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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Jan 28;48(1):49–58. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220290

PD-1相关性暴发性1型糖尿病的临床与免疫特征

Clinical and immunological characteristics of PD-1 associated fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus

QIU Junlin 1,2, LUO Shuoming 1,, YIN Wenfeng 1, LI Xia 1, ZHOU Zhiguang 1
Editor: 田 朴
PMCID: PMC10930557  PMID: 36935177

Abstract

Objective

Programmed death 1 (PD-1) associated fulminant type 1 diabetes (PFD) is a rare acute and critical in internal medicine, and its clinical characteristics are still unclear. This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristics of PFD patients to improve clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 10 patients with PFD admitted to the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, combined with the data of 66 patients reported in the relevant literature, analyzed and summarized their clinical and immunological characteristics, and compared the patients with PFD with different islet autoantibody status.

Results

Combined with our hospital and literature data, a total of 76 patients with PFD were reported, with the age of (60.9±12.1) years old, 60.0% male and body mass index of (22.1±5.2) kg/m2. In 76 patients, the most common tumors were lung cancer (43.4%) and melanoma (22.4%). Among PD-1 inhibitors, the most common drugs are nivolumab (37.5%) and pembrolizumab (38.9%). 82.2% of PFD patients developed diabetes ketoacidosis. The median onset time from PD-1 related inhibitor treatment to hyperglycemia was 95 (36.0, 164.5) d, and the median treatment cycle before the onset of diabetes was 6 (2.3, 8.0) cycles. 26% (19/73) of PFD patients had positive islet autoantibodies, and the proportion of ketoacidosis in the positive group was significantly higher than that in the negative group (100.0% vs 75.0%, P<0.05). The onset time and infusion times of diabetes after PD-1 inhibitor treatment in the autoantibody positive group were significantly lower than those in the autoantibody negative group (28.5 d vs 120.0 d; 2 cycles vs 7 cycles, both P<0.001).

Conclusion

After initiation of tumor immunotherapy, it is necessary to be alert to the occurrence of adverse reactions of PFD, and the onset of PFD with islet autoantibody positive is faster and more serious than that of patients with autoantibodies negative. Detection of islet autoantibodies and blood glucose before and after treatment with PD-1 inhibitors is of great value for early warning and prediction of PFD.

Keywords: programmed death-1, type 1 diabetes, fulminant, immune checkpoint inhibitor


程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death ligand-1,PDL-1)抑制剂(统称PD-1相关性抑制剂)是目前最受瞩目的肿瘤免疫治疗药物之一。此类药物的研究和临床应用飞速发展,已获批在包括恶性黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、小细胞肺癌等多种肿瘤中应用。PD-1相关性抑制剂通过激活T细胞并促进免疫系统识别和攻击癌细胞,同时也激活自身免疫系统,导致机体一些正常细胞也受到免疫系统的攻击产生免疫相关不良反应。

随着PD-1抑制剂治疗在临床实践中的逐步应用,其安全性及相关不良反应的管理也越来越受关注。内分泌不良反应是最常见的不良反应之一,主要涉及垂体、甲状腺、胰腺、肾上腺等内分泌腺体,引起相应的内分泌功能紊乱[1]。暴发性1型糖尿病(fulminant type 1 diabetes,FT1D)也是PD-1相关性抑制剂导致的罕见不良反应[2-6]。FT1D发病急骤,常伴有意识障碍或胰酶升高,出现严重高血糖及代谢紊乱,近乎正常的糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)和极度低下的胰岛功能,临床上属于急危重症。接受PD-1相关性抑制剂治疗导致的FT1D简称PD-1相关性FT1D(PD-1 associated fulminant type 1 diabetes,PFD),病因相对明确,与既往报道的FT1D是否有差异尚不明确。本研究回顾性分析中南大学湘雅二医院(以下简称我院)就诊的10例PFD患者的临床资料,并结合相关文献报道的66例,分析总结其临床与免疫特征,以提升临床医师对该类患者的认识,为PD-1相关性抑制剂治疗提供个体化治疗监测策略。

