Abstract
PURPOSE
Surgery provides vital services to diagnose, treat, and palliate patients suffering from malignancies. However, despite its importance, there is little information on the delivery of surgical oncology services in Tanzania.
METHODS
Operative logbooks were reviewed at all national referral hospitals that offer surgery, all zonal referral hospitals in Mainland Tanganyika and Zanzibar, and a convenience sampling of regional referral hospitals in 2022. Cancer cases were identified by postoperative diagnosis and deidentified data were abstracted for each cancer surgery. The proportion of the procedures conducted for patients with cancer and the total number of cancer surgeries done within the public sector were calculated and compared with a previously published estimate of the surgical oncology need for the country.
RESULTS
In total, 69,195 operations were reviewed at 10 hospitals, including two national referral hospitals, five zonal referral hospitals, and three regional referral hospitals. Of the cases reviewed, 4,248 (6.1%) were for the treatment of cancer. We estimate that 4,938 cancer surgeries occurred in the public sector in Tanzania accounting for operations conducted at hospitals not included in our study. Prostate, breast, head and neck, esophageal, and bladder cancers were the five most common diagnoses. Although 387 (83%) of all breast cancer procedures were done with curative intent, 506 (87%) of patients with prostate and 273 (81%) of patients with esophageal cancer underwent palliative surgery.
CONCLUSION
In this comprehensive assessment of surgical oncology service delivery in Tanzania, we identified 4,248 cancer surgeries and estimate that 4,938 likely occurred in 2022. This represents only 25% of the estimated 19,726 cancer surgeries that are annually needed in Tanzania. These results highlight the need to identify strategies for increasing surgical oncology capacity in the country.
Assessment of surgical outputs in Tanzania finds the country is conducting 25% of the necessary cancer surgeries.
INTRODUCTION
Globally, it is estimated that there were 19.3 million new cancer cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths in 2020. Of these, 1.1 million cases and 720,000 deaths took place in Africa.1 This burden of disease is expected to continue to grow, and it is estimated that the incidence of cancer will double in Africa by 2040.2 In Tanzania specifically, a country in East Africa with a population of 65 million, cancer is the fifth leading cause of death among adults. It is estimated that 40,464 new cancer cases and 26,945 cancer-related deaths occur annually.1,3
CONTEXT
Key Objective
How many and what types of cancer surgeries occur each year in Tanzania?
Knowledge Generated
We estimated that in 2022, 4,938 cancer surgeries occurred in Tanzania, with a majority being for prostate, breast, head and neck, esophageal, and bladder cancers. Surgeries for breast cancer were primarily for curative intent; however, most of the surgeries for prostate and esophageal cancers were palliative.
Relevance
Tanzania is conducting only 25% of the estimated 19,725 cancer surgeries that are needed. This baseline information is integral for both measuring future interventions to improve surgical oncology capacity, and to highlight the need for additional strategies to promote the diagnosis and treatment of patients with curable disease.
Surgery provides vital services to diagnose, treat, and palliate patients suffering from malignancies and it is estimated that 80% of all patients with cancer will require surgery at some point during their disease.4,5 However, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), these services are often under-resourced and only available at the tertiary level. In 2015, the Lancet launched a Commission on Global Surgery. This was one of the first large-scale efforts to highlight the profound need to increase surgical capacity in LMICs, and it estimated that globally, 5 billion people lack access to safe surgical care.6 Subsequently, there have been significant efforts to increase surgical capacity and improve access to safe surgery globally. The Commission proposed population-level metrics for surgical care and emphasized underinvestment and value. Simultaneously, the Disease Control Priorities Project proposed a package of essential surgical interventions.7 The complexity of surgical oncology care complicates the rapid expansion of surgical services for patients with cancer in LMICs as the surgical need is increasing. Recently, the Lancet Commission on Global Surgical Oncology estimated that by 2030, there will be 40 million cancer surgeries that will need to be performed annually and that most of these patients will be living in LMICs.8
As previously mentioned, the incidence of cancer is expected to rise dramatically in LMICs. In sub-Saharan Africa specifically, it is expected that by 2040, 1.4 million people annually will die of cancer, representing a 106% increase from the current incidence.9 To prepare for the cancer epidemic that is expected to affect Tanzania, a country of 65 million in Eastern Africa, a thorough understanding of the current surgical oncology landscape in the country is necessary. This benchmark can be used as a baseline to assess the impact of future interventions on surgical oncology care, to identify centers of expertise where local training programs may be developed, and to begin to convince health care facilities in Tanzania to focus on surgical care of oncology patients. There have been no previous national assessments of surgical oncology service delivery, and this study aimed to address this gap.
