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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 Nov 28;47(11):1622–1628. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220453

子宫颈腺肉瘤保留生育功能治疗1例并文献复习

Fertility-sparing treatment for cervical mullerian adenosarcoma: A case report and literature review

XIAO Bingxin 1,1, LI Ruizhen 1, ZHAO Xingping 1, MAO Xuetao 1, HE Sili 1,, XU Dabao 1,
Editor: 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10930632  PMID: 36481642

Abstract

Currently, whole uterus and bilateral tubal resection and oophorectomy is the main treatment of cervical mullerian adenosarcoma. However, young patients generally wish to retain reproductive function. The clinical data of a patient with cervical mullerian adenosarcoma, who underwent fertility preservation surgery were collected. A 13-year-old girl with abnormal vaginal bleeding and a 1.0 cm flocculent echogenicity in the lower part of the uterine cavity to the cervical canal and a cervical mass of about 61 mm×37 mm was found in the pelvic MRI. After initial diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescence and cervical blood clot, the patient was treated with artificial cycle treatment, but her symptoms did not improve. Then she was transferred to the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University for uninjured virgin membrane hysteroscopy and cervical mass electrotomy, but a few pedicles remained after the operation, and the pathology suggested a cervical mullerian adenosarcoma. Because the patient was young and had not yet given birth, she was treated with primary IAP regimen of chemotherapy and subcutaneously injected with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GNRH-A) once every 28 days (6 times in total) to protect the ovarian function. After the chemotherapy, she was treated with uninjured virgin membrane hysteroscopy and pedicle electrotomy of cervical mullerian adenosarcoma. After the operation, she received chemotherapy with IAP regimen for 5 times. After discharge, she was treated with megestrol 200 mg per day for 3 years. During 5 years of regular follow-up, no abnormality was seen. Cervical mullerian adenosarcoma in non-sexual women is easily misdiagnosed as ovulation dysfunction abnormal uterine bleeding. The necessity of hysteroscopy should be emphasized, and for patients with low-grade early-stage lesions who wish to retain fertility, local resection could be chosen, but attention is paid to lifelong follow-up to exclude long-term recurrence.

Keywords: cervical mullerian adenosarcoma, fertility-sparing treatment, asexual life young women, uninjured virgin membrane hysteroscopy, lifetime follow-up


腺肉瘤又称为苗勒管腺肉瘤,占所有子宫肉瘤的5%~10%[1]。子宫颈腺肉瘤是腺肉瘤中更为罕见的类型。美国M.D.Anderson癌症中心曾报道女性生殖道腺肉瘤好发于子宫(71%)、卵巢(15%)、盆腔(12%),仅2%发生于子宫颈[2]。美国国家癌症数据库(National Cancer Database,NCDB)资料[3]显示:在所有类型的子宫颈恶性肿瘤中,子宫颈腺肉瘤发病率仅为0.16%。患者常因异常阴道流血、宫颈外口突出息肉样病变就诊。由于其影像学表现不典型,容易漏诊或误诊。关于子宫颈腺肉瘤的治疗及预后数据有限,目前绝大部分学者倾向于全子宫及双侧输卵管和卵巢切除术。然而,这种治疗方法不能用于希望保留生育功能的子宫颈腺肉瘤患者。本研究报告1例行保留生育功能治疗的子宫颈腺肉瘤患者,并复习国内外相关文献,以期为临床医生诊治该病提供参考。