1. 对象与方法

1.1. 对象

一共纳入76例PFD患者,其中66例来自文献报道,10例来自本院就诊的患者。在中文数据库(万方、知网)以“纳武单抗”“派姆单抗”“阿维鲁单抗”“德瓦鲁单抗”“卡瑞利珠单抗”“信迪利单抗”“PD-1”“PD-L1”“免疫检查点抑制剂”与“糖尿病”或“1型糖尿病”等关键词进行检索。在英文数据库PubMed中以“nivolumab”“pembrolizumab”“sintilimab”“toripalimab”“camrelizumab”“tremelimumab”“avelumab”“durvalumab”“PD-1”“PD-L1”“immune check point inhibitor”和“diabetes”或“type 1 diabetes”等关键词进行检索。最终纳入在2014年1月至2021年12月发表的56篇文章中的66个符合要求的PFD案例。所有PFD病例都符合FT1D的诊断标准:1)高血糖症状1周后出现糖尿病酮症酸中毒(diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA);2)患者首次就诊时血糖≥16.0 mol/L及HbA1c<8.7%;3)患者每天的尿C肽<10 μg,血清空腹C肽<0.3 ng/mL (<0.10 nmol/L),或餐后2 h血清C肽浓度<0.5 ng/mL(<0.17 nmol/L)[7]。排除标准:PD-1相关性抑制剂治疗前被诊断患有2型糖尿病以及不符合FT1D的诊断标准的患者。

1.2. 方法

收集患者的以下基本信息及临床数据:性别、年龄、体重指数、原发性肿瘤、既往史、家族史、糖尿病发生日期、高血糖症状、PD-1相关性抑制剂注射次数和药物类型,以及血浆葡萄糖、电解质、血气分析结果、HbA1c、胰岛自身抗体和人类白细胞抗原(human leucocyte antigen,HLA)II类等位检测结果。

1.3. 统计学处理

所有统计分析均使用SPSS 22.0软件进行。连续变量符合正态分布描述为均数±标准差( x¯ ±s),不符合正态分布的连续变量描述为中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)[M(P 25, P 75)]。组间的差异采用χ2 检验或者独立样本t检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 我院收集的10PFD患者的临床特点

表1所示,10例患者中男9例,女1例,年龄(58.3±10.8)岁,体重指数为(21.32±4.59) kg/m2。10例中肺癌5例,食管癌2例,胃癌、肾细胞癌、颊部恶性肿瘤各1例。其中患者均使用PD-1抑制剂。10例患者从接受免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)治疗开始至发现血糖升高时间的中位数为175.5(92.8, 505.5) d,糖尿病发病前接受ICI治疗的中位周期为8(4.5, 11.5)周期。该10例患者中,9例以DKA起病,1例患者以糖尿病酮症起病。患者的随机血糖(666.8±311.2) mg/dL,HbA1c为(7.84±0.52)%,血pH值为7.16±0.17。1例患者的谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody,GADA)阳性,其余9例患者胰岛自身抗体均阴性。10例患者的中位C肽水平为0.05(0.01, 0.10) μg/L。所有患者均得到成功救治,且依赖胰岛素治疗。

表1.

10例程序性死亡受体-1相关性暴发性1型糖尿病患者基本情况

Table 1 Basic information of 10 programmed death-1 patients related fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus

病例 发病年龄/岁 性别 肿瘤 治疗药物 疗程/周期 HbA1c/%
1 52 肺癌 信迪利单抗 4 8.2
2 66 肾癌 派姆单抗 5 7.24
3 64 肺癌 派姆单抗 13 6.7
4 47 食管癌 派姆单抗 10 8.3
5 52 胃癌 替雷珠单抗 16 8.21
6 56 肺癌 派姆单抗 8 8.09
7 67 肺癌 派姆单抗 8 8.1
8 73 食管癌 PD-1抑制剂 8.2
9 67 颊部恶性肿瘤 纳武单抗 1 7.6
10 39 肺癌 信迪利单抗 4 8.2

