Skip to main content
Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 Nov 28;47(11):1593–1599. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220156

宫腔镜下冷刀切除黏膜下肌瘤优势的初步探讨

Preliminary study on the advantages of hysteroscopic myomectomy with cold knife

LI Waixing 1,1, ZOU Lingxiao 1, GU Pan 1, YU Yang 1, ZHANG Aiqian 1,, XU Dabao 1,
Editor: 傅 希文
PMCID: PMC10930619  PMID: 36481638

Abstract

Objective

At present, hysteroscopic submucosal fibroids resection is mostly performed by hysteroscopic electric resection (hereinafter referred to as electric knife). During the operation, the electrothermal effect could not only damage the endometrial tissues covered by the surface of the fibroid, but also easily damage the endometrial tissues around the fibroid, which is very unfavorable for patients with fertility requirements. In addition, for some special fibroids (located at horn and fundus) or Type II and multiple submucosal fibroids, the traditional electric resection is still very difficult. With the opening of the second-child policy and the urgent desire of patients for fertility, more and more attention is paid to the concept of fertility protection in China. Therefore, hysteroscopic cold knife technology (hereinafter referred to as cold knife) has gradually entered the vision. The cold knife has the advantages of simple operation, such as little trauma and quick postoperative recovery. In this study, the advantages of cold knife in the surgical resection of submucosal fibroids are discussed by comparing the safety and effectiveness between the hysteroscopic cold knife resection (hereinafter referred to as cold knife) and the electric knife resection in the submucosal fibroids.

Methods

The clinical data of 112 patients with submucosal fibroids diagnosed and treated by hysteroscopic surgery at the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2017 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including preoperative general information (such as age, gravidity, abortion times, the size, location, type and number of submucosal fibroids, preoperative hemoglobin value) and intraoperative conditions [such as intraoperative bleeding, the operation time, residual rates and intraoperative complications (massive bleeding, perforation, water poisoning)]. The patients were divided into a cold knife group and an electric knife group, and there were 40 cases in the cold knife group and 72 cases in the electric knife group. The postoperative complications and the pregnancy outcomes in the 2 groups were followed up by telephone, the follow-up data included postoperative recurrence rate, pregnancy rate, pregnancy mode, and pregnancy outcome.

Results

Compared with the electric knife group, the cold knife group had more submucous myomas located in the horn or fundus of the uterus (9.7% vs 25.0%), and more Type II myomas or combined with Type II myomas (26.4% vs 70.0%). However, there were no significant difference in intraoperative bleeding, the operation time, intraoperative complications and the residual rates between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). A total of 98 patients were followed up, including 32 patients in the cold knife group and 66 patients in the electric knife group. Compared with the electric knife group, there were lower postoperative complications in the cold knife group (12.5% vs 37.9%) (P<0.05). Among the 7 patients with multiple submucosal fibroids (the number of fibroids ≥5), there were 4 patients in the electric knife group and 3 patients in the cold knife group. In the electric knife group, the postoperative menstrual volume in the 4 patients was significantly reduced and 3 patients had postoperative fertility requirements, which were all diagnosed as intrauterine adhesion by hysteroscopy and performed further surgery. Later, 2 patients had successful pregnancy, 1 had miscarriage, and 1 had full-term spontaneous labor. However, the menstrual volume of the 3 patients in the cold knife group was not significantly reduced compared with normal menstrual volume, and 2 of them had fertility requirements, and they had natural pregnancy and full term vaginal delivery. There were no significant differences in postoperative recurrence rate, pregnancy rate, pregnancy mode and pregnancy outcome between the 2 groups (all P>0.05).

Conclusion

Both the electric knife and cold knife resection are safe and effective methods for the treatment of submucosal fibroids. Compared with electric knife resection, the cold knife resection has fewer postoperative complications and perhaps more advantages in endometrial protection, especially for the patients with fertility requirements, submucosal fibroids located at the fundus or horn of the uterus, Type II submucosal fibroids, and multiple submucosal fibroids.