METHODS
Study Design and Setting
This was a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study undertaken in Tanzania, a lower-middle–income country in East Africa. The study focused on the busiest hospitals that provide most of the surgical care in the country. This was determined by literature review, and discussions with the Tanzania Surgical Association and the Ministry of Health.10 All the hospitals identified were either public or faith-based. In Tanzania, hospitals are organized in a pyramid-like hierarchy. Most common are dispensaries followed by health centers. The 85 district hospitals are the lowest-level hospital on the pyramid that is expected to provide emergency surgical services. This is followed by regional hospitals, which primarily provide emergency surgical care with some elective procedures as well. In Tanzania, there are 18 regional hospitals that provide surgical care.11 The five zonal hospitals provide most of the elective surgical care in Tanzania, followed by the two specialized national referral hospitals.11 For this study, all national referral hospitals that provide surgical care were included (Muhimbili National Hospital and Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute). In addition, we included all zonal referral hospitals on mainland Tanganyka (Bugando Medical Centre, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, and Benjamin Mkapa Hospital) and the referral hospital for Zanzibar (Mnazi Moja Hospital). Finally regional hospitals were included using convenience sampling by contacting busy regional referral hospitals identified by leadership at the Tanzanian Surgical Association and the Ministry of Health and including those who were amendable to participation. In total, three regional referral hospitals were contacted and three were included (Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital in the country's capital city, Tanga Regional Referral Hospital in the northern coast, and Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital in Mwanza on Lake Victoria). To estimate the cancer cases that occurred at the 15 regional hospitals that did not participate in this study, we averaged the number of cancer cases that occurred at the three included regional hospitals to calculate an estimated annual cancer case volume for each regional hospital. We then compared the total number of cancer cases that occurred during 2022 with the estimated number of cancer surgeries that are needed to treat every patient with cancer in Tanzania, 19,726.12
Data Collection and Analysis
Data were abstracted from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022, using the operative logbook at each hospital. Previous studies in East Africa have shown that these logbooks capture more than 90% of all surgeries that take place.13 At Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Bugando Medical Centre, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, and Benjamin Mkapa Hospital, these case logs are electronic and are filled by the surgeon after completion of a surgery. At Muhimbili National Hospital, Mbeya Zonal Regional Hospital, Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital, Tanga Regional Referral Hospital, and Mnazi Moja Hospital, these logbooks are paper-based and were reviewed by the study team (N.R.B., R.H., D.H., P.L., J.J., M.M., and P.M.). Cancer cases were identified using the postoperative diagnosis. Date of service, age, sex, postoperative diagnosis, and surgical procedure were abstracted for all cancer cases. Surgeries that seemed unrelated to a cancer diagnosis, and cases that were missing either the type of surgery or the postoperative diagnosis were not included in the final database. In total, 253 (6%) of the cancer cases identified were excluded. Abstracted data were uploaded into REDCAP kept on the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences web server and analyzed using STATA SE version 17 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX). Data analysis included summary statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Ethical Clearance
The study was approved by the institutional review boards (IRBs) in Tanzania at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, MUHAS-REC-08-2022-1324, the National Institute of Medical Research, NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4209, and the Zanzibar Health Research Institute, ZAHREC/03/REC/MAR/2023/0. In addition, letters of permission were provided by all hospitals where data collection took place by the hospital administration. N.R.B., who conducted most of the data collection, was also registered with the Tanzanian Commission for Science and Technology, COSTECH. In the United States, the University of California, San Francisco's IRB deemed the protocol exempt, 22-37294.
RESULTS
In total, 69,195 operations were reviewed at 10 hospitals throughout Tanzania during 2022. Of the 69,195 operative cases that were reviewed, 4,248 oncology cases were identified and abstracted for analysis, including 1,776 (42%) surgeries with curative intent and 1,145 (27%) surgeries for palliation. Figure 1 shows the geographic location of all hospitals included in the study and the population of each region on the basis of the 2022 census.14
FIG 1.
Location of each participating hospital, number of cancer procedures completed, and population by region in 2022. This figure shows the location of all participating hospitals color coded by hospital type over a heat map showing the population of Tanzania by region. Size of hospital circle corresponds to the total number of annual operations completed in 2022. RRH, regional referral hospital; ZRH, zonal referral hospital.