2.2. 我院及文献收集的76PFD患者基本临床特征

76例PFD患者中男性占比60.0%,男女比例3꞉2,年龄为(60.9±12.1)岁,体重指数为(22.1±5.2) kg/m2。患肿瘤最常见的是肺癌(43.4%)和黑色素瘤(22.4%)。引起PFD的药物包括PD-1抑制剂70例和PDL-1抑制剂6例,最常见的药物是纳武单抗(37.5%)和派姆单抗(38.9%)。PFD报告病例来自15个国家,包括法国、葡萄牙、奥地利、比利时、加拿大、意大利、挪威、美国、英国、希腊、爱尔兰、西班牙、日本、韩国和中国(表2)。从接受PD-1相关抑制剂治疗开始到发现血糖升高的中位发病时间为95(36.0,164.5) d,糖尿病发病前免疫治疗中位周期为6(2.3,8)周期。所有PFD患者都表现为严重高血糖症,血糖(642.8±248.4) mg/mL,胰岛功能很差,血清中位C肽水平为0.07 ng/mL,与血糖不匹配的低HbA1c,为(7.4±0.8)%,有82.2%的患者出现DKA。

表2.

66例程序性死亡受体-1相关性暴发性1型糖尿病患者基本情况

Table 2 Basic information of 66 programmed death-1 patients related fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus

序号 病例来源文献 发表年份 发病年龄/岁 性别 国家 肿瘤 治疗药物 疗程/周期 HbA1c/%
1 [2] 2015 55 美国 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 1 6.9
2 [2] 2015 83 美国 肺癌 纳武单抗 1 7.7
3 [3] 2015 44 法国 黑色素瘤 派姆单抗 2 6.8
4 [4] 2017 62 日本 肺癌 纳武单抗 4 6.5
5 [4] 2017 31 日本 肺癌 纳武单抗 1 6.4
6 [6] 2019 82 日本 肺癌 派姆单抗 16 6.1
7 [8] 2016 66 日本 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 6 7.3
8 [9] 2016 60 澳大利亚 黑色素瘤 派姆单抗 2 7.1
9 [10] 2017 72 日本 霍奇金淋巴瘤 纳武单抗 6 7.3
10 [11] 2016 68 韩国 肺癌 派姆单抗 7 7.9
11 [12] 2016 67 中国 肺癌 派姆单抗 3 8.0
12 [13] 2017 73 葡萄牙 肺癌 纳武单抗 2 7.2
13 [14] 2017 74 日本 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 6 8.0
14 [15] 2017 54 日本 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 16 7.0
15 [16] 2017 58 西班牙 黑色素瘤 派姆单抗 4 7.4
16 [17] 2017 34 美国 肺癌 纳武单抗 2 7.1
17 [18] 2017 76 美国 肺癌 派姆单抗 1 5.8
18 [19] 2017 66 美国 肺癌 派姆单抗 3 7.6
19 [20] 2018 68 日本 肾癌 纳武单抗 1 6.9
20 [21] 2018 63 日本 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 8 8.6
21 [22] 2018 41 法国 黑色素瘤 派姆单抗 19 6.8
22 [22] 2018 48 法国 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 22 6.4
23 [22] 2018 48 法国 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 42 7.6
序号 病例来源文献 发表年份 发病年龄/岁 性别 国家 肿瘤 治疗药物 疗程/周期 HbA1c/%
24 [23] 2018 50 加拿大 扁桃体癌 阿维鲁单抗 1 6.4
25 [24] 2018 53 中国 食管癌 PD-1抑制剂 5 8.3
26 [25] 2018 73 比利时 黑色素瘤 派姆单抗 2 7.1
27 [26] 2019 71 希腊 肺癌 纳武单抗 7.8
28 [27] 2019 52 日本 乳腺癌 纳武单抗 10 7.8
29 [28] 2019 77 日本 肾癌 纳武单抗 6 6.2
30 [29] 2019 81 日本 Merkel细胞癌 阿维鲁单抗 10 7.5
31 [30] 2019 75 日本 尿路上皮癌 派姆单抗 3 6.7
32 [31] 2019 61 日本 肺癌 派姆单抗 8 8.4
33 [32] 2019 42 意大利 肺癌 纳武单抗 4 6.0
34 [33] 2019 55 法国 肺癌 纳武单抗 9 8.2
35 [33] 2019 69 法国 肺癌 德瓦鲁单抗 13 7.4
36 [33] 2019 65 法国 黑色素瘤 派姆单抗 12 8.5
37 [33] 2019 65 法国 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 5 7.3
38 [34] 2019 65 挪威 肺癌 派姆单抗 2 8.4
39 [35] 2019 美国 派姆单抗 1 7.8
40 [36] 2019 47 美国 心脏血管肉瘤 派姆单抗 1 6.4
41 [37] 2019 52 爱尔兰 黑色素瘤 派姆单抗 7 8.3
42 [38] 2019 55 西班牙 膀胱癌 德瓦鲁单抗 1 8.4
43 [39] 2019 52 中国 肾癌 纳武单抗 6 8.2
44 [40] 2020 79 日本 肺癌 纳武单抗 1 6.1
45 [41] 2020 72 日本 肺癌 派姆单抗 5 8.1
46 [42] 2020 52 中国 肺癌 PD-1抑制剂 18 8.1
47 [43] 2020 28 中国 骨肉瘤 派姆单抗 5 6.1
48 [44] 2020 54 中国 结肠癌 特瑞普利单抗 5 8.0
49 [45] 2020 56 中国 肝癌 信迪利单抗 8 7.8
50 [46] 2020 55 中国 肝癌 PD-1抑制剂 7.6
51 [47] 2020 65 韩国 胆管癌 派姆单抗 7 5.8
52 [48] 2020 73 日本 肺癌 阿替利珠单抗 2 7.3
53 [49] 2020 68 英国 肺癌 派姆单抗 7.0
54 [50] 2020 67 美国 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 7.0
55 [51] 2021 51 美国 肺癌 派姆单抗 2 8.3
56 [52] 2021 87 加拿大 黑色素瘤 纳武单抗 3 8.5
57 [53] 2021 62 日本 肺癌 阿替利珠单抗 1 6.9
58 [54] 2021 59 中国 肺癌 信迪利单抗 5 7.4
59 [55] 2021 61 中国 乳腺癌 派姆单抗 7 8.4
60 [56] 2021 63 中国 肺癌 信迪利单抗 5 6.8
61 [57] 2021 68 中国 胃癌 卡瑞利珠单抗 6 8.0
62 [58] 2021 55 中国 肺癌 纳武单抗 6 7.1
63 [58] 2021 55 中国 食管癌 信迪利单抗 10 7.7
64 [58] 2021 64 中国 肺癌 纳武单抗 15 8.1
65 [59] 2021 65 中国 肺癌 信迪利单抗 7 6.8
66 [60] 2021 70 中国 胃癌 卡瑞利珠单抗 7.88

