Abstract
Objective
This study was conducted to evaluate the exercise attitudes of women of reproductive age during pregnancy.
Method
The descriptive study was conducted with 326 women who applied to the gynecology outpatient clinics of a state hospital between September and November 2023. Data were collected with the "Personal Information Form" and "Exercise Attitudes in Pregnant Women Scale". Statistical analyses were analyzed at p < .05 significance level with the independent samples t test method.
Results
Most of the participants (85.6%) stated that they did not know the benefits of exercise during pregnancy and did not exercise during pregnancy (89.6%). The mean exercise attitude scale score of the participants was 135.42 ± 25.90. A significant difference was found between the participants' education level, exercising outside pregnancy, attending a pregnancy school, knowing the benefits of exercise during pregnancy and exercising during pregnancy and all sub-dimension scores (p < .05).
Conclusion
In the study, it was observed that the participants had positive attitudes towards exercise during pregnancy, although their knowledge and behaviors were insufficient. Women's attitudes towards exercise should be determined by health professionals and women's positive attitudes, knowledge and behaviors should be improved by organizing trainings and exercise programs starting from pre-pregnancy.
Keywords: Pregnancy, Pregnant, Exercise, Attitude
Introduction
Pregnancy, which is a normal part of a woman's life and never a disease state, is characterized by physiological, psychological and hormonal changes [1]. Good management of the woman's body during this period ensures that both pregnancy and the following periods are experienced more easily and comfortably [2]. During pregnancy, women's motivation to initiate/continue healthy lifestyle behaviors, including exercise, significantly affects both maternal and fetal health [3]. It has been reported that regular physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to the prevention of gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, weight control, musculoskeletal pain and digestive problems, psychological problems, weakness and fatigue and their negative consequences [4].
In addition to the benefits it provides during pregnancy, it is reported to be effective on easy and intervention-free delivery, easy postpartum weight loss, recovery and emotional states (2−6).
Data obtained from health authorities and numerous scientific studies suggest that exercise during pregnancy is safe and has numerous benefits [5], [6], [7]. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that healthy pregnant women regularly participate in moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 20–30 min a day in the prenatal and postnatal period [5]. The World Health Organization guideline similarly emphasizes the importance of physical activity during pregnancy [8]. However, women's lack of knowledge about exercise during pregnancy and concerns about potential risks related to exercise lead to abandonment or refusal to exercise in this period [9].
There are limited studies in the literature on exercise attitudes and exercise status of pregnant women. It is very important to determine the beliefs, knowledge and attitudes of all women of reproductive age, pregnant or not, about the benefits of exercise during pregnancy and to develop a positive exercise attitude in them. In this way, it will be ensured to create exercise programs to prevent sedentary life and overweight during pregnancy and to maximize compliance with exercise. Accordingly, this study was conducted to evaluate the exercise attitudes of women of reproductive age during pregnancy.
Method
This study is descriptive in nature. The data were collected face-to-face with women who applied to the gynecology outpatient clinics of a state hospital between September and November 2023. In the study, 326 women who agreed to participate in the study and who met the research criteria were included in the study between the dates of the study without using the sampling method.
Inclusion criteria.
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Being between 18-49 years of age (reproductive age)
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Being pregnant or having had a pregnancy
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Graduated from at least primary school
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Being healthy
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Volunteering to participate in the research.
Exclusion criteria.
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Not between 18-49 years of age
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No pregnancy
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Communication problems
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Women with health problems were not included in the study.
Data collection tools
The data of the study were collected with the Personal Information Form and the Scale of Exercise Attitudes in Pregnant Women.
Personal information form
This form was prepared by the researchers and consisted of 27 questions to examine the socio-demographic, obstetric, exercise knowledge and behavioral characteristics of the participants [4], [6], [7], [10].
Pregnant women's exercise attitude scale (PEAS)
The scale developed by Toprak Celenay et al. in 2021 is a 5-point Likert-type scale consisting of 37 items and 2 sub-dimensions. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.90 for the whole scale, 0.91 for the information and benefit sub-dimension (24 items), and 0.87 for the barrier sub-dimension (13 items). The scale score ranged between 37 and 185. A high score obtained from the scale indicates that pregnant women develop a positive attitude towards exercise [11].
Data collection
The research data were collected by the researcher personally through face-to-face interviews with women who volunteered to participate after explaining the purpose and scope of the study. The interviews were conducted in the training room of the institution after the examination in a way that would not disrupt the outpatient clinic routines of the women. The duration of the interview was approximately 10–15 min.