In total, Tanzania has 18 regional referral hospitals that provide surgical services in the country.11 On the basis of the three regional hospitals that were included in our study, each regional hospital conducts on average 46 cancer cases each year. By extrapolating this case volume to the 15 regional hospitals not included in the study, there were an estimated additional 690 cancer surgeries conducted in the public sector and not included in our study. Therefore, in total, we estimate that 4,938 cancer surgeries occurred within the public sector in 2022 in Tanzania. This accounts for 25% of the 19,726 cancer cases that are estimated to be needed to treat all patients with cancer in Tanzania.12
Of the abstracted cancer surgeries, 3,201 (75%) had information on sex with a male predominance at 1,674 (52%). Cancer diagnoses spanned across all age groups. Among adults, the median age was 54 years, and children, defined in Tanzania as patients age 12 years or younger, made up 7.9% of the cancer surgeries. The five most common cancer sites among adults were prostate (583, 13.8%), breast (465, 11.0%), head and neck (435, 10.2%), esophageal (337, 7.9%), and bladder (314, 7.4%). For children, the five most common cancer sites were eye (94, 28.7%), kidney (60, 18.4%), central nervous system (43, 12.8%), bone (28, 8.4%), and head and neck (24, 7.2%).
Table 1 describes the operative intent of the most common cancer diagnosis for all ages. In total, the most performed cancer surgeries were biopsy (590, 13.9%), excision (544, 12.8%), modified radical mastectomy (324, 7.6%), feeding gastrostomy (303, 7.1%), and channel transurethral resection of prostate (272, 6.4%). Because a laparotomy can be diagnostic, curative, or palliative, cases listed as laparotomy in the case log were not further categorized by treatment intent but kept as separate category. Table 2 describes the most common procedures for patients with cancer both overall and by hospital type in Tanzania. In Figure 2, we report the most common procedures conducted for prostate, breast, esophageal, head and neck, and bladder cancers.
TABLE 1.
Most Common Cancer Site by Surgical Intent
| Cancer Site | Total, No. | Diagnosis, No. (%) | Treatment, No. (%) | Palliation, No. (%) | Reconstruction, No. (%) | Laparotomy, No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All sites | 4,248 | 1,082 (25) | 1,776 (42) | 1,145 (27) | 82 (2) | 163 (4) |
| Prostate | 583 | 68 (11.5) | 6 (1.0) | 506 (87.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.5) |
| Breast | 465 | 66 (14.2) | 387 (83.2) | 9 (2.0) | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0) |
| Head and neck | 435 | 147 (33.8) | 202 (46.4) | 77 (17.7) | 7 (1.6) | 2 (0.5) |
| Esophageal | 337 | 55 (16.3) | 6 (1.8) | 273 (81.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.0) |
| Bladder | 314 | 193 (61.5) | 101 (32.2)a | 13 (4.1) | 3 (0.9) | 4 (1.3) |
| Colorectal | 255 | 66 (25.9) | 74 (29.0) | 56 (22.0) | 16 (6.3) | 43 (16.9) |
| Skin | 238 | 54 (22.7) | 155 (65.1) | 0 (0) | 29 (12.2) | 0 (0) |
| Brain/central CNS | 190 | 20 (10.5) | 130 (68.5) | 39 (20.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) |
| Eye | 188 | 87 (46.3) | 99 (52.7) | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Soft tissue/sarcoma | 183 | 36 (19.7) | 135 (73.8) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (3.3) | 5 (2.7) |
| Bone | 166 | 82 (49.4) | 58 (34.9) | 20 (12.1) | 6 (3.6) | 0 (0) |
| Cervix | 129 | 28 (21.7) | 83 (62.0) | 17 (13.1) | 2 (1.6) | 2 (1.6) |
| Ovary | 111 | 12 (10.8) | 53 (47.8) | 25 (22.5) | 1 (0.9) | 20 (18.0) |
| Kidney | 104 | 3 (2.9) | 93 (89.4) | 3 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 5 (4.8) |
| Stomach | 101 | 19 (18.8) | 40 (39.6) | 26 (25.7) | 0 (0) | 16 (15.8) |
| Unknown primary | 80 | 27 (33.7) | 20 (25.0) | 5 (6.3) | 0 (0) | 28 (35.0) |
| Liver/gallbladder/pancreas | 75 | 18 (24.0) | 11 (14.7) | 31 (41.3) | 0 (0) | 15 (20.0) |
| Uterine | 65 | 8 (12.3) | 46 (70.8) | 6 (9.2) | 0 (0) | 5 (7.7) |
| Thyroid | 43 | 3 (7.0) | 36 (83.7) | 4 (9.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Other | 186 | 90 (48.4) | 44 (23.6) | 32 (17.2) | 8 (4.3) | 12 (6.5) |
Abbreviation: TURBT, trans urethral resection of bladder tumor.
