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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Dec 28;48(12):1920–1928. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230305

血管内大B细胞淋巴瘤的临床特点及影像学表现

Clinical features and imaging manifestations for intravascular large B-cell lymphoma

JIN Hong 1,2,2, LIAO Weihua 1,2, YANG Shuai 1,2, PENG Lushan 1,2, XING Wu 1,2,
Editor: 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10930742  PMID: 38448386

Abstract

Objective

Intravascular large B-cell lymphomas are a rare group of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas with no apparent specificity of symptoms and often a poor prognosis. This study aims to investigate the clinical features and imaging manifestations of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, to improve the awareness of clinicians and imaging physicians and to reduce the underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis of this disease.

Methods

Five patients with pathologically confirmed intravascular large B-cell lymphoma diagnosed between December 2011 and February 2022 at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were retrospectively analyzed for clinical features and imaging manifestations.

Results

The age range for the 5 patients in this paper was 44-72 years at an average of (55.4±11.2) years, 2 were male and 3 were female. There were 4 patients with fever, 3 patients with cough, 3 patients with fatigue, and 2 patients with neurological symptoms. The primary sites of lesions were bilateral adrenal glands (2 cases), liver (1 case), central nervous system (1 case), lung (1 case). Imaging of the corresponding site was performed in 5 cases. When the primary site is the adrenal gland, it appears as bilateral adrenal masses or bilateral adrenal thickening with clear contours. When the primary site is the liver, it appears as a hypodense lesion in the right lobe of the liver with “vascular floating sign”. When the primary site is the central nervous system, it appears as multiple tumor-like lesions in the frontal-parietal-occipital lobe, right temporal lobe and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres with multiple hemorrhages within the lesions. When the primary site is the lung, it appears as multiple ground glass shadows and solid changes in both lungs with localized lobular septal thickening. The final pathological diagnosis was intravascular large B-cell lymphoma in all 5 patients, one of whom had a good prognosis after chemotherapy, 2 of whom died within 3 days of discharge, and two of whom were lost to follow-up.

Conclusion

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma can involve multiple tissues and organs, and its prognosis is often poor, and its imaging manifestations possess certain specificity. When this disease is highly suspected, a biopsy of the corresponding organ should be performed as soon as possible to clarify the diagnosis.

Keywords: intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, imaging, clinical features


血管内淋巴瘤(intravascular lymphoma,IVL)是一类非常罕见的结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤,年发病率不超过0.5/10万 [ 1],1959年由Pfleger和Tappeiner首次报道。病理上IVL多为B细胞性,极少数为T细胞性 [ 2]。B细胞来源的血管内淋巴瘤称为血管内大B细胞淋巴瘤(intravascular large B-cell lymphoma,IVLBCL),多见于老年人,可累及全身各个器官。其临床症状多样,可表现为发热、中枢神经系统症状、皮肤红斑等,因症状无明显特异性,极易造成漏诊或误诊。本病具有高度侵袭性,预后常较差,延误诊断对患者危害极大。IVLBCL的最终确诊依靠组织病理学检查及基因分析。现对经病理确诊的5例IVLBCL患者临床特点及影像学表现进行分析总结,以提高临床医师及影像科医师的认识,减少本病的漏诊、误诊。

1. 对象与方法

1.1. 研究对象

选取中南大学湘雅医院2011年12月至2022年2月5例经病理检查确诊为IVLBCL患者作为研究对象。本研究获中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会批准(审批号:202307146),免除知情同意。

1.2. 资料收集

回顾性收集5例IVLBCL患者的临床、病理及影像资料,包括:1)首发症状、发病部位;2)实验室检查;3)大体病理及免疫组化;4)影像资料;5)预后情况。

2. 结 果

2.1. 临床及病理结果

患者年龄为44~72(55.4±11.2)岁,男2例,女3例;疾病首发症状多样,其中表现为发热症状有4例,咳嗽症状有3例,乏力症状有3例,同时合并神经系统症状(分别表现为烦躁、神志嗜睡,言语欠清,眼球运动受限、吞咽困难)有2例。病例1、2原发部位为肾上腺;病例3原发部位为肝脏;病例4原发部位为中枢神经系统,合并肺部感染、脾破裂出血、出血性休克、毛细血管渗漏综合征。病例5原发部位为肺部。患者进行的实验室检查有血常规、肝肾功能、红细胞沉降率、凝血功能、超敏C反应蛋白、炎症因子、肿瘤标志物定量、病毒全套、血管炎三项、血清自免脑抗体全套等。5例患者均行相应病变部位的病理学检查,最终病理学诊断均是IVLBCL,病例的具体临床及病理资料见 表1图1

表1.