Keywords: hysteroscopy, cold knife resection, electric resection, submucosal fibroid, complications


子宫肌瘤是妇科最常见的良性肿瘤,其发病率可达20%~40%[1]。根据子宫肌瘤所在位置分为黏膜下子宫肌瘤、肌壁间子宫肌瘤和浆膜下子宫肌瘤。一般来说,有约2/3的子宫肌瘤患者是没有症状的,对于这些没有症状且子宫肌瘤较小、增长速度比较慢的患者而言,首选的措施是定期复查而不建议进行手术治疗[2]。然而黏膜下子宫肌瘤的治疗策略有所不同,因为子宫肌瘤部分或全部位于宫腔,即使直径很小也易引起症状而影响生育,更重要的是黏膜下子宫肌瘤直径越大,宫腔镜手术的难度和风险随之增加[3-4]。因此黏膜下子宫肌瘤一旦发现,无论有无症状,都建议尽早处理[5]。目前黏膜下子宫肌瘤的手术方式包括有宫腔镜下子宫黏膜下子宫肌瘤电切除术(以下简称电刀)、宫腹腔镜联合子宫肌瘤切除术、子宫切除术、海扶治疗等。对于有宫腔镜手术指征者,电刀手术是传统的标准术式,利用能量器械进行手术,创伤小、手术时间短,但也有人提出电刀手术可能不利于宫内膜的保护,尤其是对于多发黏膜下子宫肌瘤的患者,内膜损伤更大[6-9]。宫腔镜冷刀切除术(以下简称冷刀)是相对电刀手术而言的[10],与电刀手术使用能量器械进行手术不同,冷刀手术是尽可能地运用机械器械进行手术,不使用能量器械,其最主要的目的是尽可能保护子宫生育力并提高手术的安全性和子宫肌瘤的一次性切除率。有研究[11-12]报道冷刀手术具有操作简便、创伤小、术后恢复快等优点。但目前关于宫腔镜下冷刀手术的安全性及有效性的报道不多,本研究通过回顾性分析黏膜下子宫肌瘤患者的相关临床资料,对比宫腔镜下冷刀及电刀治疗黏膜下子宫肌瘤的安全性及有效性,旨在探讨冷刀手术切除黏膜下子宫肌瘤的优势。

1. 对象与方法

1.1. 对象与分组

回顾性分析2017年1月至2021年10月在本院诊断并经宫腔镜治疗的112例黏膜下子宫肌瘤患者的相关临床资料,并将其分为宫腔镜下冷刀切除黏膜下子宫肌瘤组(冷刀组)及宫腔镜下电刀切除黏膜下子宫肌瘤组(电刀组),其中冷刀组40例,电刀组72例。本研究通过本院的伦理委员会批准(审批号:快 22026)。病例纳入标准:在本院行宫腔镜下子宫黏膜下子宫肌瘤切除术的患者。排除标准:手术半年内曾行黏膜下子宫肌瘤电切术;术中发现合并有宫腔粘连。

两组患者的一般情况比较见表1。根据黏膜下子宫肌瘤类型[13]又分为O型(n=1),I型(n=64),II型(n=40)以及混合型(n=7);根据贫血的程度又分为无贫血(Hb≥110 g/L,n=56)、轻度贫血(Hb为90~110 g/L, n=28)、中度贫血(Hb为60~90 g/L,n=27)及重度贫血(Hb<60 g/L,n=1)。术中并发症主要包括水中毒、子宫穿孔、出血(出血量>100 mL)。术后并发症主要包括明显的月经量减少(术后半年内开始,与正常月经量相比)。

表1.

112例黏膜下子宫肌瘤患者的一般临床资料

Table 1 General clinical data of 112 patients with submucosal fibroids

组别 n 年龄/岁 孕次 产次 流产次数 肌瘤类型/例 肌瘤平均直径/mm
0/I/II/混合
P 0.211 0.095 0.005 0.563 0.000 0.181
冷刀组 40 36.90±1.12 2.00±0.31 0.70±0.11 1.30±0.25 0/12/24/4 24.7±1.93
电刀组 72 38.71±0.89 2.70±0.11 1.20±0.11 1.50±0.18 1/52/16/3 27.8±1.35
组别 肌瘤平均直径/例 肌瘤位置/例 肌瘤数量/例 血红蛋白/(g·L-1) 贫血程度/例
<20 mm/20~40 mm/≥40 mm 宫底及宫角/宫腔/混合 单个/多个/≥5个 无/轻度/中度/重度
冷刀组 5/22/13 10/23/7 31/6/3 111.6±3.52 23/9/8/0
电刀组 17/40/15 7/57/8 57/11/4 105.6±2.51 33/19/19/1
P 0.221 0.040 0.920 0.160 0.312