2.3. PFD患者免疫与遗传学特征

76例PFD患者中,有3例患者未检测胰岛自身抗体,在检测胰岛自身抗体的患者中,抗体阳性者占比26.0%(19/73),其中报道最多的是GADA阳性,占22.1%(15/68),其次是蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶自身抗体(protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein antibodies,IA-2A)阳性,占19.0%(8/42),胰岛素自身抗体(insulin autoantibodies,IAA)阳性(6.9%,2/29)及锌转运体8(Zinc transporter 8A,ZnT8A)自身抗体阳性(5.3%,1/19)。部分文献报道的PFD患者检测了HLA-II类等位基因。报道最多的HLA-DRB1等位基因为DRB1*0901(9/31,29.0%),其次是DRB1*0405(7/31,22.6%),DRB1*1201(4/31,12.9%)与DRB1*1101(4/31,12.9%)。报道最多的HLA-DQA1等位基因是DQA1*05(6/31,19.4%),其次是DQA1*03(7/31,22.6%)和DQA1*01(4/31,12.9%)。报道最多的HLA-DQB1等位基因为DQB1*0301(10/31,32.3%),其次是DQB1*0303(9/31,29.0%)和DQB1*0302(6/31,19.4%)。

2.4. 不同胰岛自身抗体状态PFD患者临床特征比较

将检测胰岛自身抗体的73例PFD患者分为抗体阳性与抗体阴性两组。抗体阳性组患者接受PD-1相关抑制剂治疗后到糖尿病发病的免疫治疗周期(2周vs7周)和发病天数(28.5 d vs 120 d)均显著少于抗体阴性组(均P<0.001);抗体阳性组发生DKA的比例显著高于抗体阴性组(P<0.05,表3)。

表3.