5例血管内大 B细胞淋巴瘤患者的临床及病理资料

Table 1 Clinical and pathological data of 5 patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma

病例

发病

年龄/岁

性别 主诉

活检

部位

大体病理 免疫组织化学 结局
1 72

乏力伴食欲

下降1月余

左侧

肾上腺

(左侧肾上腺)弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,

部分呈血管内生长

CD20(++),PAX-5(+),LCA(+),

Ki-67(不确定),Vimentin(±),CD3(-),CD43(-),CD117(-),TTF-1(-),

Syn(-)

失访
2 44

发现肾上腺

占位1月

右侧

肾上腺

(右侧肾上腺)血管内弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤,非生发中心来源

CD20(+),PAX-5(+),Ki-67(80%+),CD31(血管+),ERG(血管内皮+),MUM1(+),Bcl-2(+),Bcl-6(+),

CD10(-),CD3(-),CD5(-),

CD30(-),CD117(-)

R-CHOP方案*化学治疗多次,预后良好
3 65

反复发热、

咳嗽半月余

(肝)EBV阳性的血管内弥漫大B细胞

淋巴瘤,非生发中心

来源

CD20(+),PAX-5(+),Ki-67(80%+),MUM1(+),Bcl-2(-),Bcl-6(+),CD5(+),EBER(+),CD23(±),Masson

染色(+),CD10(-),CD3(-),CD34(-),CD4(-),CD8(-),CD56(-),

消化PAS+衬染(-)

出院后第3天去世
4 51

头痛、乏力,加重伴发热、吞咽困难、

声音嘶哑半月

左侧

枕叶

(左侧枕叶病变)血管内见异型细胞,结合免疫组织化学,考虑为大B细胞淋巴瘤

CD20(+),Ki-67(90%+),CD3(-),CD5(-),CD10(-),Bcl-2(-),Bcl-6(-),MUM1(-),Cyclin D1(-),

EBER(-)

出院后第3天去世
5 45 反复咳嗽、气促、发热5月 左上肺

(左上肺)恶性肿瘤,免疫组织化学结果

符合血管内大B细胞

淋巴瘤,非生发中心来源

CD20(++),PAX-5(++),CD79a(++),LCA(++),Ki-67(大约50%+),34βE12(±),CD56(-),CgA(±),CK5/6(-),CK7(-),NSE(+),P63(+),Syn(-),TTF-1(-),CD45RO(-),Vimentin(+),CD34(异型细胞巢周围+),F8(异型细胞巢周围+),CD30(-),MUM1(++) 失访

*R-CHOP方案:“利妥昔单抗+环磷酰胺+多柔比星+长春新碱+泼尼松”方案;PAX-5:配对盒基因5;LCA:白细胞共同抗原;Ki-67:增殖指数;TTF-1:甲状腺转录因子-1;Syn:突触素;ERG:血管内皮;MUM1:多发性骨髓瘤癌基因1;Bcl-2:抗凋亡蛋白;EBER:原位杂交;Cyclin D1:细胞周期素D1;CgA:嗜铬素A;NSE:神经元特异性烯醇化酶。

图1.

图1

IVLBCL的病理检查结果

Figure 1 Pathological results of IVLBCL

A: Case 1, male, 72 years old, bilateral IVLBCL of the adrenal glands with vitreous changes in the vessel wall (asterisks), lymphocyte filling in the lumen (black arrow), and heterogeneous lymphocytes visible outside the lumen (white arrow) (HE, ×400); B: Case 4, female, 51 years old, left occipital lobe IVLBCL with glassy lesions in the vessel wall (asterisk), lymphocyte filling in the lumen (black arrow) (HE, ×400). IVLBCL: Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

