Abstract
目的
17q12微缺失综合征是17号染色体长臂1区2带区域缺失1.4~1.8 Mb引起的一类综合征,主要临床特征为肾和尿道的结构或功能异常、5型糖尿病、神经发育异常及神经精神疾病。表型的多样性限制了临床的识别和诊断,目前对该微缺失表型的描述多是关于出生后的,并且因17q12微缺失本身的罕见性,对产前17q12微缺失表型的研究是有限的。本研究通过分析胎儿染色体17q12微缺失综合征的产前超声特征,探讨其产前超声表型与遗传学的相关性,为临床遗传咨询提供依据。
方法
回顾性分析因产前超声异常在中南大学湘雅医院行基因组拷贝数变异测序(copy number variation sequencing,CNV-Seq)检测的3 320例孕妇及胎儿资料,分析被诊断为染色体17q12微缺失综合征胎儿及其母亲的临床资料,包括孕妇年龄、胎儿超声检查结果、羊水穿刺的孕周、CNV-Seq检测结果和妊娠结局,并对胎儿的父母进行CNV-Seq检测以明确变异来源;分析胎儿的产前超声特征和CNV-Seq检测结果,并进行追踪随访。
结果
3 320例胎儿中有12例(0.36%)被检测出存在染色体17q12微缺失,均表现为肾异常,占所有产前超声提示肾异常胎儿的4.2%(12/288),占产前超声提示肾异常且CNV-Seq结果为致病性染色体异常胎儿的48% (12/25)。12例17q12微缺失综合征胎儿缺失片段为1.4~1.7 Mb,其区域均涉及HNF1B基因,其中9例为新发突变,2例遗传自母亲,1例遗传自父亲。在12例17q12微缺失综合征的胎儿中,11例产前超声提示双肾回声增强,1例仅有肾囊肿;3例合并肾增大,1例合并足内翻,1例合并室管膜下囊肿。12例胎儿中获得11例胎儿的妊娠结局,其中9例新发突变的胎儿父母选择终止妊娠,2例遗传自母亲的胎儿出生后肾回声增强持续存在,肾功能正常。
结论
胎儿肾回声增强与染色体17q12微缺失有着高度的相关性,对肾回声增强的胎儿有必要进行染色体拷贝数检测。
Keywords: 高回声肾, 肾增大, 17q12微缺失, 拷贝数变异, 超声, 染色体异常
Abstract
Objective
The 17q12 microdeletion syndrome is a type of syndrome caused by a deletion of 1.4 to 1.8 Mb in the 17q12 region of the chromosome. The main clinical features of the syndrome are structural or functional abnormalities in the kidney and urethra, type 5 diabetes, and neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders. The diverse range of phenotypes associated with 17q12 microdeletion limited clinical recognition and diagnosis. In addition, the phenotypic description of this microdeletion is mainly about postpartum. Due to the rarity of the 17q12 microdeletion itself, studies on the prenatal phenotype of the 17q12 microdeletion are limited. This study aims to analyze the prenatal ultrasound features of 17q12 microdeletion, and to investigate the possibility of genotype-phenotype relationship for providing evidence for genetic counseling in such pregnancies.
Methods
A total of 3 320 pregnant women and their fetuses were collected for the detection of chromosome copy number variation sequencing (CNV-Seq) due to different ultrasound anomalies in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The clinical data of pregnant women and their fetuses who were found to harbor 17q12 microdeletion were reviewed, including maternal age, fetus ultrasound findings, gestational week of the invasive procedure, CNV-Seq results, and the pregnancy outcome. CNV-Seq was tested in the parents to verify whether the abnormality was de novo or inherited. The prenatal ultrasound features and CNV-Seq test results of these 12 fetuses were analyzed and their pregnancy outcomes were followed up.
Results
Approximately 0.36% (12/3 320) of fetuses were detected to have 17q12 microdeletion, all characterized as renal abnormalities, accounting for 4.2% (12/288) of all prenatal ultrasound with renal abnormalities, accounting for 48% (12/25) of prenatal ultrasound with renal abnormalities and pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities. The sizes of 17q12 deletion ranged from 1.4 to 1.7 Mb, and all of them included the HNF1B gene. Nine cases were de novo, 2 inherited from the mother, and 1 inherited from father. Among 12 fetuses with 17q12 deletion, 11 cases of prenatal ultrasound suggested bilateral hyperechogenic kidneys and 1 case only showed renal cyst, in which 3 fetuses with enlarged kidneys, 1 with clubfeet, and 1 with subependymal cyst. Pregnancy outcomes were available for 11 of the 12 fetuses. Of them, the parents of 9 fetuses with de novo deletion chose to terminate the pregnancy, and 2 live birth babies inherited from their mother with normal renal function had persistent renal echogenicity enhancement after birth.
