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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 Nov 28;47(11):1559–1567. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220546

体外受精-胚胎移植术有助于提高宫腔粘连分离术后患者的活产率

In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer may improve live birth rate for patients with intrauterine adhesions after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis

SUN Dan 1,2,1,#, ZHAO Xingping 1,2,#, HUANG Huan 1, ZHANG Aiqian 1, CHENG Wenwei 3, YANG Yimin 1,✉, XU Dabao 1,✉
Editor: 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10930628  PMID: 36481634

Abstract

Objective

The prevalence of intrauterine adhesion (IUA) increased gradually, which seriously affected female reproductive health and fertility. This study aims to analyze the clinical features of pre-, intra-, and post hysteroscopic adhesiolysis (HA) and to identify the main risk factors for non-live birth and other factors affecting pregnancy outcome in patients with IUA.

Methods

A total of 486 IUA patients with reproductive needs, who underwent HA in the third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2017 to May 2018, were retrospectively included. The follow-up period was 2-3 years after operation. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between clinical features and live birth rate in patients with IUA. Pre-operative clinical indicators included age, gravidity, parity, abortion, IUA recurrence, menstrual patterns, and disease course. Intraoperative clinical features assessed in the last operation were uterine cavity length, IUA appearance, IUA area, number of visible uterine cornua, number of visible tubal ostia, and American Fertility Society (AFS) scores. The relationship between clinical indicators and postoperative live birth rate was investigated by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Pregnancy pattern was the main variable.

Results

Among the 486 IUA patients included in this study, there were 256 (52.67%) live births and 230 (47.33%) non-live births. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression showed that the live birth rate of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) after HA was higher than that of spontaneous pregnancy (OR=0.557, 95% CI 0.361 to 0.861, P=0.008). When the bilaterally fallopian tube ostia were invisible in the last operation (OR=0.322, 95% CI 0.104 to 0.997, P=0.049), patients were more likely to have live birth. The older the patient was, the lower the live birth rate was (OR=1.081, 95% CI 1.034 to 1.131, P<0.001). The live birth rate would be low when the last AFS score was moderate (OR=2.973, 95% CI to 1.541 to 5.738, P<0.010).

Conclusion

Based on the outcome of the first pregnancy after HA, IUA patients’ pregnancy patterns, age, number of visible tubal ostia, and AFS scores noted by a second-look hysteroscopy, are the factors influencing the prognosis for the live birth rate in IUA patients. IVF-ET may improve live birth rate for patients with IUA after HA.

Keywords: intrauterine adhesions, prognosis, live birth rate, hysteroscopic adhesiolysis, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer


宫腔粘连(intrauterine adhesion,IUA)是一种子宫内膜损伤性疾病,又称为Asherman综合征,主要因为流产或产后刮宫导致子宫内膜底基层受损,使宫腔内或宫颈管内形成疤痕组织,引起的损伤性闭经综合征[1]。IUA的患病率难以准确统计,但过去几十年的病例数逐渐增加,严重影响女性生殖健康和生育能力。

IUA的疤痕组织通常在子宫内膜基底层遭受外力损伤后,在伤口愈合过程中形成[2]。引产清宫术及胎盘残留清宫术是重度宫腔粘连的强危险因素[3]。其他医源性子宫内膜损伤包括刮宫术、宫腔镜检查和宫颈扩张术等[4]。粘连带可部分或完全影响宫颈或者宫腔正常的形态,导致宫腔容积变小甚至完全封闭,输卵管开口或宫角缺失,子宫内膜部分或者大面积缺失。粘连带也会严重影响子宫内膜血供,导致子宫内膜变薄、腺体开口稀疏、子宫内膜容受性下降等问题。IUA患者通常表现为闭经、经量减少、不孕和重复流产等[5-6]。IUA给有生育愿望的妇女带来了一定的精神和经济压力,其治疗结局也可能不够理想。

宫腔镜宫腔粘连分离术(hysteroscopic adhesiolysis,HA)是处理宫腔粘连最重要的手段,可分离粘连、恢复宫腔正常形态、改善内膜血供,使宫腔更有利于妊娠[7-8]。宫内节育器、Foley球囊或透明质酸钠凝胶可于HA术后置于宫腔内,以预防术后粘连的形成[9]。另外,口服性激素、干细胞移植或羊膜移植可以促进子宫内膜的再生,并能促进子宫内膜创面的愈合[10]。尽管如此,中度至重度IUA的预后仍不理想。美国生育协会(American Fertility Society,AFS)评分对IUA患者术后活产率有一定预测价值[11],对于中度粘连的患者,AFS评分越低,术后妊娠率越高[12]。

