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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2021 Dec 28;46(12):1380–1385. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200660

超声心动图在经胸壁穿刺治疗先天性心脏病术后残余室间隔缺损中的应用价值

Application value of echocardiography in transthoracic punctural closure of postoperative residual ventricular septal defect of congenital heart disease

HU Shijun 1,2, WU Qin 1, JIN Wancun 1, ZHAO Tianli 1, YOU Hong 1,
Editor: 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10930574  PMID: 35232908

Abstract

Objective

Residual ventricular septal defect (VSD) after congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the major postoperative complications in cardiac surgery. At present, the commonly used clinical treatment methods for this complication are reoperation to redo surgical repair with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and percutaneous transcatheter device closure, but these 2 methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Transthoracic punctural closure of residual VSD is a feasible, safe, and novel technique for patients with residual VSD, which avoids not only the risk of difficulties in reoperation under another CPB due to thoracic adhesion, but also the risk of radiation exposure. Moreover, the operation is easier to handle due to short and direct operation path. This study aims to explore the role and value of echocardiography in transthoracic punctural closure of postoperative residual VSD of CHD.

Methods

A total of 25 patients, who were admitted in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and accepted transthoracic punctural closure of postoperative residual VSD, were collected. The morphology of the residual VSD and the distance from tricuspid valve and aortic valve were assessed by trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) preoperatively, and the location of the punctural point and the direction of puncture were determined. The establishment of delivery track and releasing of occluder device were accurately guided by TEE intraoperatively. The position and morphology of the occluder device, residual shunt, aortic regurgitaion, and outflow obstruction were required close attention in immediately postoperative evaluation. If any dislocation or residual shunt was found, adjustments were needed immediately. Follow-ups were performed at 3-5 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after operation. Occluder location, residual shunt, valvular function, and other complications were observed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to assess the effect of the closure by occluder. Ventricular size and cardiac function were determined to evaluate the state of ventricular remodeling. In addition, cardiac rhythm was monitored by ECG periodically.

Results

Of the 25 patients underwent transthoracic punctural closure of postoperative residual VSD, except 1 double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and 1 tetralogy of fallot (TOF) postoperative patients failured and immediately received a thoracotomy surgery with CPB due to excessive size of residual defect and the irregular morphology, the rest 23 patients were successfully closed by the occluders (92.0%). Among the 23 occluders (diameters range from 5 mm to 10 mm), membrane symmetrical VSD occluders were applied to 17 cases, small-waist-large-edge VSD occluder was applied to 1 case, and eccentric VSD occluders were applied to 5 cases. TEE, applied immediately after occlusion, showed the satisfactory position and the shaping of the occluders. There were no residual shunts, no cardiac tamponade, no thrombosis and outflow obstruction. Two patients had small amounts of pericardial effusion. No newly emerging valve reflux was observed. After 3-48 months of observation, there was no device displacement, newly emerging valve reflux, and residual shunt. One case had incomplete right bundle branch block.

Conclusion

Guided by TEE, transthoracic punctural closure of postoperative residual ventricular septal defect of CHD is safe and effective. This procedure has broadened the indications for the minimally invasive treatment of CHD and improved the technical system of the minimally invasive treatment of CHD. TEE which can provide accurate diagnosis and guide the whole process plays a decisive role in this operation technique.

Keywords: trans-esophageal echocardiography, transthoracic punctural closure, residual ventricular septal defect, minimally invasion