2.2. 影像结果

病例1的CT影像表现为双侧肾上腺肿胀、形态失常,可见软组织肿块形成,大小分别约为110 mm×67 mm(左侧)、71 mm×34 mm(右侧),增强后不均匀强化,内可见斑片状无强化区( 图2)。腹膜后、腹主动脉旁及左盆壁多发肿大淋巴结,腹主动脉被包绕,管腔无狭窄( 图2B短箭头)。病例2的CT影像表现为双侧肾上腺弥漫性增粗、轮廓尚清( 图3箭头),增强后呈轻中度强化。病例3的CT影像( 图4)表现为肝脏形态饱满,肝右后叶见大片状不均匀低密度灶,增强后动脉期、门脉期及延迟期相对肝实质呈低密度灶,可见“血管漂浮征”( 图4B箭头)。脾增大。双侧肾上腺增粗( 图4C箭头),双侧胸腔及心包少许积液。PET/CT提示肝右前、后叶及左内叶糖代谢增高;双侧肾上腺增粗,糖代谢增高,考虑淋巴瘤并肝、肾上腺浸润可能性大。病例4的MRI影像( 图5)表现为双侧额顶枕叶、右侧颞叶及双侧小脑半球多发长T1短T2信号灶,可见占位效应。左枕叶病灶局部可见片状短T1信号( 图5A箭头),弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)边缘少许高信号,相应表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coeffecient,ADC)为低值,磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)示颅内多发低信号,增强后病灶强化不明显,颅内软脑膜可见强化。左侧侧脑室后角受压变窄。病例5的CT影像表现为双肺多发磨玻璃影及实变改变,双肺上叶显著,以肺间质分布为主。左侧叶间裂增厚( 图6A箭头)、局部小叶间隔增厚( 图6B箭头),左侧胸腔积液( 图6C)。

图2.

图2

病例 1(男, 72岁,双侧肾上腺 IVLBCL)的影像学表现

Figure 2 Imaging findings of Case 1 (male, 72 years old, bilateral adrenal IVLBCL)

A: Bilateral adrenal masses (arrows); B and C: Multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the retroperitoneum, parietal abdominal aorta (long arrow in Figure B) and left pelvic wall (arrow in Figure C), with the abdominal aorta being encircled (short arrow in Figure B) and the lumen not stenosed. IVLBCL: Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

图3.

图3

病例 2(女, 41岁,双侧肾上腺 IVLBCL)的影像学表现

Figure 3 Imaging findings of Case 2 (female, 41 years old, bilateral adrenal IVLBCL)

Diffuse thickening of bilateral adrenal glands (arrows), still clear contours, and mild to moderate enhancement. IVLBCL: Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

图4.

图4

病例 3(男, 65岁,肝脏 IVLBCL)的影像学表现

Figure 4 Imaging findings of Case 3 (male, 65 years old, liver IVLBCL)

A: Hepatic right blade-like heterogeneous hypodense foci with hypodense foci relative to the liver parenchyma after enhancement (arrow); B: “Vascular floating sign” (arrow); C: Hepatosplenomegaly and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (arrow); D: Bilateral pleural effusion with a small amount of pericardial effusion. IVLBCL: Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

图5.

图5

病例 4(女, 51岁,左侧枕叶 IVLBCL)影像学表现

Figure 5 Imaging findings of Case 4 (female, 51 years old, left occipital lobe IVLBCL)

A-D: Multiple long T1 and short T2 signal foci in the bilateral frontal-parietal-occipital lobe, right temporal lobe, and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres with visible occupancy effects, as well as a localized piece of short T1 signal in the left occipital lobe lesion (arrow in Figure A); E and F: DWI with few high signals at the edges and low values of the corresponding ADC; G: SWI showing multiple microhemorrhagic foci; H: No obvious enhanced lesion. IVLBCL: Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma; DWI: Diffusion weighted imaging; ADC: Apparent diffusion coeffecient; SWI: Susceptibility weighted imaging.

图6.

图6

病例 5(女, 45岁,双肺 IVLBCL)的影像学表现

Figure 6 Imaging findings of Case 5 (female, 45 years old, double lung IVLBCL)

A and B: Multiple ground glass and solid changes in both lungs with predominant interstitial distribution, thickening of the left interlobular fissure (arrow in Figure A) and thickening of the lobular septa (arrow in Figure B); C: Pleural effusion on the left side. IVLBCL: Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

3. 讨 论

IVLBCL是一类罕见的侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤,主要在血管内生长。IVLBCL的特征是肿瘤性淋巴细胞存在于小血管腔内,特别是毛细血管内 [ 2]。但也有研究 [ 1- 2]发现淋巴瘤细胞可突破血管壁生长引起血管外浸润,从而形成占位效应。病例1的病理提示左侧肾上腺弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,部分呈血管内生长,这预示着可能有部分为血管外浸润。同时,病例4颅脑MRI表现为颅内多发病灶,似肿瘤样病变,占位效应明显。这可能也是肿瘤细胞突破血管壁生长引起血管外浸润在影像上的一种表现。以上2例患者影像及病理结果进一步印证了Seegobin等 [ 2]部分病例可有血管外浸润的观点。