All TURBT were coded as an operation for treatment.
TABLE 2.
Most Common Oncologic Procedures by Hospital Type
| Surgical Procedure | Total, No. | National Hospital, No. (%) | Zonal Hospital, No. (%) | Regional Hospital, No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total procedures | 4,248 | 1,445 (34.0) | 2,665 (62.7) | 138 (3.3) |
| EUA/biopsy | 590 | 293 (49.7) | 237 (40.2) | 60 (10.1) |
| Excision | 544 | 148 (27.2) | 383 (70.4) | 13 (2.4) |
| Mastectomy | 324 | 115 (35.5) | 194 (59.9) | 15 (4.6) |
| Feeding gastrostomy | 303 | 112 (37.0) | 188 (62.0) | 3 (1.0) |
| Channel TURP | 272 | 42 (14.4) | 230 (84.6) | 0 (0) |
| Orchidectomy | 238 | 71 (29.8) | 164 (68.9) | 3 (1.3) |
| Cystoscopy | 214 | 100 (46.7) | 114 (53.3) | 0 (0) |
| Hysterectomy ± BSO | 182 | 38 (20.9) | 128 (70.3) | 16 (8.8) |
| Laparotomy | 162 | 45 (27.8) | 110 (67.9) | 7 (4.3) |
| EGD | 114 | 7 (6.1) | 107 (93.9) | 0 (0) |
| TURBT | 103 | 12 (11.6) | 91 (88.4) | 0 (0) |
| Craniotomy | 99 | 86 (86.9) | 13 (13.1) | 0 (0) |
| Nephrectomy | 94 | 44 (46.8) | 50 (53.2) | 0 (0) |
| Colostomy | 81 | 30 (37.0) | 48 (59.3) | 3 (3.7) |
| Laryngoscopy | 68 | 41 (60.3) | 27 (39.7) | 0 (0) |
| Colectomy | 57 | 22 (38.6) | 34 (59.6) | 1 (1.8) |
| Amputation | 51 | 16 (31.4) | 28 (54.9) | 7 (13.7) |
| Tracheostomy | 51 | 3 (5.9) | 47 (92.1) | 1 (2.0) |
| Palliative debulking | 46 | 10 (21.8) | 33 (71.7) | 3 (6.5) |
| Gastrectomy | 38 | 8 (21.0) | 30 (79.0) | 0 (0) |
| Thyroidectomy | 37 | 19 (51.4) | 18 (48.6) | 0 (0) |
| Microlaryngeal surgery | 36 | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Enucleation of the eye | 35 | 18 (51.4) | 16 (45.7) | 1 (2.9) |
| Skin graft | 34 | 1 (2.9) | 33 (97.1) | 0 (0) |
| Parotidectomy | 28 | 16 (57.1) | 12 (42.9) | 0 (0) |
| Biliary bypass | 26 | 14 (53.8) | 12 (46.2) | 0 (0) |
| Lumpectomy | 21 | 2 (9.5) | 16 (76.2) | 3 (14.3) |
| VP shunt | 18 | 6 (33.3) | 12 (66.7) | 0 (0) |
| Neck dissection | 17 | 3 (17.7) | 14 (82.3) | 0 (0) |
| Gastric bypass | 15 | 11 (73.3) | 4 (26.7) | 0 (0) |
| Laparoscopy | 14 | 0 (0) | 14 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Cystectomy | 14 | 2 (14.3) | 12 (85.7) | 0 (0) |
| Cholecystectomy | 12 | 0 (0) | 12 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Tonsillectomy | 11 | 1 (9.0) | 10 (91.0) | 0 (0) |
| APR | 10 | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | 0 (0) |
| Low anterior resection | 8 | 2 (25) | 6 (75) | 0 (0) |
| Laryngectomy | 8 | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.6) | 0 (0) |
| Thoracotomy | 7 | 7 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Esophagectomy | 6 | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 0 (0) |
| Lung resection | 5 | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Radical prostatectomy | 5 | 3 (60) | 2 (40) | 0 (0) |
| Whipple procedure | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 0 (0) |
| Adrenalectomy | 4 | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Cystostomy | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0) |
| Splenectomy | 2 | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0) |
| Hepatectomy | 2 | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| LEEP | 2 | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Other | 233 | 76 (32.6) | 155 (66.5) | 2 (0.9) |
Abbreviations: APR, abdominalperoneal resection; BSO, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; EGD, esophagoduodenoscopy; EUA, exam under anesthesia; LEEP, loop electrosurgical excision procedure; TURBT, transurethral resection of bladder tumor; TURP, transurethral resection of the prostate; VP, ventriculoperitoneal.