目前,多数研究更加关注IUA的病因和治疗方式,但在临床工作中,我们仍会面临患者在HA术后如何选择妊娠方式的问题。对于有生育要求的IUA患者,何种情况下建议自然妊娠,何种情况下推荐体外受精-胚胎移植术(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)助孕,目前鲜见文献报道。因此,本研究对HA术后患者的妊娠结局进行随访,将妊娠方式作为主要变量,重点探讨影响活产率的因素,以期为指导临床实践提供更有实用价值的信息。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 资料

回顾性纳入486例有生育要求的IUA患者,均于2017年1月至2018年5月在中南大学湘雅三医院接受HA治疗。本研究获得全部患者书面知情同意,及中南大学湘雅三医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:快 21053)。两位妇科医师根据AFS分类系统[13]对IUA患者进行评分并备案。IUA评分标准如下:1~4分为轻度;5~8分为中度;9~12分为重度。纳入标准:1)IUA经宫腔镜确诊者;2)有生育要求者;3)卵巢功能正常者;4)排卵正常者;5)术后试孕均获得妊娠者。排除标准:1)男性因素不育;2)原发性不孕症者;3)子宫结核病史者;4)合并其他影响妊娠的疾病,如子宫内膜息肉、子宫内膜不典型增生、子宫内膜恶性肿瘤、子宫内膜异位症、多囊卵巢综合征者;5)不能配合围手术期的检查和随访者。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 临床资料的收集和分组

分析宫腔镜下HA术前、术中和术后的临床特征。术前的临床指标包括年龄、孕次、产次、流产次数、是否为复发型IUA、月经是否规律、IUA病程长短。最后一次HA术中需评估的临床特征包括宫深、IUA性质、IUA面积、双侧输卵管开口或者宫角是否可见、AFS评分。妊娠方式作为HA术后的临床特征。患者被分为活产组和非活产组,非活产组包括人工流产、引产、自然流产的患者;活产组包括早产和足月产的患者。均纳入术后首次妊娠结局进行统计分析。以妊娠方式作为主要变量,包括自然妊娠或IVF-ET助孕。IVF-ET助孕主要用于输卵管原因不孕症、末次HA术后提示输卵管开口不可见患者,少数重度IUA患者自愿选择IVF-ET助孕。IUA病程指从首次出现月经量减少或者闭经到首次发现IUA的时间间隔。HA术后,通过电话随访患者2年。病历资料、手术视频、手术记录均由专人负责存档。

1.2.2. 手术方法

首次HA 和术后宫腔镜手术的随访均在月经干净后3~7 d内进行。使用外鞘直径为5.4 mm、工作通道直径为1.67 mm的手术宫腔镜(德国Karl Storz SE & Co. KG公司)进行手术操作。

术前不常规使用米索前列醇片、间苯三酚、宫颈扩张棒等药物或者器械行宫颈准备。宫腔镜经宫颈管进入宫腔,由中部向侧壁逐渐分离粘连带。由于双侧输卵管口的位置对于明确宫腔的解剖结构至关重要[14],因此采用“撑开法”[15],并联合经腹超声监测来辅助术者判断手术操作部位。在宫腔解剖结构清晰显示后,采用“冷刀犁田”技术[16]分离粘连,恢复正常宫腔形态,使得双侧输卵管口清晰可见。术毕常规用子宫探针测量宫深。

手术结束后,将宫形环节育器置入宫腔;用剪刀剪去12Fr Foley球囊上方的导管部分(图1),将球囊小心置入宫腔中部;根据宫腔大小使用2.5~3.5 mL无菌生理盐水扩张球囊,使得球囊固定于节育器的中心[17];然后通过导管将透明质酸钠凝胶(3 mL)注入宫腔内[18]。末次HA手术结束后不再放置节育器和球囊。

图1.