1.2. 宫腔镜下冷刀切除黏膜下子宫肌瘤手术

手术时间选择在月经干净的3~7 d内(经期过长者选择在月经的8~10 d内)进行,术前1 d进行宫颈软化准备。患者取膀胱截石位,采用静脉全身麻醉,先采用宫腔镜经宫颈进入宫腔,明确宫腔内情况。然后扩宫至10号扩宫棒大小,直视下置入Z型冷刀宫腔镜(外径约9 mm),首先利用4 mm外径的单关节锐头剪刀纵向剪开子宫肌瘤表面的内膜和包膜,长度约等于子宫肌瘤的直径;再继续用单关节锐头剪刀把子宫肌瘤纵行剪开(尽量剪至能通过宫颈的大小),需要尽可能达到子宫肌瘤深处的包膜表面,但是不要损伤子宫肌瘤深处的包膜和子宫肌层,以免出现明显的出血;接下来用单关节抓钳分别夹持剪开的子宫肌瘤组织块,缓缓牵拉、一一从瘤床取出。观察创面无明显出血,结束手术。

1.3. 宫腔镜下电刀切除黏膜下子宫肌瘤手术

手术时间、术前宫颈软化准备同冷刀手术。患者取膀胱截石位,采用静脉全身麻醉,先采用宫腔镜经宫颈进入宫腔,明确宫腔内情况。之后扩宫至10号扩宫棒大小,置入电切镜,使用环形电极逐渐用电刀切除黏膜下肌瘤组织。观察创面无明显出血,结束手术。

1.4. 随访指标

采用本院电子病例系统记录112例患者的基本临床特征数据,包括年龄,既往生育史,子宫肌瘤类型、位置、大小,治疗前血红蛋白,术中出血以及术中并发症情况;以电话访问方式调查患者术后残留、复发、月经情况以及妊娠情况,包括是否有生育要求、妊娠方式、妊娠时间、妊娠结局、孕期并发症等。

1.5. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 23.0统计学软件进行分析。正态分布数据以均数±标准差( x¯ ±s)表示,通过独立样本t检验进行单因素分析。偏态分布的数据以中位数和四分位数表示,通过非参数秩和检验进行单因素分析。而其他以比例表示的变量,采用χ2检验或者Fisher精确检验进行单因素分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 两组的安全性比较

冷刀组以及电刀组均未发生明显的术中并发症,两组的术中出血量、手术时间及术后残留率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。术后失访14人,共随访患者98人,其中冷刀组32人,电刀组66人。术后冷刀组有4例(12.5%,4/32)患者出现月经量少于正常月经量;电刀组25例(37.9%,25/66)患者出现月经量减少。两组术后并发症比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表2)。

表2.

宫腔镜下黏膜下子宫肌瘤切除冷刀组与电刀组的安全性比较

Table 2 Comparison of the safety of the hysteroscopicsubmucosal fibroids between the cold knife group and the electric resection group

组别 n 术中出血/mL 手术时间/min 术后残留率/[例(%)] 术后并发症/[例(%)]
P 0.217 0.689 0.277 0.010
冷刀组 32 19.2±5.59 42.48±3.68 5(12.5) 4(12.5)
电刀组 66 30.2±5.84 45.00±2.65 4(5.6) 25(37.9)

2.2. 两组治疗有效性的比较

两组的术后复发率无明显差异,随访到的98例患者中,有生育要求者为39例,其中冷刀组25例,电刀组14例。在两组有生育要求者中,两组的妊娠率、妊娠方式、妊娠结局、分娩方式以及足月率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),两组均无严重的孕期及产时并发症(表3)。多发黏膜下子宫肌瘤(黏膜下子宫肌瘤个数≥5)患者有7例,其中有4例为电刀组,3例为冷刀组,电刀组的4例患者术后月经量均较正常月经量明显减少,其中3例患者术后有生育要求,均由宫腔镜确诊为宫腔粘连并进一步手术,之后2例患者成功妊娠,1例流产,1例足月顺产。而冷刀组3例患者的月经量较正常月经量均无明显减少,其中2例有生育要求,均自然妊娠,足月顺产。

表3.