手术治疗单纯室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defects,VSD)或合并VSD的先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease,CHD)术后残余VSD的发生率一般为1%~10%,较高者甚至可达25%[1],其发生可能与术中暴露不足、缝线破裂、细菌性心内膜炎等有关[2-3]。体外循环下直视修补手术仍是目前治疗术后残余VSD的主要方法。然而,因此类患者胸腔粘连,再次开胸手术难度大,术中需非常小心以避免发生大出血。虽然数字减影血管造影(digital substraction angiography,DSA)下经皮导管治疗残余VSD已被认为是一种可靠且有效的治疗方式[4-5],但其手术路径远且复杂,无应急体外循环保驾,存在放射线辐射、瓣膜和/或血管损伤等风险,部分患者不能接受。经食管超声心动图检查(trans-esophageal echocardiography,TEE)引导下的经胸壁穿刺VSD封堵手术对机体入侵较少,无辐射暴露,且不需要建立动脉通路和体外循环支持。本研究总结25例TEE引导下的经胸壁穿刺VSD封堵手术成功治疗CHD术后残余VSD患者的临床资料,旨在探讨超声心动图在这一创新的手术方式中发挥的重要作用。

1. 对象与方法

1.1. 对象

收集2016年1月至2021年1月(修稿时更新数据)在中南大学湘雅二医院心血管外科(以下简称为我科)住院并接受经TEE引导下的经胸壁穿刺VSD封堵手术的25例患者,其中男17例,女8例,年龄4~33(14.72±8.63)岁,体重14~69(39.43±18.30) kg。17例为VSD修补术后残余漏,5例为法洛四联症(tetralogy of fallot,TOF)术后残余VSD,3例为右室双出口(double outlet right ventricle,DORV)术后残余VSD。封堵手术治疗距离外科手术时间为8~348个月。本研究符合人体试验伦理学标准,得到中南大学湘雅二医院医学伦理委员会的批准(审批号:k054),患者在术前签署书面知情同意书。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 仪器

使用GE Vivid E9超声诊断仪,配备6T和9T经食管探头,频率3.5~10.0 MHz的经胸探头。

1.2.2. 术前筛选

术前行常规经胸超声心动图检查(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE),检查主要包括左室长轴、大动脉短轴、心尖四腔心切面、心尖五腔心切面探查,重点观察残余VSD的位置、大小、形态,VSD与三尖瓣、主动脉瓣的距离。采用彩色多普勒超声检查(color Doppler ultrasonography,CDS)观察残余VSD的分流方向及是否合并瓣膜反流,以评估患者的手术指征。

1.2.3. 术中监测

所有封堵器及输送管鞘均由上海形状记忆公司提供。所有操作均在手术室进行,予患者全身麻醉插管后建立2条静脉通路和1条动脉通路,必要时可及时行开胸手术。根据患者体重置入合适型号的食管探头,观察并再次评估残余VSD的位置、大小、形状、分流方向及其与周围组织的关系(图1)。结合TEE的图像定位在患者心前区(常规在胸骨左缘)选择合适的穿刺点,定位扫查时,尽量使残余VSD的位置及分流位于扇面的左右中分线上,以此确定探头表面的中点即为穿刺点,探头的长轴方向即为穿刺针的方向。用常规方法消毒皮肤,用18 G套管针穿刺后将导丝通过套管针送入右心室,TEE追踪导丝尖端(图2)。引导导丝逐渐收回或推进通过残余VSD进入左心室(图3),取出套管针。利用扩张器将输送鞘顺着导丝送入左心室后撤除导丝,确保鞘的头端留在左心室腔内。选择大小合适的封堵器安装在输送钢缆的头端,并经输送鞘送至顶端。在TEE引导下,于左心室腔内打开封堵器左侧伞盘后将装置轻轻回拉,当封堵器左侧伞盘紧贴室间隔时打开右侧伞盘。经TEE全面评估封堵伞的位置、形态、有无残余分流、有无主动脉瓣反流及流出道梗阻等情况,若发现封堵器释放位置不满意或存在残留的分流立即进行调整。如无明显并发症可在TEE监测下撤除钢缆,释放封堵器,压迫穿刺部位以止血。随后仍需行TEE多切面扫查以确保无残留分流、瓣膜反流及心包积液等(图4)。

图1.

图1

TEE下测量残余VSD大小

Figure 1 Residual VSD measured under TEE

图2.

图2

经胸骨左缘第4肋间穿刺

Figure 2 Punction was performed in the 4th intercostal space on the left margin of sternum

图3.