图1

宫腔置入的宫形环和导尿管示意图

Figure 1 A uterine-shaped IUD and a 12Fr Foley catheter balloon

对于有自然生育愿望的女性,在末次HA手术结束后,行宫腔镜下双侧输卵管插管通液术:术者将通液导管自宫腔镜操作孔插入,在宫腔镜引导下分别插入双侧输卵管开口,并使导管与输卵管口保持一定弧度,使导管顺着输卵管方向插入。术者固定导管,助手用20 mL注射器推注由0.9%生理盐水稀释后的美蓝液,并同时感知推注过程中阻力的大小,观察美蓝液是否漏入宫腔,以及推注完毕后有无美蓝液反流。手术结束后的当天复查妇科B超了解输卵管积水情况。根据术中术后的检查综合判断患者输卵管通畅程度。

1.2.3. 随访

中度IUA患者在首次HA术后的第3次月经干净后3~7 d复查宫腔镜。重度IUA患者在首次HA术后的第1次及第3次月经干净后3~7 d复查宫腔镜。

1.3. 统计学处理

采用SAS 9.4软件进行分析。数据用中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)[M(P 25, P 75)]、频数(%)或例(%)描述。计量资料用U检验,计数资料用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。先通过单因素分析筛选研究变量,以妊娠方式为主要变量,其余临床指标为协变量,再通过多因素logistic回归分析活产率的影响因素。双侧P<0.05时认为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 患者临床特征

共纳入486名IUA患者,均在术后试孕并获得妊娠。其中256人(52.67%)活产,230人(47.33%)非活产。患者平均年龄31岁,处于育龄期。末次手术时的宫深平均为7 cm。多数人(52.26%)有3次及以上的妊娠经历,但66.87%没有生育过,91.98%患者至少有过1次流产经历。主要(71.17%)为初发IUA的患者。末次HA术后,86.63%的患者为轻度IUA,仅1.23%为重度IUA。71.40%的患者选择自然妊娠,仅28.60%的患者选择IVF-ET助孕(表1)。

表1.

研究人群的一般情况(n=486)

Table 1 General information of the enrolled subjects (n=486)

变量 数值
年龄*/岁 31.0(27.0, 34.0)
末次宫深*/cm 7.0(7.0, 7.5)
末次宫深缺失值/[例(%)] 8(1.65)
妊娠方式/[例(%)]
自然妊娠 347(71.40)
IVF-ET 139(28.60)
妊娠次数/[例(%)]
0 12(2.47)
1 90(18.52)
2 128(26.34)
≥3 254(52.26)
缺失值 2(0.41)
分娩次数/[例(%)]
0 325(66.87)
1 146(30.04)
2 10(2.06)
≥3 3(0.62)
缺失值 2(0.41)
流产次数/[例(%)]
0 37(7.61)
1 123(25.31)
2 137(28.19)
≥3 187(38.48)
缺失值 2(0.41)
复发型IUA/[例(%)]
是 140(28.81)
否 346(71.19)
末次宫角/[例(%)]
双侧不可见 13(2.68)
一侧可见 9(1.85)
双侧可见 464(95.47)
末次输卵管开口/[例(%)]
双侧不可见 26(5.35)
一侧可见 29(5.97)
双侧可见 431(88.68)
末次AFS评分/[例(%)]
1~4 421(86.63)
5~8 59(12.14)
9~12 6(1.23)

*为中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)。IVF-ET:体外受精-胚胎移植术;IUA:宫腔粘连;AFS:美国生育协会。

2.2. 单因素分析结果

通过单因素分析对活产率的影响因素进行筛选,发现妊娠方式、年龄、末次宫深、妊娠次数、分娩次数、是否为复发型IUA、末次宫角是否可见、末次输卵管口是否可见、末次AFS评分与活产率有关(均P<0.05,表2)。

表2.

宫腔镜下宫腔粘连分离术术后活产组和非活产组患者活产率单因素分析

Table 2 Univariate analysis of the live birth rate in the live birth and non-live birth groups after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis

变量 活产组(n=256) 非活产组(n=230) Z/χ2 P
年龄/岁 30.38±4.32 31.81±4.94 3.477 <0.001
末次宫深/cm 7.19±0.56 7.04±0.68 2.702 0.007
妊娠方式/[例(%)] 7.677 0.006
自然妊娠 169(48.70) 178(51.30)
IVF-ET 87(62.59) 52(37.41)
妊娠次数/[例(%)] 13.707 0.003
0 7(58.33) 5(41.67)
1 43(47.78) 47(52.22)
2 85(66.41) 43(33.59)
≥3 120(47.24) 134(52.76)
分娩次数/[例(%)] 10.139 0.017
0 185(56.92) 140(43.08)
1 66(45.21) 80(54.79)
2 2(20.00) 8(80.00)
≥3 2(66.67) 1(33.33)
流产次数/[例(%)] 6.544 0.088
0 21(56.76) 16(43.24)
1 64(52.03) 59(47.97)
2 83(60.58) 54(39.42)
≥3 87(46.52) 100(53.48)
复发型IUA/[例(%)] 5.552 0.019
是 62(44.29) 78(55.71)
否 194(56.07) 152(43.93)
末次宫角/[例(%)] 6.189 0.045
双侧不可见 3(23.08) 10(76.92)
一侧可见 3(33.33) 6(66.67)
双侧可见 250(53.88) 214(46.12)
末次输卵管开口/[例(%)] 26.573 <0.001
双侧不可见 5(19.23) 21(80.77)
一侧可见 6(20.69) 23(79.31)
双侧可见 245(56.84) 186(43.16)
末次AFS评分/[例(%)] 22.985 <0.001
1~4 239(56.77) 182(43.23)
5~8 17(28.81) 42(71.19)
9~12 0(0.00) 6(100.00)

IVF-ET:体外受精-胚胎移植术;AFS:美国生育协会。

2.3. 多因素分析结果

进一步将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量(P<0.05)纳入多因素logistic回归分析,结果HA术后选择IVF-ET助孕的患者较自然妊娠的患者活产率更高(OR=0.557,95% CI:0.361~0.861,P=0.008);末次手术双侧输卵管口可见时,更有可能获得活产(OR=0.322,95% CI:0.104~0.997,P=0.049)。患者年龄越大,活产率越低(OR=1.081,95% CI:1.034~1.131,P<0.001)。末次手术AFS评分为中度者,活产率较低(OR=2.973,95% CI:1.541~5.738,P<0.01;表3)。

表3.

宫腔粘连术后活产组和非活产组患者活产率的多因素logistic回归分析

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression of the live birth rate in the live birth and non-live birth groups after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis

变量 类别 偏回归系数 标准误 Wald χ2 P 标准化回归系数 OR 95%置信区间
常量 -1.906 0.875 4.750 0.029
年龄 0.078 0.023 11.681 <0.001 0.202 1.081 1.034~1.131
妊娠方式 自然妊娠
IVF-ET -0.584 0.222 6.942 0.008 -0.145 0.557 0.361~0.861
妊娠次数 2
0 0.307 0.651 0.223 0.637 0.026 1.360 0.380~4.867
1 0.839 0.298 7.944 0.005 0.180 2.314 1.291~4.147
3 0.441 0.247 3.180 0.075 0.121 1.554 0.957~2.521
末次输卵管开口 双侧不可见
一侧可见 0.248 0.744 0.111 0.739 0.032 1.281 0.298~5.505
双侧可见 -1.133 0.577 3.859 0.049 -0.198 0.322 0.104~0.997
末次AFS评分 1~4
5~8 1.090 0.335 10.555 <0.010 0.197 2.973 1.541~5.738
9~12 14.258 809.600 0.000 0.986 0.871 >999 <0.001~>999

IVF-ET:体外受精-胚胎移植术;AFS:美国生育协会。

3. 讨 论

IUA发病率逐年上升,已成为严重影响女性生殖健康的主要疾病之一。IUA术后复发率较高,重度粘连的术后复发率为30%~62.5%[19]。因纤维化组织可能会严重影响子宫内膜的修复和子宫内膜容受性[20],IUA复发后的治疗难度更大,严重影响患者的生殖预后[19]。因此能否在IUA复发之前获得妊娠是影响活产率的重要因素之一。HA术后到新鲜胚胎移植的最佳时间段为术后90~180 d[21],患者应在术后尽早接受胚胎移植。IVF-ET能够使患者更主动地选择受孕时机,有助于患者缩短HA术后获得妊娠的时间,更有可能在IUA复发之前获得妊娠。但对于尝试自然受孕的夫妇,术后获得妊娠的时间不可控,可能在备孕期间遭遇IUA复发。