1. 病例资料

患者,女,13岁,因“异常阴道流血5个月”在2017年2月9日就诊于中南大学湘雅三医院(以下简称我院)。患者11岁(2015年4月)月经初潮,持续5~6 d,平素月经规律。2016年9月15日因月经来潮后持续阴道流血,淋漓不尽,于外院就诊。外院盆腔MRI示:子宫内膜稍厚,宫腔下段至宫颈管内1.0 cm絮状回声,宫颈外口及穹窿后侧一大小为21 mm×14 mm×24 mm异常混杂信号灶,宫颈管肿块约61 mm× 37 mm,部分边界欠清,内呈蜂窝状。外院初诊考虑青春期功能失调性子宫出血、宫颈管血凝块,予以炔雌醇环丙孕酮片(达英-35)调经治疗后,患者症状无改善。既往先天性第12肋缺如。入我院后,查肿瘤标志物:糖类抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125,CA125)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,HCG)、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、甲胎蛋白(α-fetoprotein,AFP)均正常。肛门检查:子宫后位,稍大,质地中等,活动度好,双侧附件未扪及异常。在静脉全身麻醉下行无损伤处女膜宫腔镜检查术+宫颈肿块电切术(2017年2月10日)。术中见:阴道壁无异常;宫颈外口1个淡黄色水泡样赘生物,脱出于阴道内,约5 cm× 6 cm×4 cm,蒂部位于宫颈管前壁。钳夹出肿块,电切蒂部;肿瘤组织侵入宫颈管肌层,电切过程中易出血。因出血较多导致宫腔镜下手术区视野不清,术毕残留部分蒂部组织。肿块为多发黄色葡萄样组织。术后病理检查结果(图1):(子宫颈)腺肉瘤(分化好),肿块约8 cm×7 cm×3 cm,基底部情况不明。免疫组织化学检查结果:肿瘤腺上皮雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)(++)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)(++),间质成分ER(+)、PR(++)、CD10(区域+)、Myogenin(+)、Desmin(+),CD34(局灶+)、平滑肌肌动蛋白(smooth muscle actin,SMA)(-)、P16(-)、Myoglobin(-)、MyoD1(-)、S-100(-)、Ki-67(80%+)。因患者年幼,尚未生育,术后予以1次IAP方案(异环磷酰胺+盐酸表柔比星+顺铂)化学治疗(以下简称化疗)及促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(每28 d注射亮丙瑞林1针,共6针)以保护卵巢功能。化疗后复查彩色多普勒超声:宫颈处等回声包块(12 mm× 9 mm)。在静脉全身麻醉下行无损伤处女膜宫腔镜检查术+宫颈腺肉瘤蒂部电切术(2017年3月17日)。术中见:宫颈管正常,无残留肿瘤组织。子宫下段近宫颈内口处右侧壁1.5 cm×1.0 cm×0.5 cm大小黄白色蒂样组织,表面少许坏死。电切蒂部组织至肉眼未见肿瘤组织残留,深达子宫肌层。术后病理检查结果:送检组织近腔面可见极少肿瘤残留组织(面积<0.1 cm2)。后再予5次IAP方案化疗(共6次)。出院后,予以甲地孕酮(200 mg,每日1次)连续治疗3年,定期至我院随访,未见异常。于2022年1月20日在我院行无损伤处女膜宫腔镜检查术+宫颈活检查术+宫颈管搔刮术+宫内膜活检查术。术中见:宫颈轻度糜烂,宫颈管上皮黏膜及宫腔下段内膜稍毛糙。术后病理检查未见明显异常(图2)。

图1.

图1

子宫颈腺肉瘤患者首次术后病理检查结果(HE染色)

Figure 1 Pathological examination results of patients with cervical mullerian adenosarcoma after the first operation (HE staining)

A: Stromal component cells are significantly hyperplasia. The arranged cystic space of the benign gladular epithelium is surrounded by a malignant stroma (×40). B: Stromal component cells significantly proliferate around the glands, forming a cuff appearance (×40). C: Good glandal epithelium expanded by the stroma, with neoplastic stromal cells around the glands, is well differentiated and inactive in nuclear division (×100). D: Tumplastic stromal cells surrounded by sleeves are seen around benign glands, well differentiated and inactive nuclear division, cell nucleus division as 2/10 high power field (HPF) or higher (×100).

图2.

图2

子宫颈腺肉瘤患者术后随访复查时宫内膜病理检查结果(HE染色)

Figure 2 Pathological examination results of endometrium in patients with cervical mullerian adenosarcoma during the follow-up after operation (HE staining)

A: Proliferative endometrial, glandular epithelium, and stromal cells are benign, with no atypia (×100); B: No hyperplasia is observed in the stromal cells and no cuff-like structures form around the glands (×40).

2. 讨 论

子宫颈腺肉瘤是一种低级别混合型子宫肿瘤,由良性上皮及恶性间质组成,良性上皮通常为子宫内膜样组织,恶性间质可来源于同源组织(成纤维细胞和平滑肌)或异源组织(软骨、横纹肌、骨等),通常为低级别间质肉瘤[4]。子宫颈腺肉瘤可发生于所有年龄段的女性,其中约1/3发生于10~15岁[5]。患者常因异常阴道流血、宫颈外口突出息肉样病变就诊。本例患者因未婚无性生活,不适合进行妇科检查,虽影像学检查提示宫颈肿块,但外院依旧从常见病、多发病的角度将其误诊为排卵障碍性异常子宫出血。可见对于无性生活的女性,子宫颈腺肉瘤的术前诊断困难,易发生漏诊或误诊。因此,临床上应重视此类常阴道流血合并宫颈肿块性质不明,且药物治疗效果不佳者,须考虑子宫颈腺肉瘤,积极行无损伤处女膜宫腔镜检查术明确诊断。子宫颈腺肉瘤及其主要鉴别诊断疾病的病理特点见表1。由于子宫颈腺肉瘤通常呈现息肉样外观,可能会被误诊为宫颈葡萄状横纹肌肉瘤,需要结合临床和病理检查结果诊断。

表1.