FIG 2.
Operative procedure distribution for top five cancers: (A) urinary bladder, (B) otorhinolaryngology, (C) prostate, (D) breast, and (E) esophagus. DL, direct laryngoscopy; EGD, esophagoduodenoscopy; GFT, gastrostomy feeding tube; TURBT, transurethral resection of bladder tumor; TURP, transurethral resection of the prostate; WLE, wide local excision.
Finally, we conducted three multiple logistic regression analyses to identify variables associated with undergoing cancer surgery for curative, diagnostic, and palliative intent. All models included hospital type, patients older than 60 years, and the five most common cancer diagnoses as covariates. Overall, breast cancer and being younger than 60 years were associated with undergoing a procedure for curative intent, and having prostate, esophageal, or head and neck cancers, and being older than 60 years were associated with undergoing palliative surgery (Table 3).
TABLE 3.
Association of Surgical Intent With Cancer Type
| Factor | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|
| Curative intent | ||
| Breast cancer | 4.84 (3.73 to 6.27) | <.0001 |
| Less than 60 years | 1.24 (1.07 to 1.45) | .005 |
| Prostate cancer | 0.01 (0.005 to 0.026) | <.0001 |
| Esophageal cancer | 0.02 (0.008 to 0.041) | <.0001 |
| Bladder cancer | 0.48 (0.37 to 0.62) | <.0001 |
| Head and neck cancer | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.09) | .2 |
| Hospital typea | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.19) | .5 |
| Diagnostic intent | ||
| Bladder cancer | 4.6 (3.59 to 5.93) | <.0001 |
| Head and neck cancer | 1.48 (1.19 to 1.86) | .001 |
| Hospital typea | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.35) | .02 |
| Prostate cancer | 0.40 (0.30 to 0.54) | <.0001 |
| Breast cancer | 0.48 (0.36 to 0.63) | <.0001 |
| Esophageal cancer | 0.57 (0.42 to 0.77) | <.0001 |
| More than 60 years | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.07) | .3 |
| Palliative intent | ||
| Prostate cancer | 38.0 (28.3 to 51.2) | <.0001 |
| Esophageal cancer | 28.0 (20.7 to 37.8) | <.0001 |
| More than 60 years | 1.36 (1.11 to 1.67) | .003 |
| Head and neck cancer | 1.39 (1.05 to 1.85) | .02 |
| Bladder cancer | 0.28 (0.16 to 0.49) | <.0001 |
| Breast cancer | 0.14 (0.07 to 0.27) | <.0001 |
| Hospital typea | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.23) | .8 |
Regional hospital = 1, zonal hospital = 2, national hospital = 3.
DISCUSSION
In this study, we estimate the surgical oncology case volume, distribution, and intent at all the national referral hospitals that offer surgical care, all the zonal referral hospitals, and a convenience sampling of regional referral hospitals in Tanzania. This represents the most comprehensive reported assessment of surgical oncology output. We estimate, that in total, 4,938 cancer procedures were done in the public sector in Tanzania. This includes the estimated 690 cases that were done at the 15 regional referral hospitals that did not participate in this study. This represents only 25% of the estimated 19,726 cancer surgeries that were estimated to be needed annually in Tanzania on the basis of the current population and incidence of cancer.12 In the only other similar study in sub-Saharan Africa, 21% of the necessary cancer cases were done in Ghana (2021) using New Zealand as a benchmark for the number of surgeries necessary per cancer case.15 The causes for the high unmet need for surgical oncology care within the public sector in Tanzania are multifaceted and include barriers such as late-stage diagnosis, financial strain, and limited geographic access. Although these factors were not within the scope of this research study, they affect the country's ability to provide cancer surgery in the country and may be a focus of future work of this group.16-20
Of the abstracted cancer procedures, only 1,776 (equivalent to two of five) of the cases were with curative intent, including 387 surgeries for women with breast cancer. However, there is an estimated 2,261 new cases of breast cancer that occur each year in Tanzania, suggesting that only 17% of these women are accessing curative surgical services within the public sector in Tanzania.21 Reviews of patients with breast cancer at Kilimanjaro Christina Medical Centre, however, showed that only 17% of patients with breast cancer present with stage IV disease, suggesting that there is a significant population of women with curable breast cancer unable to access potentially curative surgical care in Tanzania.18 In addition, the high proportion of patients with prostate and esophageal cancers that underwent palliative surgery highlights the need to identify patients with cancer early when surgical resection is still an option. The high proportion of palliative cases for esophageal and prostate cancers is consistent with previous series from East Africa which describe frequent late-stage diagnosis when surgical treatment options are limited to palliation.22,23
Some cancers with high prevalence in Tanzania are commonly operated on such as breast, esophageal, and prostate cancers, while others, such as cervical cancer, are highly prevalent in Tanzania but rarely operated on in the country. This is likely because screening and diagnosis can be conducted in a procedure room rather than a formal operating theater and the many barriers that prevent patients with cervical cancer from accessing care. These findings are consistent with a recent prospective study of patients with cervical cancer at Mbeya that found that only 8% of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer receive surgery.24 The results of this study highlight the need to identify and address barriers that are preventing patients with cervical cancer from accessing surgical services in Tanzania.