IUA表现出的宫腔疤痕化、薄子宫内膜及较差的子宫内膜血流使得子宫内膜容受性降低,不利于胚胎的正常种植或者发育[20]。排卵前足够的雌激素刺激和排卵后孕激素对子宫内膜的持续影响,是建立和维持子宫内膜容受性的重要前提[22]。并且,孕激素能促使子宫内膜基质发生蜕膜化,调节子宫内膜容受性相关因子表达,有助于胚胎着床[23]。而采用IVF-ET助孕可在妊娠前、妊娠早期对患者进行更个体化的全程管理,同时使用外源性的孕激素、雌激素或者HCG助孕[24],这常常是尝试自然受孕的妇女所缺乏的。

本研究纳入的患者卵巢功能正常,排除了其他导致不孕的因素,如原发性不孕症、子宫结核病史、子宫内膜异位症、宫腔病变(子宫内膜息肉、子宫内膜不典型增生或子宫内膜恶性肿瘤)及排卵障碍性疾病。但仍无法完全排除隐匿性影响妊娠的因素,如盆腔粘连、未破裂卵泡黄素化综合征、输卵管微小病变等。IVF-ET可以在一定程度上减轻这类隐匿性因素对妊娠的影响。

研究[25]报道HA术后有24%~35%的患者选择IVF-ET。而本研究中HA术后行IVF-ET者仅占28.6%。我们在末次手术中,对于有自然生育愿望的患者进行双侧输卵管通液,该操作对改善输卵管通畅程度起到一定的治疗作用,可能对患者术后获得自然妊娠有一定益处,使部分拟行IVF-ET的患者在HA术后获得了自然妊娠。

我们通过单因素和多因素logistic回归分析发现:在IUA患者中,年龄是非活产的独立危险因素,活产率随着年龄的增加而下降。已有较多文献报道年龄与生育有着密切关系:年龄越大,卵巢储备功能越差,母体卵母细胞成熟过程中染色体异常发生率增加[26];孕妇30岁以后,子宫肌瘤及甲状腺功能异常的发生率明显增加[27-28],因此,高龄孕妇发生自然流产、异位妊娠、死胎、胚胎染色体异常等情况的风险也增加;妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压、羊水量异常、前置胎盘、产后出血、多胎妊娠在高龄孕产妇中的发生率也明显增加[29]。

AFS评分包括宫腔粘连范围、粘连类型和月经情况3个重要评定指标[13]。研究[30]表明:改善子宫内膜血流及微循环是改善其容受性的重要措施,子宫内膜血流丰富者胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率明显高于子宫内膜血流欠佳者。而粘连越致密,AFS评分可能越高。子宫内膜纤维化会导致宫腔形态改变、宫腔容积变小、子宫内膜腺体减少、子宫内膜容受性下降,严重影响受精卵着床和早期妊娠的建立[31]。创伤破坏子宫内膜基底层,甚至导致更深的子宫肌层粘连,引起胎盘发育异常,如前置胎盘或胎盘植入发生,这些严重并发症会导致早产、死胎、死产等,影响活产率[32]。胚胎主要着床于子宫中上段[32]。宫腔粘连面积越大,意味着有效内膜面积越小。若中上段内膜严重缺失,将不利于胚胎着床和发育,影响活产率。我们通过单因素和多因素分析,发现末次手术AFS评分为中度者,活产率较低;而评分为轻度者妊娠结局较好,与上述研究结果一致。而本研究结果并未提示末次AFS评分为重度时与非活产有显著相关性,可能与本研究纳入的末次AFS评分为重度的患者仅6人,且均在非活产组有关。这有待扩大样本量进一步探讨。

本研究为回顾性研究,没有进行随机对照试验。结论仍需大样本前瞻性研究进一步证实。

综上,本研究结果表明:IVF-ET、年龄、末次双侧输卵管口是否可见及末次AFS评分是影响HA术后活产率的预测因素;IVF-ET有助于提高IUA患者HA术后的活产率。本研究结果有助于在临床工作中为IUA术后患者妊娠方式的选择提供个体化、实用性的建议。

黄欢 论文修改;张爱倩 病例随访;程文炜 统计分析;杨益民 研究指导;徐大宝 研究指导,实验设计,经费支持。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1004800);湖南省科技计划项目(2021SK53704,2020SK53605)。

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFC1004800) and the Hunan Provincial Technology Innovation Guiding Project (2021SK53704 and 2020SK53605), China.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明无利益冲突

作者贡献

孙丹 图表处理,数据分析,论文撰写;赵行平 论文撰写;

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2022111559.pdf

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