图3

TEE引导下导丝经残余VSD进入左室

Figure 3 Under TEE guidance, the guidewire was advanced through the residual VSD into the left ventricle

图4.

图4

封堵后采用TEE评估手术效果

Figure 4 TEE was performed to evaluate the results of operation

1.2.4. 术后随访

在术后3~5 d、1个月、3个月、6个月及1年通过复查TTE观察封堵器有无移位、心室水平有无残余分流、瓣膜关闭情况以及有无其他并发症来评价手术效果;通过心室大小及心功能评价心室重构情况;通过复查心电图了解患者是否发生心律失常。

1.3. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 23.0进行数据处理,计量资料采用均数±标准差( x¯ ±s)描述。

2. 结 果

在25例接受TEE引导下的经胸壁穿刺VSD封堵手术治疗的患者中,除1例DORV和1例TOF术后残余VSD患者因缺损直径过大且形态不规则,多次尝试后仍有残余分流,改开胸体外循环下直视修补手术外,余23例(92.0%)均封堵成功。术中经TEE测得残余VSD直径为(4.56±1.61) mm。所有患者右心室面分流均为1股,无中度及以上肺动脉高压者。23例封堵成功的患者在心脏非停跳下进行手术,术中生命体征平稳,几乎无失血,术后无需留置引流管,胸壁仅留下“米粒”大小的穿刺孔。共使用23个封堵器(直径5~10 mm)。其中17例选用膜部对称型VSD封堵器,1例选用小腰大边型VSD封堵器,5例选用偏心型VSD封堵器。封堵治疗后即刻行TEE,结果显示封堵器位置正常,塑性好,无残余分流,无心包填塞,无血栓形成或流出道梗阻,2例患者有少量心包积液。所有患者无新发瓣膜反流,1例合并三尖瓣中度反流患者术后反流明显减轻,在后期随访中反流仍为轻度,术中无不良事件发生。23例患者随访3~48个月,均无明显临床症状,无新发瓣膜反流,未见封堵器移位、脱落或血栓形成等。ECG显示1例在随访中发生不完全性右束支传导阻滞(incomplete right bundle branch block,IRBBB),后续随访中无改变。

3. 讨 论

CHD术后残余VSD是心脏手术的主要并发症之一。尽管小的残余缺损(宽度1~3 mm,流速<3.0 m/s)大多无症状,但持续左向右分流可能导致左心室容量负荷和肺动脉压力增加,患者发生感染性心内膜炎的风险增加,故需二次手术治疗[3]。开胸体外循环下直视修补术为当前治疗残余VSD的主要手段,但由于患者心包及周围组织粘连严重,二次开胸手术极为困难。超声引导下经胸壁穿刺封堵技术是我们团队在国际上率先提出的CHD微创治疗方法[4],源于对再次心脏手术微创治疗的思考。由于心脏手术后心包腔粘连,因此经胸壁穿刺一般不会发生心包填塞,这为实施微创治疗提供了安全保障。

残余VSD的微创封堵手术对设备的可视化以及安全性和有效性要求较高。虽然心导管具有可视化和跟踪性能,且经皮导管封堵CHD术后残余VSD已取得满意疗效[5-6],但是心导管无法显示心内结构且患者尤其是对辐射较敏感的患儿有辐射暴露的风险。此外,经皮心导管封堵术也存在心律失常、瓣膜损伤、血管并发症、过敏反应等风险,部分患者无法接受。然而,TEE可以提供精确的诊断和全程引导,能更好地显示心内解剖结构,特别是评估残余VSD与三尖瓣、主动脉瓣及邻近结构之间的解剖关系。在手术过程中,TEE可显示封堵器置入的全过程,有效避免瓣膜损伤,并可以通过调节探头的角度和深度,对心脏进行全方位的扫查。因此,在心脏手术中,TEE已被认为是一种标准且成熟的可视化辅助技术。心室壁表面出血引起心脏压塞是这一手术方式的主要风险之一。然而,由于二次手术患者普遍存在广泛的心包组织粘连,右心室表面穿刺点较小且右心室压力小,加之操作人员穿刺精确,术中右心室表面的出血主要通过胸壁穿刺点流出,对穿刺部位进行压迫即可止血。因此,这种新技术发生心脏压塞的可能性比较小。