Conclusion
Bilateral hyperechogenic kidneys show strikingly correlation with 17q12 microdeletion, suggesting the necessity of chromosome copy numbers detection for fetuses with hyperechogenic kidneys.
Keywords: hyperechogenic kidneys, enlarged kidneys, 17q12 microdeletion, copy number variations, ultrasound, chromosomal abnormality
17q12微缺失综合征是指由人类17号染色体长臂1区2带区域缺失1.4~1.8 Mb而引起的一类综合征[1]。17q12微缺失可导致多种临床表型,包括肾和尿道发育异常(多囊肾、肾功能不全)、5型糖尿病[2]、神经发育异常及神经精神疾病[3-4]。17q12微缺失综合征胎儿出生后的表型已得到很好的描述,但是许多致病性拷贝数变异(copy number variation,CNV)的病例选择终止妊娠,因此很难全面评估产前与产后表型之间的相关性。随着基因组CNV检测的广泛应用,使得越来越多的致病性CNV在产前被诊断,从而实现对可能出现的问题进行早期评估和临床管理。17q12微缺失相关的表型多样化限制了临床工作中对其产前特征的鉴定。为了进一步明确17q12微缺失的产前特征,为产前遗传咨询提供更有说服力的数据,本研究通过分析12例产前诊断为17q12微缺失综合征胎儿的产前超声特点,探讨其产前表型与遗传学关系。
1. 对象与方法
1.1. 对象
纳入2016年1月至2021年11月(修稿时更新数据)因产前超声异常在中南大学湘雅医院进行基因组CNV测序(CNV sequencing,CNV-Seq)检测的孕妇3 320例,孕妇年龄(29±2)岁,行CNV-Seq检测时的孕周为24±4。收集其临床资料,包括孕妇年龄、胎儿超声检查结果、羊水穿刺的孕周,以及CNV-Seq检测结果和妊娠结局。研究通过中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会的批准(审批号:2018010835)。所有孕妇签署书面知情同意书。
1.2. 样本采集
从羊水、脐带血或引产胎儿皮肤中提取DNA进行CNV-Seq检测。对于具有17q12微缺失的胎儿的父母进行CNV-Seq检测,以确定该缺失是遗传自父母还是新发突变。
1.3. CNV-Seq检测方法
使用DNeasy血液和组织试剂盒(德国Qiagen公司产品)提取基因组DNA。用Qubit 2.0荧光计测定基因组DNA的浓度和纯度。采用HiSeq 2000平台(美国Illumina公司)进行CNV-Seq检测,36 bp单端测序,测序深度为0.1x,共获得500万条原始测序读长,其检测CNV的分辨率约为100 kb。
1.4. CNV-Seq结果分析
依照美国医学遗传学学会(American College of Medical Genetics,ACMG)的标准和指南,并参考DECIPHER、DGV、ISCA、Clingen、GeneReviews及在线人类孟德尔遗传(Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,OMIM)等数据库进行分析,将结果分为3类:致病性、良性、临床意义不明确。
2. 结 果
在行CNV-Seq检测的3 320例胎儿中,有12例(0.36%)被诊断为17q12微缺失综合征。3 320例胎儿中,产前超声提示有肾发育异常者288例(8.7%),包括12例17q12微缺失综合征胎儿,占4.2%(12/288)。288例产前超声提示肾发育异常的胎儿中,25例(8.7%)有致病性染色体异常,包括7例染色体非整倍体和18例拷贝数异常。18例拷贝数异常胎儿中,12例为17q12微缺失,占有致病性染色体异常的48%(12/25)。12例17q12微缺失综合征胎儿的缺失片段大小为1.4~1.7 Mb,都包含HNF1B基因,9例为新发突变,2例遗传自母亲,1例遗传自父亲(表1)。在12例17q12微缺失综合征病例中,11例发现双侧肾回声增强(图1),1例仅有肾囊肿,其中3例合并肾增大,1例合并足内翻,1例合并室管膜下囊肿。12例胎儿中获得11例(91.7%)胎儿的妊娠结局,其中9例新发突变的胎儿父母选择终止妊娠,2例遗传自母亲的胎儿出生后肾回声增强持续存在,但肾功能正常,其母亲表型均正常,泌尿系统超声检查、肾功能及神经系统认知功能均未见明显异常。
表1.