子宫颈腺肉瘤的鉴别诊断

Table 1 Differential diagnosis of cervical mullerian adenoscarcoma

疾病 镜下鉴别诊断要点
子宫颈腺肉瘤 肿瘤呈分叶状,其间可见呈裂隙或扩张的衬附良性子宫内膜上皮的腺体成分,腺体周围可见袖套状环绕的肿瘤性间质细胞,细胞丰富,呈现不同程度的异型性,细胞核分裂象≥2/10 HPF[6]
子宫平滑肌肉瘤 至少满足下列2个条件:中度到重度核异型性;细胞有丝分裂象≥15/10 HPF和/或肿瘤细胞凝固性坏死[1, 7]
子宫内膜息肉 腺体与间质的发育与周围子宫内膜不同步,腺体排列方式及外形不规则,间质纤维化伴大量胶原及厚壁血管[8]
子宫腺纤维瘤 由良性间质和良性上皮组成,良性间质成分通常为成纤维细胞,有时伴有子宫内膜间质细胞和/或平滑肌细胞。间质异型性、有丝分裂活性和腺周褶皱均不存在或不明显,细胞核分裂象<2/10 HPF[9]
非典型息肉样腺肌瘤 由子宫内膜腺体(伴不典型性)和富于细胞性肌纤维瘤样间质构成。间质由呈漩涡状的平滑肌束组成,且腺体周围间质较少,无“袖套”现象[9]
宫颈葡萄状横纹肌肉瘤 由原始胚胎性间叶组织组成,黏膜上皮下有未分化瘤细胞带,与黏膜表面平行排列,称“形成层”;有丝分裂活动更活跃;有不同分化程度的横纹肌母细胞;多克隆结蛋白、肌肉特异性肌动蛋白、肌动蛋白、Myf4和肌红蛋白染色常呈阳性[10]
未分化子宫内膜癌肉瘤 缺乏平滑肌或子宫内膜基质细胞分化且侵犯子宫肌层,严重核异型,有丝分裂活跃和/或肿瘤细胞坏死[11]

HPF:高倍镜视野。

子宫颈腺肉瘤的治疗主要是参考子宫肉瘤的经验。其最佳治疗方式尚无共识,大部分学者基于子宫颈腺肉瘤可能出现附件转移、II期预后显著差于I期的特点,建议将全子宫及双侧输卵管和卵巢切除术作为首选治疗方案[6, 12]。但也有学者[6, 13]认为,子宫颈腺肉瘤患者卵巢转移的风险(约为2%)相对较低,因此尚无足够的证据支持手术常规切除卵巢。因盆腔淋巴结及主动脉旁淋巴结转移率较低(0~6.5%),一般不推荐进行淋巴结切除术[12]。也有研究[14]建议伴肉瘤过度生长(肉瘤成分占肿瘤总体积的25%以上[15])的腺肉瘤同时行淋巴结切除术。肿瘤最大直径>5 cm及肿瘤浸润超过50%的子宫肌层会使淋巴结转移风险增加至5.3%~15.4%,因此也建议同时行淋巴结切除术[14]

因子宫颈腺肉瘤罕见,目前尚无高质量随机对照试验评估新辅助化疗对其的疗效,关于术后辅助化疗方案的选择,可供参考的数据同样有限,因此必须在缺乏高质量证据的情况下作出临床决策。子宫颈腺肉瘤的预后主要取决于肿瘤分期[16]和是否伴有肉瘤过度生长。据研究[12]报道:无肉瘤过度生长的患者中位总生存期为112.4个月,2年总生存率和无进展生存率均达100%,5年总生存率为69.3%~80.0%;伴肉瘤过度生长的患者中位总生存期为55.4个月,2年总生存率和无进展生存率均为20%,5年总生存率为50.0%~60.7%。伴肉瘤过度生长,肿瘤分期为I期的患者5年内总生存率为63%~86%[IA期(无子宫肌层浸润)为83.3%~84.0%,IB期(浸润不超过1/2肌层厚度)为63%~69%,IC期(浸润超过1/2肌层厚度)为63%],II期为50%~69%,III期为0~48%,IV期为15%。因此,不伴肉瘤过度生长和/或无子宫肌层浸润的患者仅手术即可改善结局,对于有子宫肌层浸润或伴肉瘤过度生长的子宫腺肉瘤患者,可以考虑个体化辅助化疗,以降低复发风险并提高治愈率。化疗方案可选择多柔比星[17]、异环磷酰胺[18]、顺铂[19]、吉他西滨+多西他赛[20]等。也有报道认为,子宫颈腺肉瘤的治疗可以个体化地选用高效孕激素(醋酸甲羟孕酮、甲地孕酮、地诺孕酮)[21-22]或芳香化酶抑制剂(阿那曲唑、来曲唑)[23]。本例患者有肌层浸润且PR、ER均为阳性,因此采取个体化的IAP方案化疗+高效孕激素维持治疗。