瓣膜反流是VSD封堵术后常见的并发症。在本研究中,患者封堵后均无新发瓣膜反流,1例TOF根治术后残余VSD患者封堵前存在中度三尖瓣反流,超声心动图显示三尖瓣反流主要是由于穿过残余VSD的分流被三尖瓣组织阻隔所引起的,封堵术后三尖瓣反流明显减轻,后期随访中三尖瓣反流一直为轻度。房室传导阻滞(atrioventricular block,AVB)也是VSD封堵治疗的常见并发症,发生率为0~6.4%,发生机制可能与封堵器直接或间接压迫传导束有关[7]。CHD术后残余VSD封堵治疗同样存在这一问题,但目前尚无有关此部分患者AVB发生率的文献报道。在本研究中除1例发生了IRBBB外,其余患者术后即刻及后期随访过程中均未见AVB的发生。但本研究样本量较小,对其中远期情况尚无法得出确切结论。手术前全面的评估、手术中细致的操作、选择合适的封堵器可以减少并发症的发生,但术后仍需长期随访观察是否发生AVB尤其是晚发的AVB。

该手术方式的必备条件和技术难度包括:1)残余VSD封堵治疗时间一般选择在CHD术后6个月以上,因在CHD术后早期,如果残余漏口缝线不牢固,过早封堵治疗有可能扩大漏口,导致封堵器脱落或移位。本研究中的25例患者选择微创封堵治疗时距离CHD手术8~348个月,且术前经TTE严格筛选病例,把握手术指征。2)该手术方式对残余VSD位置无特殊要求,但一般选择分流方向径直朝向心前裸区的缺损。此外,要求残余VSD周围组织结实,且一般要求缺损右心室面仅有1个出口。3)胸壁穿刺点位置的选择、穿刺的方向及深度控制至关重要,稍有偏差就可能引起心脏损伤、大出血、封堵器置入困难等并发症,需结合TTE和TEE扫查切面共同确定穿刺点位置及进针方向,尽量避免反复穿刺,以减少损伤。一般穿刺点位于胸骨左缘裸区(以避开冠状动脉),少数病例因右心扩大,于胸骨右缘可清晰探及穿刺路径,则穿刺点选择于胸骨右缘。在本研究中,1例在胸骨右缘成功穿刺并完成封堵手术。4)心脏表面穿刺点的止血极为关键。虽然本研究中所有病例均为开胸术后患者,心包腔粘连严重,但是如果无法彻底止血,仍会导致心脏压塞等严重后果。5)在手术过程中术者无法直视心脏,全程均在超声引导下完成,术者需能够理解基本的心脏超声切面,并与超声医生默契配合。

此外,我科尝试给一位首次接受心脏手术的VSD患儿实施该手术,该患者心包腔内无粘连,除封堵患者的VSD外,另使用1个肌部VSD封堵器封堵右室壁穿刺孔。手术在心脏非停跳下进行,术中患者生命体征平稳,几乎无失血,术后复查CDS,结果显示封堵器固定好,手术效果满意。此手术对术者的经验及操作技术有极高的要求,术者必须精确定位、穿刺、置伞,否则会导致心脏压塞等严重后果,使得整个手术“前功尽弃”。但是,该手术方式是否适用于所有首次接受心脏手术的VSD患者仍需进一步研究。

本研究证明超声引导下的经胸壁穿刺封堵手术对CHD术后残余VSD的治疗是安全和有效的。该手术方式使患者避免了再次开胸手术以及体外循环,也使术者和患者避免了辐射暴露,并突破了对患者体重和年龄的限制,拓宽了CHD微创治疗的适应证,同时也完善了CHD微创治疗技术体系。超声心动图可为手术提供精确的诊断、全程引导及效果评价,对手术的成功起决定性的作用。

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2021121380.pdf

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