宫腔镜下黏膜下子宫肌瘤切除冷刀组及电刀组的有效性比较

Table 3 Comparison of the effectiveness of the hysteroscopicsubmucosal fibroids between the cold knife group and the electric resection group

组别 术后复发/[例(%)] 生育要求/例 妊娠人数 妊娠方式 足月人数 妊娠结局/例
自然/试管 剖宫产/顺产/流产/妊娠中
P 0.675 <0.001 0.338 0.477 0.884 0.346
冷刀组 7(21.9) 25 15 10/5 13 8/5/0/2
电刀组 17(25.8) 14 6 3/3 5 3/2/1/0

3. 讨 论

随着宫腔镜技术的发展,宫腔镜下黏膜下子宫肌瘤手术术中并发症的发生率逐渐降低,但是子宫内膜损伤的问题仍有待解决[14]。据报道,黏膜下子宫肌瘤电刀术后发生宫腔粘连的概率约为7.50%~21.57%[8-9],这对于有生育要求的患者来说无疑是非常不利的。随着中国二胎甚至三胎政策的开放,对生育力保护的观念逐渐重视,宫腔镜下冷刀技术逐渐走进人们的视野。与电刀手术相比,宫腔镜下冷刀手术治疗有效率更高,术后并发症发生率更低[8-9]。在本研究中,宫腔镜下黏膜下子宫肌瘤切除冷刀组与电刀组均无术中并发症发生,两组的术中出血、手术残留率、术后复发率和妊娠率等均无明显差异,但与电刀组相比,冷刀组的术后宫腔粘连发生率更低。可见,宫腔镜冷刀切除子宫黏膜下子宫肌瘤手术在育龄妇女的宫腔镜手术治疗和辅助生殖治疗方面具有潜在的优势。

与传统的宫腔镜下黏膜下子宫肌瘤电刀手术相比,冷刀手术在内膜保护方面的优势非常明显[15]。在本项研究中,宫腔镜黏膜下子宫肌瘤切除电刀组与冷刀组均无术中并发症的发生,两组的手术时间也无明显差异,但术后并发症的差异明显,电刀组术后月经量少于正常月经量的概率大于冷刀组。虽然在多发黏膜下子宫肌瘤(黏膜下子宫肌瘤个数≥5)的患者中,冷刀组3例患者无1例术后并发症,且2例有生育要求者均自然妊娠、足月顺产,而电刀组4例患者均发生术后并发症,3例有生育要求者均进行了宫腔镜下宫腔粘连分离手术,最后顺利分娩的仅1例。可见,对于多发性黏膜下子宫肌瘤的患者,冷刀手术的优势更为明显。这是由于冷刀手术仅剪开子宫肌瘤表面的内膜,并没有破坏内膜,利用机械力量将瘤床内的子宫肌瘤组织完整地拉拽取出,层次分明,相对于电刀手术的逐层切除,对内膜的保护更为完整,最大程度地降低了对患者的伤害。同时由于完整地切除了子宫肌瘤,减少了对子宫正常肌层解剖结构的破坏,手术出血往往也不多,也可更好地避免术中子宫穿透的危险,防止水中毒的发生,提高了手术的效果和安全性。当然内膜的保护跟术者的手术技巧有很大关系,电刀手术也可通过手术技巧降低对内膜的伤害,比如在电切前将包膜剪开,逐步电切凸向宫腔的子宫肌瘤组织。而且电刀手术仍是目前临床使用最为普遍、熟悉的手术方案,因此对于无生育要求、0型黏膜下子宫肌瘤或单发的I型黏膜下子宫肌瘤的患者,电刀手术亦是不错的选择。

