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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2021 Dec 28;46(12):1437–1441. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200773

以左下肢水肿为首发症状的青少年IgG4相关性腹膜后纤维化1例

Adolescent IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis with left lower extremity edema as the first symptom: A case report

HUANG Mengjun 1,2, YIN Zhuo 1,
Editor: 彭 敏宁
PMCID: PMC10930578  PMID: 35232916

Abstract

IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis is a type of IgG4-related diseases. The etiology is still unclear. It is often classified as idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, but the pathological process and clinical results between them are different. Therefore, the differential diagnosis of them is very important. An 18-year-old patient was admitted to the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University due to “left lower extremity edema for 1 and a half month” on December 19, 2019. In examination of PET/CT, the starting point of the left aorta-intra-thoracic artery showed a soft tissue density lump with increased sugar metabolism, which indicated a suspected malignant tumor, and dilatation of the left renal pelvis and ureter. On January 8, 2020, the patient was performed pelvic edema excision, ureterectomy and anastomosis. The postoperative examination results were considered as IgG4-related disease. As a rare systemic disease, early correct diagnosis and precise and individualized treatment can alleviate the suffering of patients and ensure that patients are minimally traumatized.

Keywords: retroperitoneal fibrosis, IgG4-related disease, case report


腹膜后纤维化(retroperitoneal fibrosis,RPF)是以腹膜后软组织纤维化为特征的一类疾病,纤维化的软组织可包绕输尿管、血管或牵拉周围组织,从而引起相关症状,主要表现为腰背部疼痛,其中纤维化导致输尿管梗阻引起肾功能损伤是常见的就诊原因[1]。根据病因RPF常分为原发性(也称特发性)和继发性两类。继发性RPF有明确病因,多继发于肿瘤、药物、放射治疗等[1],其中淋巴瘤、腹膜后肉瘤、类癌和原发性肿瘤转移是继发性RPF的恶性致病因素[2]。原发性RPF病因尚不明确,有研究[3]认为是其自身免疫性炎症的结果。IgG4相关性RPF作为IgG4相关疾病中的一类,病因尚不明确,既往常将其归为原发性RPF。尽管二者的治疗大同小异,但二者的病理过程和临床结局都不相同,因此,对二者的鉴别诊断非常重要。本文总结1例以左下肢水肿为首发症状的青少年IgG4相关性RPF的诊治过程,并复习相关文献,以加深对IgG4相关性RPF的认识。

1. 临床资料

患者,男,18岁,因“左下肢水肿1个半月”于2019年12月19日入住中南大学湘雅二医院泌尿外科。入院体格检查:血压166/107 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),脉搏106 min-1,全身淋巴结未触及明显肿大。心前区无隆起,心尖搏动位于第5肋间左锁骨中线内0.5 cm,未触及细震颤,心界无扩大,心率106 min-1,律齐,心音无明显增强或减弱,心尖区可闻及2/6级收缩期杂音,余瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。腹部触诊无异常。左下肢胫骨前及左侧踝部皮肤轻度水肿,右下肢未见明显浮肿,双下肢皮肤无色素沉着。完善相关检查:三大常规、肝肾功能(肌酐101.3 μmol/L)、电解质、凝血常规、C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率、肿瘤标志物、甲状腺功能三项均未见明显异常。内分泌功能学评估显示:肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)检测正常;肾上腺素及24 h尿香草基杏仁酸(vanillyl mandelic acid,VMA)正常,冷加压试验和胰高血糖素试验正常;血/尿皮质醇、皮质醇节律、促肾上腺皮质激素(adreno-cortico-tropic-hormone,ACTH)节律无异常,小剂量地塞米松抑制试验阴性。腹部彩色多普勒超声检查示盆腔左侧囊实性混合回声包块,左侧输尿管上段扩张并左肾积水。肾血管彩色多普勒超声检查示双肾动静脉未见明显异常声像。心脏彩色多普勒超声检查示二、三尖瓣反流(轻度),左室收缩功能正常。甲状腺、颈部彩色多普勒超声检查示甲状腺双侧叶多发滤泡囊肿;双侧颈部多个淋巴结,部分肿大。盆腔增强CT示左侧盆壁肿块,包绕左侧髂血管,侵及左输尿管中段,左输尿管上段梗阻性扩张,左肾积水、扩张(图1)。

图1.

图1

盆腔增强CT示肿块与髂腰肌分界不清(A),肿块可见轻度不均匀强化,包绕左侧髂血管,侵及左输尿管中段(B)

Figure 1 Enhanced CT of the pelvic cavity shows that the boundary between the mass and the iliopsoas muscle is unclear (A), and the mass is slightly unevenly enhanced, surrounding the left iliac blood vessel, and invading the middle of the left ureter (B)

全身正电子发射计算机体层显像仪(positron emission tomography and computed tomography,PET/CT)示左侧髂总动脉-髂内外动脉起始处糖代谢增高的软组织密度肿块,提示恶性肿瘤可能性大;左侧输尿管及左侧肾盂扩张并积水。患者于2020年1月8日行盆腔肿物切除+输尿管切除吻合术。术后病理检查,镜下见淋巴细胞增生,大量淋巴滤泡形成,破坏固有的纤维韧带组织,滤泡区大量浆细胞浸润,形态学呈“假性淋巴瘤”改变(图2)。病理检查未给出诊断,提示需结核肿瘤侵袭表现,Ig4水平等确定诊断。免疫学表型:IgG4+浆细胞>10个/HPF,IgG4+浆细胞/IgG+浆细胞>40%,CD38(浆细胞+),CD138(浆细胞+),Kappa(+),CD20(+)。术前血清IgG4为 812 mg/L,术后6个月为565 mg/L,术后9个月为382 mg/L且血压已降至正常范围。术后6个月肾脏CT提示左肾积水较术前明显好转(图3)。

图2.