据报道 [ 1, 3],IVLBCL诊断的中位年龄为60(24~88)岁。既往研究 [ 4]将IVLBCL分为经典型、噬血细胞综合征相关型及皮肤型3个临床亚型。经典型可累及中枢神经系统,临床上可以无症状,也可以表现为发热、疼痛等,甚至表现为多器官功能障碍。噬血细胞综合征相关型预后最差,常表现为骨髓侵犯伴发热、贫血及肝脾肿大。皮肤型预后最好,受累部位主要为下肢,常表现为单纯皮损且无辅助检查异常。本病的实验室检查通常无特异性,患者所行实验室检查中主要阳性发现为乳酸脱氢酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)升高、红细胞沉降率升高、血红蛋白下降,这与王文明等 [ 5]的发现相符。5例患者中,有3例LDH升高、4例红细胞沉降率升高、4例血红蛋白下降,且病例5多次LDH水平波动于1 667~2 010 U/L之间。所有患者均进行了病理活检,最终病理诊断均为IVLBCL。所有患者也进行了免疫组织化学分析和CD20检测;另外,有4例进行了PAX⁃5检测,1例进行了CD79a检测,2例进行了LCA检测,检测结果均为阳性。CD20、PAX⁃5、CD79a阳性有助于诊断肿瘤为成熟B淋巴细胞来源,LCA阳性预示肿瘤为淋巴细胞来源 [ 4]。研究结果与陈佳梅等 [ 1]研究中所提出的CD20、CD79a及LCA阳性率均为100%基本一致。对所有患者的临床病史、实验室检查及病理学检查进行综合分析,考虑病例4为噬血细胞综合征相关型IVLBCL,其余4例患者均为经典型IVLBCL,没有发现皮肤亚型。

中国既往报道 [ 6- 7]的IVLBCL绝大多数倾向于经典型,中枢神经系统受累常见,皮肤、肾、肾上腺、肺、胃肠、软组织、脾、骨髓、淋巴结受累也均有报道,肝受累罕有报道 [ 8]。噬血细胞综合征相关型IVLBCL较为少见。

不同于既往的报道 [ 6- 7],此次报告的4例经典型IVLBCL均无中枢神经系统受累(2例病变位于双侧肾上腺、1例病变位于肝、1例病变位于肺部)。肾上腺淋巴瘤患者的病灶较小时可保持肾上腺轮廓;当病灶较大时可呈浸润生长,粘连或包绕邻近器官及血管 [ 9]。病例1的CT表现为双侧肾上腺肿块。病例2的CT表现为双侧肾上腺弥漫增粗。当发现双侧肾上腺增粗或占位性病变时,肾上腺功能可正常,需考虑淋巴瘤,但单纯的CT检查难以明确血管内淋巴瘤的诊断,往往需要病理检查确诊。肝淋巴瘤为乏血供肿瘤,CT表现为较均匀低密度灶,动脉期呈轻度强化或环形强化,门静脉期强化程度轻度上升,延迟期呈相对低密度。当血管穿行在肿瘤内部或肿瘤之间,血管无管壁受压、管腔狭窄、癌栓等受侵改变,此征象被称为“血管漂浮征”,是原发性肝淋巴瘤相对特征性的征象 [ 10- 11]。病例3的CT表现为肝右叶占位性病变,强化方式符合乏血供肿瘤,其内可见“血管漂浮征”。病例5的CT表现为双肺弥漫分布磨玻璃影及实变改变,主要分布在肺间质,这与以往研究 [ 12- 13]的发现一致。当患者出现发热、盗汗症状、血清LDH明显升高、胸部CT无明显占位,表现为双肺弥漫性磨玻璃影及实变影,小叶间隔增厚,需首先考虑肺部淋巴瘤。