There are several limitations to be noted in our study. First, cancer diagnosis was made via the postoperative diagnosis in the surgical logbook and was not able to be verified with a pathologic diagnosis. In addition, the data that we were able to abstract were limited to the few variables regularly collected in all operative logbooks, making it impossible to fully evaluate the oncologic quality of the surgery provided or the clinical course of patients included in study. However, the use of this data source allowed us to collect significant data from the busiest hospitals across Tanzania. Given these limitations, the findings of this study should be seen as an estimation of the surgical oncology landscape in Tanzania rather than definitive assessment. However, as an estimation, our study provides important baseline of surgical oncology case volume for the country, which can be used by policymakers, clinicians, and researchers in the country looking to understand the current landscape of cancer surgery in the country.
Our study provides the most thorough assessment of surgical oncology output within the public health sector in Tanzania. We estimate that currently, Tanzania's public health sector is providing 25% of the cancer surgery they need, given their current population and cancer incidence. Of these cases, less than half are for curative intent. As well, we show that patients with esophageal and prostate cancers primarily receive palliative surgery and that only 18% of patients with breast cancer are accessing curative surgery. This study provides an invaluable baseline assessment of the cancer surgery landscape for Tanzania and is a call to action to improve both the number of patients with cancer able to access both surgical services and curative treatment in the country.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful for the help of Dr Domonic who assisted with data collection at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital.
SUPPORT
Supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under Award No. D43TW009343 and the University of California Global Health Institute.
N.R.B. and L.A. were co-first authors.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception and design: Nathan R. Brand, Larry Akoko, Vihar Kotecha, Theresia Mwakyembe, Masumbuko Mwashambwa, Charles Komba, Ally Mwanga, Cameron Gaskill, Doruk Ozgediz
Financial support: Nathan R. Brand
Administrative support: Nathan R. Brand, Vihar Kotecha, Theresia Mwakyembe, Deo Hando, Ally Mwanga, Peter Mbele, Paul Itule, Mungeni Misidai, Cameron Gaskill
Provision of study materials or patients: Vihar Kotecha, Theresia Mwakyembe, Rukia Hamid, Peter Mbele, Joshua Jackson, Mungeni Misidai
Collection and assembly of data: Nathan R. Brand, Larry Akoko, Vihar Kotecha, Theresia Mwakyembe, Masumbuko Mwashambwa, Rukia Hamid, Deo Hando, Charles Komba, Peter Mbele, Paul Itule, Joshua Jackson, Mungeni Misidai, Doruk Ozgediz
Data analysis and interpretation: Nathan R. Brand, Larry Akoko, Vihar Kotecha, Theresia Mwakyembe, Mungeni Misidai, Cameron Gaskill, Doruk Ozgediz
Manuscript writing: All authors
Final approval of manuscript: All authors
Accountable for all aspects of the work: All authors
AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated unless otherwise noted. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/go/authors/author-center.
Open Payments is a public database containing information reported by companies about payments made to US-licensed physicians (Open Payments).
Peter Mbele
Employment: Dodoma Referral Hospital
Leadership: Dodoma Referral Hospital
Honoraria: Dodoma Referral Hospital
Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: American Austria Foundation
Uncompensated Relationships: Smile Train
No other potential conflicts of interest were reported.
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