图2

病理检查示IgG4+ 浆细胞>30/HPFIgG4+ 浆细胞/IgG+ 浆细胞>40%(Vim免疫组织化学,×200)

Figure 2 Biopsy sample shows IgG4+ plasma cells are > 30 cells/high powered field and IgG4+ plasma cells/IgG4+ plasma cells is >40% (Vim immunohistochemical staining, ×200)

图3.

图3

术后6个月复查CT示左肾积水较术前明显好转

Figure 3 CT scan at the 6th month after the operation shows that the left hydronephrosis is significantly better than that before the operation

2. 讨 论

IgG4相关性疾病是一种多系统累及的疾病,2010年被正式命名[4-5]。既往诊断的自身免疫性胰腺炎、硬化性胆管炎、肾小管间质性肾炎等中有一部分可能是该病在某一系统中的表现[5]。该病高发于中老年人群[6],40岁之前发病的患者在发病人群中不到10%[7],单一器官受累者罕见[8]

IgG4相关性RPF的临床症状复杂多样,主要表现为受累器官的局部压迫症状及功能障碍,相对于原发性RPF,IgG4相关性RPF中的动脉高血压和心房纤维化更加常见[9-10],可能与血管壁受累导致脉压改变有关。血清IgG4虽然是IgG4相关性疾病的特异性诊断指标,但不能单独使用,且IgG4水平与疾病严重程度之间没有必然联系[11-12]。通过流式细胞术测定血液中的浆细胞数量比检测血清IgG4水平更加敏感[13-14],但目前尚未广泛应用。IgG4相关性RPF的影像学检查主要依赖CT[15]和MRI[16],影像学特征多表现为腹膜后软组织肿块包绕动静脉血管或输尿管,伴或不伴肾盂输尿管积水、扩张;还可以使用PET/CT评估软组织肿块的代谢活性,发现全身其他部位的病灶,排除肿瘤等其他因素的混淆[16]。病理诊断是IgG4相关性疾病诊断的金标准,IgG4+浆细胞浸润、席纹状纤维化和闭塞性静脉炎是 IgG4相关性疾病的3大病理特征[17]。但不同器官存在差异,且某些病变部位,如腹膜后、胆管、冠状动脉,难以获取标本组织,加上疾病临床表现复杂多样,往往容易延误诊断[18]。2019年12月美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)和欧洲风湿病联盟(European League Against Rheumatism,EULAR)发表了《2019年ACR及EULAR IgG4相关性疾病分类标准》[19],具体为:第1步,将可能发病的11个器官中至少1个纳入评估;第2步,以排除标准剔除非相关变量,得到一组以临床、血清学、影像学和病理学发现为相关变量的数值并进行加权,从而实现准确分类,并且与恶性肿瘤、肉芽肿性疾病、脉管炎[20]等鉴别,为个体化治疗提供依据;第3步,通过综合分析临床特征、实验室检查、影像学及组织病理学等多方面资料,对该病分类、分型,推进该病的精准化治疗[21-22]

《IgG4-RD的管理和治疗国际共识指导声明》[23]建议将糖皮质激素作为目前治疗活动性IgG4相关性疾病的一线治疗方案,旨在缓解症状或减轻生化指标及影像学异常,初始剂量一般为30~40 mg/d,在3~6个月内每2周减量5 mg,通常在数天或数周内可观察到症状改善,但改善程度随患病器官的不同而各有差异[24]。由于糖皮质激素的主要禁忌证,如糖尿病、骨质疏松症、高血压及青光眼等限制[25],维持糖皮质激素治疗以缓解临床症状的方案未能达成专家共识,但当存在复发的风险因素,如多器官受累,基线时血清IgG4和IgE升高,以及外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多时,可加用他克莫司等免疫抑制剂[23]以缓解临床症状,减少长期使用糖皮质激素所带来的不良反应。在复发时,可加用免疫抑制剂或利妥昔单抗,同时逐渐减少糖皮质激素的用量[23, 26]。治疗上需根据临床表现和随访结果制定个体化的治疗策略[27]

回顾本例患者的诊治过程,有几个少见且显著的特点:一是发病年龄早,二是单一病变首先累及血管和输尿管,三是初始临床症状表现多样。患者以左下肢水肿为主要症状入院,术后病理结果提示IgG4相关性RPF,术后6个月随访发现肾积水情况改善,在无肾脏及其他器官明显受累证据及血清IgG4水平逐渐下降的情况下,暂不考虑予以激素治疗,继续密切随访。本病例提示:IgG4相关性疾病的临床表现多样化;在各年龄段均需要考虑IgG4相关性RPF;IgG4的血清学检测是一个很好的筛查指标;病理诊断是关键。此类患者数量极少,长期随访有助于了解各种治疗对这种疾病的转归和预后的影响。

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2021121437.pdf

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