既往研究只关注冷刀的生育力保护优势,其实冷刀很多技巧的运用在手术中也占据了很大优势。对于位于子宫底部或宫角以及II型的黏膜下子宫肌瘤的患者来说,冷刀手术切除可能更具有优势,这对于妇科医师选择合适的手术方式更加重要。对于冷刀手术切除来说,大工作通道(直径≥3 mm)的手术宫腔镜可允许其使用机械冷切割的类似腹腔镜手术器械,能创造性地把此类手术器械应用到宫腔镜手术中,使操作角度更大、更灵活、更直接,通过钳夹、剪切、扭转、摘除、牵拉、拖拽等技巧进行黏膜下子宫肌瘤切除手术,对位置较深的II型子宫肌瘤或者位于宫底及宫角的子宫肌瘤有很大的优势,这是电刀手术器械限制所不具备的技巧。以往的研究[16-19]表明:年龄、子宫肌瘤大小、子宫肌瘤数量、子宫位置、子宫肌瘤的位置等因素可能影响子宫肌瘤的治疗结果。除了子宫肌瘤的大小,黏膜下子宫肌瘤治疗的难度也与黏膜下子宫肌瘤的类型、位置以及数量密切相关。在黏膜下子宫肌瘤类型中,II型子宫肌瘤由于位置较深相对来说治疗更为困难;宫角及宫底的子宫肌瘤由于位置特殊,电刀手术器械受到限制,操作困难,难以处理;而黏膜下子宫肌瘤数量过多则易发生子宫内膜损伤。本研究中,两组的年龄、肌瘤直径、大小分布等差异无统计学意义,但冷刀组位于子宫角及宫底的黏膜下子宫肌瘤以及II型子宫肌瘤的比例更多。尽管冷刀组处于如此不利的初始状态,结果表明冷刀组与电切组的术后残留率、复发率以及妊娠结局差异均无统计学意义,而且冷刀组术后并发症更少。这些结果均表明冷刀手术在治疗黏膜下子宫肌瘤中有一定的技巧优势。

本研究为回顾性分析,存在一定的局限性,有生育要求的患者可能倾向于选择冷刀手术治疗,存在偏倚;此外,虽然月经量减少可以一定程度上体现内膜损伤,但本研究中月经量减少的患者没有进行进一步精确的内膜评估;另外,本研究的样本量相对偏小。总之,宫腔镜下电刀手术和冷刀手术均是治疗黏膜下子宫肌瘤安全有效的方法。与电刀手术相比,冷刀手术术后并发症更少,对内膜的保护可能更有优势,特别是对于有生育要求、黏膜下子宫肌瘤位于子宫底部或宫角、II型子宫肌瘤以及多发黏膜下子宫肌瘤的患者来说,冷刀手术切除可能更具优势。

基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金(2021JJ40953)。

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2021JJ40953).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

李外星 数据采集和统计分析,论文撰写和修订;邹凌霄、顾盼、于洋 论文相关的数据及病例采集;张爱倩、徐大宝 论文构想和修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2022111593.pdf

