐进展的过程,心室重构是其发生和发展的基础,心肌细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)合成与降解的失衡是心室重构发生的重要分子机制。半胱氨酸蛋白酶与其抑制酶之间的失衡影响ECM的合成和降解,Cys C是半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的一种,血清Cys C水平的异常升高可降低胶原蛋白降解,ECM蓄积,引发心室重构[9]。
Cys C、HDL均与CHF发生发展有关,但暂未见CHF患者HDL与Cys C异常的研究报道。本研究发现HDL是CHF患者血清Cys C异常升高相关的血脂学指标。血清Cys C水平异常升高与肝组织纤维化密切相关[10]。金属蛋白酶组织抑制物(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase,TIMP)和基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMPs)参与细胞外基质的降解和合成[11]。而Cys C作为半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,影响MMP和TIMP之间的平衡,参与细胞外胶原蛋白的形成过程,促进肝纤维化形成。肝纤维化发生后,肝脏的合成、代谢等功能受到影响,而HDL在肝脏合成,这可能是血清Cys C水平异常升高与HDL负相关的机制,但仍待进一步研究。本研究发现CHF患者血清Cys C水平与HDL水平呈负相关,与既往研究[10]结果一致,但具体机制尚未阐明。
炎症反应是CHF发生发展的重要病理生理机制之一,与其病情的严重程度和预后密切相关[12]。研究发现:Cys C可激活中性粒细胞产生TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6等炎症因子[13-14],这些炎症因子具有强有力的负向调节脂蛋白的作用,可能的机制是通过影响甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶活性,使肝细胞合成、分泌载脂蛋白减少[15],进一步影响HDL水平。HDL具有逆向转运胆固醇,调节内皮舒张因子,增加NO的生成,改善内皮功能等心血管的保护作用,HDL水平下降促进CHF的发生和发展[16]。
本研究还发现Apo A与Cys C异常无相关性。其原因可能是Apo A主要在肝脏和小肠合成,而HDL本身合成、降解均集于肝脏一体,Cys C通过多条途径减少HDL的合成,对HDL的影响明显,而Apo A还通过肝外途径合成,因此其水平的变化与Cys C异常的无相关性。而既往研究[17-18]提示TBIL及ALB水平亦与Cys C异常相关,本研究与既往研究结果一致。
综上所述,HDL可能是CHF患者血清Cys C异常唯一相关的血脂学指标,血清高水平Cys C及低水平HDL与CHF发生和发展密切相关,临床应密切监测CHF患者血清Cys C及HDL水平。
基金资助
陕西省创新人才推进计划青年科技新星项目(2020KJXX-086)。
This work was supported by the Innovative Talent Promotion Program Youth Science and Technology Nova Project of Shaanxi Province, China (2020KJXX-086).
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
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原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/20230134.pdf
参考文献
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