研究[6]显示:子宫双附件切除术后子宫颈腺肉瘤的复发率为23.9%,1/3的5年后复发,且较少(2%)发生远处转移。因此,对于希望保留生育能力的子宫颈腺肉瘤患者,在密切随访的前提下行局部切除可能是一个合理的选择。有研究[24-28]报道腺肉瘤采取保留生育功能手术后成功妊娠的病例(表2)。对于希望保留生育能力的低级别早期病变且不伴有高危因素的患者,可采取保留生育功能手术,术后严密随访,复查彩色多普勒超声和/或MRI;如发现异常,应采取宫腔镜下子宫内膜活检。对于无性生活女性,应强调采取无损伤处女膜宫腔镜检查术。

表2.

保留生育力治疗后成功妊娠的腺肉瘤病例情况

Table 2 Adenosarcoma cases of successful pregnancy after fertility-sparing treatment

作者

发表

年份

患者

年龄/岁

肿瘤

分期

初始

治疗

辅助疗法 妊娠时间 妊娠结局 随访时间和方式 疾病状态
Lee等[24] 2017 33

子宫

腺肉瘤

IA期

宫腔镜

肿块

切除

醋酸甲地

孕酮治疗

3个月

初始

治疗后

17个月

阴道分娩

(39周2 d)

77个月;未诉 无疾病进展
Goh等[25] 2018 21

子宫

腺肉瘤

IA期

宫腔镜

肿块

切除

初始

治疗后

3年

阴道分娩

(足月)

139个月;定期复查B超

无疾病进展期为

8年;8年后行子宫双附件切除术;术后病理检查为IC期;术后随访43个月,无疾病进展

L’Heveder等[26] 2019 18

子宫

腺肉瘤

IA期

宫腔镜

肿块

切除

初始

治疗后

12年

因胎盘

早剥早产(28周)

240个月;每6个月接受1次盆腔超声、宫腔镜检查和子宫内膜活检监测,并每年进行盆腔MRI 随访20年无疾病复发;20年后行腹腔镜子宫切除术,保留卵巢
Di Spiezio Sardo等[27] 2016 23

子宫

腺肉瘤

IA期

宫腔镜

肿块

切除

醋酸甲地孕酮治疗

3年

初始

治疗后

4年

阴道分娩

(足月)

48个月;每6个月接受1次盆腔超声、宫腔镜检查和子宫内膜活检监测,并每年进行盆腔MRI 无疾病进展
Kanayama等[28] 2017 28 子宫颈腺肉瘤IA期

宫颈

切除术

初始

治疗后

18个月

分娩方式

不详(足月)

未诉

随访32个月,

无疾病进展

综上,子宫颈腺肉瘤因发病率极低而常被临床忽略,其首发症状常为宫颈外口突出息肉样病变或异常子宫出血,无性生活女性子宫颈腺肉瘤尤其易被误诊为排卵障碍性异常子宫出血。对于此类患者,应强调宫腔镜诊断的必要性。子宫颈腺肉瘤预后大多良好,对于希望保留生育能力的低级别早期病变患者,可选择局部切除,但须重视终身随访以排除远期复发。目前仍需继续积累此类患者保留生育功能手术后的长期随访数据,特别是妊娠结局方面的资料,以期为患者选择更优的治疗方案提供依据。

基金资助

湖南省重点研发项目(2022SK2033);湖南省创新型省份建设专项(2020SK4017)。

This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province (2022SK2033) and the Hunan Provincial Innovative Province Construction Project (2020SK4017), China.

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

肖冰鑫 文献收集及论文撰写;李瑞珍、赵行平、毛雪涛 资料收集;徐大宝、贺斯黎 修改并审核稿件。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2022111622.pdf

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