12例17q12微缺失综合征胎儿的产前超声特征及CNV-Seq检测结果
Table 1 Prenatal sonographic features and CNV-Seq results of 12 fetuses with 17q12 microdeletion syndrome
| 病例 | 孕周 | 产前超声表现 | CNV-Seq检测结果 | 亲代验证结果 | 妊娠结局 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 33 | 双肾回声增强,双肾增大 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 遗传自母亲 | 活产 |
| 2 | 28 | 双肾回声增强,左肾囊肿 | 17q12缺失,1.7 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
| 3 | 24 | 双肾回声增强,双肾增大,羊水过多 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
| 4 | 31 | 双肾回声增强,右侧足内翻 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
| 5 | 24 | 双肾回声增强,羊水少 | 17q12缺失,1.5 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
| 6 | 31 | 双肾回声增强,右肾囊肿 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 遗传自母亲 | 活产 |
| 7 | 25 | 双肾回声增强,双肾增大 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
| 8 | 27 | 双肾回声增强 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 遗传自父亲 | 失访 |
| 病例 | 孕周 | 产前超声表现 | CNV-Seq检测结果 | 亲代验证结果 | 妊娠结局 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | 31 | 双肾回声增强,双侧室管膜下囊肿 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
| 10 | 23 | 左肾囊肿 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
| 11 | 25 | 双肾回声增强 | 17q12缺失,1.5 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
| 12 | 26 | 双肾回声增强,羊水多 | 17q12缺失,1.4 Mb | 新发突变 | 终止妊娠 |
图1.
产前超声显示胎儿双侧肾回声增强
Figure 1 Prenatal sonographic images of the fetal kidneys demonstrating hyperechogenic parenchyma
A and B: Transverse (A) and coronal (B) section sonograms of case 1; C and D: Transverse (C) and longitudinal (D) section sonograms of case 2.
3. 讨 论
22q11微缺失和17q12微缺失是胎儿超声异常行CNV-Seq检查中最常见的致病性CNV,其中17q12微缺失是第二常见的致病性CNV[5-6]。本研究中12例(0.36%)胎儿在产前被诊断为17q12微缺失综合征,均存在肾发育异常,是产前超声提示肾异常的胎儿中最常见的CNV。Jing等[7]报道11例17q12微缺失胎儿均具有肾高回声的超声表现,其中2例还伴随肾增大。张琳琳等[8]报道88%(25例)的17q12微缺失胎儿产前超声出现肾回声增强,但肾大小无明显改变。本研究发现12例17q12微缺失综合征胎儿中11例超声提示双侧肾回声增强,其中3例合并肾增大,表明17q12微缺失与肾回声增强之间存在密切关联,而与肾大小之间的相关性尚不确定。
HNF1B突变是产前正常大小的高回声肾的主要原因,其主要与肾小球囊性扩张有关,HNF1B突变患者伴或不伴肾小管纤维化的不典型增生[9-10]。在超声检查中,孕早期胎儿肾皮质常常表现为高回声,且与肺回声接近,孕中期之后,肾皮质回声逐渐降低,接近肝回声,因此,若在孕早期超声检查提示有肾高回声需谨慎。有研究[11]认为在妊娠第20周后即可通过超声检查较为清晰准确地提示胎儿肾高回声,此时可以考虑进行侵入性产前检查,如羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺,选择进行染色体核型分析、染色体微阵列分析或者基因检查。本研究中所有病例都是在孕22周以后行胎儿系统超声检查时被诊断出肾发育异常,这与国内常规胎儿超声系统筛查的孕周(22周以后)有关。对于肾回声增强而CNV-Seq检查结果正常的胎儿,应考虑行HNF1B基因的靶向测序,这对产前咨询具有重要意义。17q12微缺失涉及的另一个关键基因——LHX1基因,是已知对大脑的正常发育和功能至关重要的基因[12],有少部分染色体17q12微缺失综合征患儿患自闭症和精神分裂症[13-14],而产前缺乏对胎儿神经精神发育的有效评估,因此,与17q12缺失相关的神经精神缺陷是产前咨询的一大难题。
研究[15]显示:大约30%的染色体17q12微缺失综合征遗传自父母,70%为新发突变。本研究结果与此一致:本组12例染色体17q12微缺失综合征胎儿中,9例为新发突变,3例遗传自父母。2例遗传自表型正常母亲的胎儿顺利出生,后期需要长期的随访。17q12微缺失综合征的表型差异性大,且存在不完全外显率,检测胎儿父母的表型和父母是否携带同样的染色体片段,有助于对胎儿出生后的表型进行初步预测,帮助胎儿的父母作出合适的妊娠决策。
综上所述,3 320例胎儿中有12例(0.36%)被诊断为17q12微缺失综合征,该综合征胎儿的产前超声和遗传表型结果提示:双侧肾回声增强与17q12微缺失综合征具有显著的相关性。应加强对具有肾脏回声增强胎儿的有创产前检查。对于CNV-Seq结果正常的肾回声增强的胎儿,应考虑行HNF1B基因的靶向测序,为遗传咨询提供证据。
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2021121370.pdf
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