不同胰岛自身抗体状态PFD患者临床特征比较

Table 3 Comparison of clinical characteristics of PFD patients with different islet autoantibodies status

组别 n 起病年龄/岁 男性比例/% 体重指数(kg/m2) 发病时间* 免疫治疗周期*
P >0.05 0.026 >0.05 0.000 0.000
抗体阳性组 19 55.39±16.58 38.9 25.7±7.4 28.5(21.0, 40.3) 2(1, 4)
抗体阴性组 54 62.50±9.10 68.5 20.8±3.5 120.0(78.8, 187.5) 7(5, 10)
组别 DKA比例/% 起病血糖/(mg·dL-1) HbA1c/% 血pH值 HCO3- 空腹C肽*/(ng·mL-1)
抗体阳性组 100 659.6±263.0 7.1±0.8 7.16±0.14 10.22±3.62 0.1(0.03, 0.12)
抗体阴性组 75 625.9±243.6 7.5±0.7 7.18±0.17 12.26±7.54 0.06(0.01, 0.17)
P 0.016 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05

*中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)。发病时间:初次肿瘤药物治疗到糖尿病被诊治的时间。PFD:程序性死亡受体-1相关性暴发性1型糖尿病;DKA:糖尿病酮症酸中毒;HbA1c:糖化血红蛋白。

3. 讨 论

PD-1相关性抑制剂通过阻断PD-1与PDL-1和PDL-2的结合,解除免疫抑制效应,激活T细胞功能,增强T细胞对肿瘤的免疫监视能力和杀伤能力。抗PD-1在实现免疫治疗的同时,也带来了许多免疫相关不良反应。1型糖尿病是其罕见的内分泌系统不良反应。PD-1相关性1型糖尿病可表现为从急性发作的1型糖尿病到FT1D不等。我院收集了10例PFD患者发病呈现高血糖危象时,HbA1c与血糖不匹配,短时间出现胰岛功能被破坏,C肽水平低,因此如何预防和提前识别PFD患者是一个有待思考的问题。10例患者中,1例患者的GADA阳性,其余9例患者胰岛自身抗体均阴性,不同抗体状态的PFD临床特征是否存在区别尚不清楚。鉴于单中心很难回答这些问题,笔者尝试通过检索文献,纳入更多患者进行综合分析与研究。

本研究通过查阅文献显示全球已有15个国家报告了PFD患者,由于缺乏基础数据,无法估算发病率或患病率。但根据日本制药公司的安全数据库显示,接受纳武单抗治疗的患者PFD发生率为0.13%,接受派姆单抗治疗的患者PFD发生率为0.03%[61]。日本的全国性调查[61]发现22例PD-1相关的1型糖尿病患者,其中11名(50%)患有PFD。可见在接受肿瘤免疫治疗中,发生PFD的情况很低。与此前报道的FT1D多见于亚洲人而少见于高加索人不同,由于PD-1/PDL-1抑制剂的使用,在高加索人出现了较多的PFD患者。本研究中的病例,除了来自亚洲的日本、韩国、中国,来自其他国家如美国、英国、法国等也较多。本研究中82.2% PFD患者出现DKA,因此需要及时识别和治疗。

在本研究组病例中,最常见的肿瘤为肺癌与黑色素瘤,其他还包括乳腺癌、肾癌、尿路上皮癌、霍奇金淋巴瘤、食管癌、胆管癌、结肠癌、胃癌、肝癌、骨肉瘤、心脏血管肉瘤、扁桃体癌、Merkel细胞癌等。可见,PFD的发生跟PD-1相关性抑制剂治疗的肿瘤类型无明显相关性,任何肿瘤接受免疫治疗都可能发生PFD。在免疫治疗药物方面,除了常见的纳武单抗和派姆单抗可导致PFD外,其他抗PD-1如阿维鲁单抗、德瓦鲁单抗、特瑞普利单抗、信迪利单抗、卡瑞利珠单抗治疗也可发生PFD。