Data analysis
SPSS 28 program was used for data analysis. Frequency and percentage distribution were given according to demographic variables and questionnaire items related to exercise during pregnancy. Descriptive statistical values for exercise attitude during pregnancy and its sub-dimensions were obtained and skewness and kurtosis values were examined for the normality of the scale scores. For statistical analyses, the independent samples t test method, which is used to compare continuous and normally distributed scores according to two groups, was used. For statistical analyses, p < .05 significance level was examined.
Ethics committee statement
Before the data collection process started, ethical approval permission was obtained from the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of a state university (Date-Number: XXX - XXX) and the hospital where the research will be conducted. Before the interview, women were informed about the purpose of the study and how it would be conducted, and their consent was obtained. The study was conducted in alignment with the Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results
The distribution of the descriptive characteristics of the 326 participants in the study is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Frequency and Percentage Distribution According to Demographic Variables.
| Variables | Group | f | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 35 Years and Under | 261 | 80.1 |
| 36 and Over | 65 | 19.9 | |
| Working status | Yes | 156 | 47.9 |
| No | 170 | 52.1 | |
| Place of residence | Country | 200 | 61.3 |
| City | 126 | 38.7 | |
| Family structure | Nuclear family | 281 | 86.2 |
| Extended family | 45 | 13.8 | |
| Economic status | Income less than expenditure | 244 | 74.8 |
| Income equal to or more than expenditure | 82 | 25.2 | |
| Marital status | Single | 49 | 15.0 |
| Married | 277 | 85.0 | |
| Education level | Secondary school and below | 244 | 74.8 |
| High school and above | 82 | 25.2 | |
| BMI | Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) | 262 | 80.4 |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) | 64 | 19.6 | |
| Number of births | Primiparous | 116 | 35.6 |
| Multipar | 210 | 64.4 | |
| Simoking | Yes | 61 | 18.7 |
| No | 265 | 81.3 | |
| Chronic disease status | Yes | 20 | 6.1 |
| No | 306 | 93.9 |
The findings regarding the participants' exercise behaviors in their current or most recent pregnancy and their knowledge of exercise during pregnancy are presented in Table 2. Accordingly, 96.3% of the participants stated that there was no obstacle to exercise during pregnancy, 89.6% stated that they did not exercise outside pregnancy, 84.4% stated that they had no problems during pregnancy, 87.4% stated that they did not attend pregnancy school, 85.6% stated that they did not know the benefits of exercise during pregnancy and 89.6% stated that they did not exercise during pregnancy.
Table 2.
Distribution According to Participants' Knowledge and Behavior on Exercise During Pregnancy.
| Variables | Group | f | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Presence of an obstacle to exercise during pregnancy | Yes | 12 | 3.7 |
| No | 314 | 96.3 | |
| Exercise outside of pregnancy | Yes | 34 | 10.4 |
| No | 292 | 89.6 | |
| Having problems during pregnancy | Yes | 51 | 15.6 |
| No | 275 | 84.4 | |
| Participation in pregnancy school | Yes | 41 | 12.6 |
| No | 285 | 87.4 | |
| Knowledge of the benefits of exercise during pregnancy | Yes | 47 | 14.4 |
| No | 279 | 85.6 | |
| Exercise during pregnancy | Yes | 34 | 10.4 |
| No | 292 | 89.6 |
Table 3 shows the distribution of the mean PEAS scores of the participants. The participants' exercise attitude scale score was between 74–185 and the mean was 135.42 ± 25.90. When all skewness and kurtosis values were examined, they were between ± 1 and normally distributed.
Table 3.
Descriptive Statistics Table According to Exercise Scores and Subscales in Pregnancy.
| Score | Smallest | Biggest | x̄ | S.D. | Skewness | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge benefit | 48 | 120 | 90.56 | 16.71 | -0.449 | 0.441 |
| Barrier | 26 | 65 | 44.85 | 11.67 | -0.14 | -0.875 |
| Pregnancy Exercise Total | 74 | 185 | 135.42 | 25.90 | -0.095 | 0.200 |
Table 4 shows the comparison of the mean PEAS scores according to the descriptive characteristics of the participants. A significant difference was found between exercise attitude during pregnancy and all sub-dimension scores according to the education level of the participants (p < .05).
Table 4.