病例4为噬血细胞综合征相关型IVLBCL,表现为中枢神经系统血管内淋巴瘤(central nervous system intravascular lymphoma,CNS-IVL)。Yamamoto等 [ 14]将CNS-IVL的MRI表现分为5种类型:1)梗死样病灶,该型最为常见,约占36%,提示肿瘤主要累及小动脉,DWI可有弥散受限。2)非特异性白质病变,主要位于脑室旁。3)脑膜强化,可能与肿瘤细胞所致的脑膜血管增粗以及脑膜炎性反应有关。4)肿瘤样病变,可表现为广泛的血管源性水肿和占位效应,该表现虽不符合IVLBCL肿瘤细胞局限于血管腔内生长的特征,但尸检证实这种病变存在淋巴瘤细胞外渗,血管壁增厚伴肿瘤直接浸润 [ 7]。5)脑桥T2WI高信号,病灶位于脑桥中央,无强化、无弥散受限。病例4影像符合CNS-IVL的MRI第4型肿瘤样病变的表现,并且表现为脑内多发病变伴局部出血,弥散受限及强化不明显。而原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphomas,PCNSL)影像上信号均匀,少有出血和囊变坏死,DWI弥散受限,增强后明显均匀强化 [ 15]。就信号而言,PCNSL的信号较均匀、少有出血;而本例患者颅脑MRI信号不均,可见出血灶。就强化方式而言,PCNSL为明显均匀强化,本例患者颅脑MRI表现为无明显强化。由此看来,不同的信号特点及强化方式可能是PCNSL与CNS-IVL的鉴别要点。CNS-IVL表现为脑出血的少见,表现为脑内多发微出血的极其罕见 [ 16];而病例4影像上表现多发微出血合并左枕叶脑出血,这极其罕见。

IVLBCL确诊依赖于病理检查,其活检部位最多的是骨髓,其次为皮肤。研究 [ 17- 18]发现随机皮肤盲检的阳性率高于骨髓活检。对于无明显原因的器官肿大,通过完善相应器官的组织病理来确诊。本组患者分别进行了肾上腺、肝、左枕叶、左上肺组织活检,最终病理确诊为IVLBCL。现阶段,IVLBCL治疗方案主要参照弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL),一般在化学治疗(以下简称“化疗”)的基础上联合使用利妥昔单抗 [ 1- 2, 5]。非CNS-IVL患者多采用“利妥昔单抗+环磷酰胺+多柔比星+长春新碱+泼尼松(R-CHOP)方案” [ 2]。CNS-IVL患者多采用R-CHOP方案联合大剂量氨甲蝶呤方案 [ 19]。程海霞等 [ 20]对3例CNS-IVL患者的研究发现,尽早化疗有助于患者缓解症状,延缓肿瘤复发。Shimada等 [ 21]发现在R-CHOP方案的基础上联合鞘内注射氨甲蝶呤可用于中枢神经系统受累的治疗及预防。

病例2采用R-CHOP方案化疗8次,现情况良好,无特殊不适。IVLBCL患者常见多器官受累。病例3患者的PET/CT提示淋巴瘤合并肝、肾上腺浸润可能性大。病例4合并肺部感染、脾破裂出血,出血性休克,毛细血管渗漏综合征,因此这2例患者均有多器官受累。随访发现病例3于出院第3天去世。除了多器官受累,实验室检查中LDH水平≥700 U/L被认为是IVLBCL患者的危险因素 [ 3]。病例4的LDH水平≥700 U/L,全身条件极差,无法接受淋巴瘤相关化疗。随访发现病例4于出院第3天去世,这也证实了噬血细胞综合征相关型IVLBCL预后差,有中枢神经系统受累者更甚。病例5患者多次LDH水平波动于1 667~2 010 U/L之间,均≥700 U/L,但笔者未能获取该患者的预后情况。研究 [ 2]表明,血小板计数<150×10 9/L、年龄>60岁、未接受利妥昔单抗治疗是IVLBCL预后不良的因素。5例患者中,血小板计数<150×10 9/L者1例、年龄>60岁者2例,未接受利妥昔单抗治疗者4例。徐乔乔等 [ 22]发现未联合利妥昔单抗、直接行CHOP方案治疗的IVLBCL患者疗效欠佳,而病例2采用R-CHOP方案化疗多次,预后良好,这说明R-CHOP方案在IVLBCL的治疗中,具有一定优势。

总之,IVLBCL是一种极其罕见的侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤,患者首发症状多样,预后常较差。病理检查常提示肿瘤呈血管内生长,可为生发中心来源或非生发中心来源,CD20阳性率较高。肿瘤可发生于全身多个部位,不同部位的IVLBCL影像学表现各异。当发现不明原因的发热、乏力伴中枢神经系统、皮肤或多器官受累时,应尽早进行相关影像学检查。当高度疑诊此病时,应尽早进行相应器官活检明确诊断。

基金资助

中南大学教育教学改革研究项目(2022jy124-3)。

This work was supported by the Research Project on Educational Teaching Reform of Central South University, China (2022jy124-3).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

金虹 研究设计,数据分析,论文撰写;廖伟华 方法指导;杨帅 临床及影像数据采集;彭璐珊 病理资料收集;邢妩 研究设计,论文指导及修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

Footnotes

http://dx.chinadoi.cn/

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2023121920.pdf

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