FT1D最初被认为是胰岛自身抗体阴性的一类特发性1型糖尿病。随着研究的深入,约有三分之一的FT1D患者存在胰岛自身抗体[62-63]。在本研究中,26.0%的PFD患者检测出胰岛自身抗体阳性,阳性比例最高的抗体是GADA(22.1%),其次是IA-2A(19.0%)。实际上,PD-1相关性1型糖尿病中胰岛自身抗体阳性检出率较常见。Clotman等[25]发现56%的免疫检查点相关性1型糖尿病患者胰岛自身抗体阳性,包括 GADA(最常见)及IA-2A、抗胰岛细胞抗体(islet cell autoantibody,ICA)、IAA和ZnT8A。De Filette等[64]研究的91名患者中,53%的患者至少有一种自身抗体呈阳性,阳性率最高的自身抗体是GADA(51%),其次是IAA(26%)、IA-2A(18 %)、ICA(13%)和ZnT8A(4%)。

PD-1相关性1型糖尿病抗体阳性患者与阴性患者的病情有显著差异。Clotman等[25]发现GADA阳性病例从启动免疫治疗到诊断1型糖尿病的中位时间间隔为5周,GADA阴性病例为9周。De Filette等[64]发现GADA阳性患者免疫治疗后出现糖尿病为3.1个中位药物周期,而GADA阴性患者为5.9个。研究[65]显示与抗体阴性的免疫检查点相关性1型糖尿病组相比,抗体阳性者发病更快,DKA发生率更高。本研究中发现类似情况,抗体阳性PFD组的PD-1相关性抑制剂治疗后到发现糖尿病的间隔天数和中位免疫治疗周期显著少于抗体阴性组,且DKA比例显著高于抗体阴性组,提示胰岛自身抗体阳性的PFD患者发病更快,病情更重。因此,在接受抗PD-1/PDL-1治疗的患者中,应评估是否存在胰岛自身抗体,尤其是GADA。

HLA-II类基因是1型糖尿病最重要的遗传易感基因,FT1D也存在相关的HLA易感基因。日本一项研究[66]表明:FT1D患者的HLA-DR4频率显著高于正常对照组。本研究中,虽然HLA-DR4患者的比例较低,但它仍然是常见的单倍型。文献报道最多的PFD等位基因是DRB1*0901DQB1*0301DQA1*05。由于只有部分PFD患者进行了HLA分型,样本量有限,且具有不同的种族差异性,目前尚不明确PFD患者与经典1型糖尿病患者遗传易感基因是否有显著差异,携带高危1型糖尿病HLA易感基因者与非携带者发病是否有差异也未知,未来有必要开展多中心联合调查,进一步评估HLA基因与PFD的关联及其对PFD发病的影响。

高危人群的识别是管理PFD患者的关键步骤。接受PD-1相关性抑制剂治疗的肿瘤患者,需格外关注高血糖与DKA的发生,加强血糖监测,警惕发生PFD。由于大多数患者在首次使用抗PD-1治疗后的7个月内出现PFD,因此在这7个月期间应仔细监测血糖水平。日本糖尿病协会建议接受免疫检查点治疗的患者应在每次就诊时检查血糖水平(每2至3周)。美国临床肿瘤学会建议在免疫治疗诱导期的每个疗程中测量血糖水平,持续12周,在免疫治疗后每3至6周测量1次[67]。根据本研究结果及目前已有的认识,笔者建议:1)在PD-1相关性抑制剂治疗前或治疗期间应检测最常见的糖尿病胰岛自身抗体GADA、HbA1c和血糖。2)免疫治疗期间应每周监测血糖。如果GADA抗体呈阳性,增加检测频率;如果患者出现高血糖症状,立即检测血糖。3)PD-1相关性抑制剂治疗前,医生应告知患者发生PFD的可能性及相应的应对措施。4)由于PFD患者发生胰岛β细胞功能快速衰竭且不可逆,首选治疗方案是胰岛素强化治疗且是终身性的,加强自我血糖监测及健康教育,并定期糖尿病专科门诊随诊。

总之,PFD需要引起内分泌科及肿瘤科医师的高度关注,加强血糖监测,及早发现PFD高危患者及胰岛自身抗体阳性患者对早期干预治疗具有重要的价值。由于PFD罕见,有必要在全国各地开展多中心临床调查及相关研究以揭示及制订更具针对性的防治策略。

基金资助

湖南省卫生健康委重点资助项目(202103060904)。

This work was supported by the Key Projects of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China (202103060904).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

邱俊霖 数据采集与分析,论文撰写与修改;罗说明 论文设计、指导及修改;殷文凤、李霞、周智广 论文指导。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/20230149.pdf

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