Comparison of the mean scores of the Exercise Attitude Scale in Pregnant Women according to the descriptive characteristics of the participants.
| Variables | N | Knowledge benefit | Barrier | Scale Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| x̄ ± S.D. | x̄ ± S.D. | x̄ ± S.D. | ||
| Age | ||||
| 35 years and Under | 261 | 91 ± 17 | 45.2 ± 11.9 | 136.2 ± 26.5 |
| 36 and over | 65 | 88.7 ± 15.5 | 43.6 ± 10.6 | 132.3 ± 23.3 |
| P | 0.326 | 0.328 | 0.282 | |
| Number of births | ||||
| Primiparous | 116 | 88.7 ± 16.8 | 43.3 ± 11.6 | 132 ± 25.8 |
| Multipar | 210 | 91.6 ± 16.6 | 45.7 ± 11.7 | 137.3 ± 25.8 |
| P | 0.132 | 0.078 | 0.077 | |
| Working status | ||||
| Yes | 156 | 92.1 ± 16.2 | 44.8 ± 12.1 | 136.8 ± 25.3 |
| No | 170 | 89.2 ± 17.1 | 44.9 ± 11.3 | 134.1 ± 26.4 |
| P | 0.118 | 0.902 | 0.341 | |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Country | 200 | 91.2 ± 14.8 | 44.8 ± 11 | 135.9 ± 22.8 |
| City | 126 | 89.6 ± 19.4 | 45 ± 12.7 | 134.6 ± 30.3 |
| P | 0.399 | 0.857 | 0.644 | |
| Family structure | ||||
| Nuclear family | 281 | 90.5 ± 17.1 | 45.1 ± 11.7 | 135.6 ± 26.4 |
| Extended family | 45 | 90.7 ± 13.8 | 43.3 ± 11.7 | 134 ± 22.5 |
| P | 0.95 | 0.327 | 0.689 | |
| Economic status | ||||
| Income less than expenditure | 244 | 90.8 ± 16.3 | 45.7 ± 11.2 | 136.5 ± 25.3 |
| Income equal to or more than expenditure | 82 | 89.9 ± 18.1 | 42.3 ± 12.8 | 132.2 ± 27.5 |
| P | 0.657 | 0.124 | 0.193 | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 49 | 93.2 ± 15.4 | 43 ± 12.6 | 136.2 ± 23.6 |
| Married | 277 | 90.1 ± 16.9 | 45.2 ± 11.5 | 135.3 ± 26.3 |
| P | 0.224 | 0.229 | 0.809 | |
| Simoking | ||||
| Yes | 61 | 90.4 ± 20.6 | 42.5 ± 13.7 | 132.9 ± 30.8 |
| No | 265 | 90.6 ± 15.7 | 45.4 ± 11.1 | 136 ± 24.7 |
| P | 0.943 | 0.076 | 0.398 | |
| Chronic disease status | ||||
| Yes | 20 | 92.3 ± 16.4 | 46.8 ± 11.5 | 139.1 ± 26.6 |
| No | 306 | 90.5 ± 16.7 | 44.7 ± 11.7 | 135.2 ± 25.9 |
| P | 0.632 | 0.442 | 0.512 | |
| Education level | ||||
| Secondary school and below | 244 | 87.6 ± 14.5 | 42.6 ± 10.2 | 130.2 ± 21.6 |
| High school and above | 82 | 99.5 ± 19.6 | 51.5 ± 13.2 | 151 ± 31 |
| P | .000* | .000* | .000* | |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal | 262 | 91.8 ± 16.5 | 44.9 ± 12.1 | 136.7 ± 25.9 |
| Overweight | 64 | 85.3 ± 16.5 | 44.7 ± 10 | 130.1 ± 25.6 |
| p | 0.175 | 0.919 | 0.065 | |
p < 0.05
Table 5 shows the comparison of the mean scores of the exercise attitude scale in pregnant women according to the participants' exercise knowledge and behaviors during pregnancy. A significant difference was obtained between exercise attitude in pregnancy and all sub-dimension scores according to the participants' exercise status outside pregnancy, participation in pregnancy school, knowing the benefits of exercise in pregnancy and exercise in pregnancy (p < .05).
Table 5.