参考文献

  • 1. Stewart EA, Cookson CL, Gandolfo RA, et al. Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: a systematic review[J]. BJOG, 2017, 124(10): 1501-1512. 10.1111/1471-0528.14640. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Stewart EA, Laughlin-Tommaso SK, Catherino WH, et al. Uterine fibroids[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2016, 2: 16043. 10.1038/nrdp.2016.43. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Penzias A, Bendikson K, Butts S, et al. Removal of myomas in asymptomatic patients to improve fertility and/or reduce miscarriage rate: a guideline[J]. Fertil Steril, 2017, 108(3): 416-425. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Somigliana E, Reschini M, Bonanni V, et al. Fibroids and natural fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Reprod Biomed Online, 2021, 43(1): 100-110. 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.03.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Vitale SG, Riemma G, Ciebiera M, et al. Hysteroscopic treatment of submucosal fibroids in perimenopausal women: when, why, and how?[J]. Climacteric, 2020, 23(4): 355-359. 10.1080/13697137.2020.1754390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Smith CC, Brown JPR. A case of cardiac arrhythmia from absorption of normal saline during hysteroscopic myomectomy[J]. J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 2019, 26(4): 770-773. 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.09.778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Friedman JA, Wong J, Chaudhari A, et al. Hysteroscopic myomectomy: a comparison of techniques and review of current evidence in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding[J]. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 2018, 30(4): 243-251. 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Bourdel N, Bonnefoy C, Jardon K, et al. Hysteroscopic myomectomy: recurrence and satisfaction survey at short- and long-term[J]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 2011, 40(2): 116-122. 10.1016/j.jgyn.2011.01.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Bhandari S, Ganguly I, Agarwal P, et al. Effect of myomectomy on endometrial cavity: A prospective study of 51 cases[J]. J Hum Reprod Sci, 2016, 9(2): 107-111. 10.4103/0974-1208.183509. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Xu D, Johnson G, Zhang A, et al. Myomectomy of Type II submucous uterine myoma using hysteroscopy endo-operative system (HEOS)[C]. United States: Elsevier Science INC, 2016. [Google Scholar]
  • 11. 蒋雪琴. 宫腔镜冷刀治疗子宫黏膜下肌瘤的疗效分析[J]. 系统医学, 2021, 6(23): 140-143. 10.19368/j.cnki.2096-1782.2021.23.140. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; JIAN Xueqin. Analysis of the curative effect of hysteroscope cold knife in the treatment of uterine submucosal fibroids[J]. Systems Medicine, 2021, 6(23): 140-143. 10.19368/j.cnki.2096-1782.2021.23.140. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. 任艳, 朱红娣, 左欣, 等. 冷刀宫腔镜操作系统对子宫粘膜下肌瘤切除的安全性及生育功能观察[J]. 解放军预防医学杂志, 2018, 36(12): 1564-1566. 10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2018.12.023. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; REN Yan, ZHU Hongti, ZUO Xin, et al. Observation on the safety and fertility of cold knife hysteroscopy operating system in submucous myoma resection[J]. Journal of Preventive Medicine of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2018, 36(12): 1564-1566. 10.13704/j.cnki.jyyx.2018.12.023. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Munro MG, Critchley HO, Broder MS, et al. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age[J]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2011, 113(1): 3-13. 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Fukuda T, Fujii T, Saito S, et al. Complications of hystero-scopical myomectomy: a report of two cases[J]. Masui, 2000, 49(9): 1033-1035. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. 赵博, 孙静莉. 宫腔镜下电刀切除术与冷刀切除术治疗子宫黏膜下肌瘤疗效及对妊娠影响[J]. 创伤与急危重病医学, 2021, 9(6): 480-481. 10.16048/j.issn.2095-5561.2021.06.18. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; ZHAO Bo, SUN Jingli. Analysis of curative effect and pregnancy outcome of hysteroscopic electrotome resection and cold knife resection for submucous myoma of uterus[J]. Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 9(6): 480-481. 10.16048/j.issn.2095-5561.2021.06.18. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Fan HJ, Cun JP, Zhao W, et al. Factors affecting effects of ultrasound guided high intensity focused ultrasound for single uterine fibroids: a retrospective analysis[J]. Int J Hyperthermia, 2018, 35(1): 534-540. 10.1080/02656736.2018.1511837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Tian Y, Dai Y. Analysis of the risk factors for postoperative residue, relapse following myomectomy[J]. Chin J Obstet Gynecol, 2014, 49(8): 594-598. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Radosa MP, Owsianowski Z, Mothes A, et al. Long-term risk of fibroid recurrence after laparoscopic myomectomy[J]. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2014, 180: 35-39. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.05.029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. 刘巍, 彭静, 余水萍. 腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术后复发及相关因素分析[J]. 中国当代医药, 2019, 26(1): 136-138. [Google Scholar]; LIU Wei, PENG Jing, YU Shuiping. Analysis of recurrence and related factors after laparoscopic myometomy[J]. Contemporary Chinese Medicine, 2019, 26(1): 136-138. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences are provided here courtesy of Central South University

RESOURCES