Comparison of the mean scores of the Exercise Attitude Scale in Pregnant Women according to the participants' Exercise Knowledge and Behaviors during Pregnancy.
| Variables | N | Knowledge benefit | Barrier | Scale Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| x̄ ± S.D. | x̄ ± S.D. | x̄ ± S.D. | ||
| Obstacles to exercise during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 12 | 88.3 ± 13.1 | 46.6 ± 6.7 | 134.9 ± 19.4 |
| No | 314 | 90.6 ± 16.8 | 44.8 ± 11.8 | 135.4 ± 26.1 |
| P | 0.638 | 0.601 | 0.946 | |
| Exercise outside of pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 34 | 108.9 ± 17.4 | 57.7 ± 11.2 | 166.6 ± 27.2 |
| No | 292 | 88.4 ± 15.3 | 43.4 ± 10.8 | 131.8 ± 23.2 |
| P | .000* | .000* | .000* | |
| Having problems during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 51 | 91.6 ± 18.3 | 47.7 ± 11.2 | 139.3 ± 28.5 |
| No | 275 | 90.4 ± 16.4 | 44.3 ± 11.7 | 134.7 ± 25.4 |
| P | 0.628 | 0.057 | 0.243 | |
| Participation in pregnancy school | ||||
| Yes | 41 | 104.4 ± 18.7 | 54.3 ± 12.8 | 158.7 ± 29.6 |
| No | 285 | 88.6 ± 15.5 | 43.5 ± 10.9 | 132.1 ± 23.6 |
| P | .000* | .000* | .000* | |
| Knowledge of the benefits of exercise during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 47 | 103.6 ± 18.4 | 53.1 ± 13.1 | 156.8 ± 29.7 |
| No | 279 | 88.4 ± 15.4 | 43.5 ± 10.8 | 131.8 ± 23.4 |
| P | .000* | .000* | .000* | |
| Exercise during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 34 | 108.9 ± 17.4 | 57.7 ± 11.2 | 166.6 ± 27.2 |
| No | 292 | 88.4 ± 15.3 | 43.4 ± 10.8 | 131.8 ± 23.2 |
| P | .000* | .000* | .000* | |
p < 0.05
Discussion
In the present study, exercise attitudes of women of reproductive age during pregnancy were evaluated. Studies have shown that exercise during pregnancy is safe and has a positive effect on women's physical and psychological health [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. However, it is reported that exercise during pregnancy is not practiced sufficiently worldwide [12], [13], [14]. Attitude is an important factor in the acquisition, development and continuity of behaviors [15]. Determining women's exercise attitudes during pregnancy is important in terms of understanding the benefits of exercise, contraindications, precautions to be taken, and starting and maintaining exercise. In the present study, it was found that the participants had positive attitudes towards exercise during pregnancy, with a high mean exercise attitude scale score (135.42 ± 25.90). In the literature, there are studies showing that women have positive attitudes towards exercise during pregnancy [10], [16], [17]. Sonmez et al. (2023) found that the mean scale score of pregnant women was 130.42 ± 26.76 and they had a positive attitude towards exercise [10]. In the current study, it was determined that although the participants had a positive attitude, their knowledge and practice of the benefits of exercise during pregnancy were low. Similarly, there are studies in the literature indicating that women have positive attitudes towards exercise but do not have sufficient knowledge about exercise in antenatal care [18], [19]. In addition, in the present study, a significant difference was found between the attitude towards exercise during pregnancy according to participation in pregnancy school, knowing the benefits of exercise during pregnancy and exercising during pregnancy. Lack of adequate knowledge is one of the important determinants of being away from exercise during pregnancy. Therefore, healthcare professionals should take responsibility to increase women's knowledge and awareness about exercise during pregnancy.
In the present study, it was observed that there was a significant difference between exercise attitude during pregnancy and all sub-dimension scores according to the level of education, which was actually a very expected finding. In other studies in the literature, it was reported that women with higher education level had higher exercise knowledge and attitudes during pregnancy [10], [16], [19], [20]. In the study of Sönmez et al. (2023), it was determined that there was a significant relationship between the information benefit sub-dimension and total score of the GIT and the level of education and the level of education of the spouse [10]. Education is one of the leading behaviors that improve the health of individuals. It shows that empowerment of women through education has an important role in the development of exercise attitudes and behaviors during pregnancy. In the present study, a significant difference was found between the exercise attitude during pregnancy and all sub-dimension scores of the participants who exercised during and outside pregnancy. This finding is supported by other studies [10], [16]. In the study by Janakiraman et al. (2021), it was reported that participants who did not exercise before pregnancy had negative attitudes towards exercise during pregnancy [20]. It can be said that the findings obtained in the current study are compatible with the literature; since the level of education, exercising during and before pregnancy, attending a pregnancy school, and knowing the benefits of exercise during pregnancy will ensure a high awareness of the benefits of exercise, all these characteristics positively affect women's attitude towards exercise during pregnancy.
Conclusion
As a result of the study, it was seen that the participants had positive attitudes towards exercise during pregnancy. It was determined that the participants' level of education, exercising during and before pregnancy, attending a pregnancy school, and knowing the benefits of exercise during pregnancy were determinants of their attitudes towards exercise during pregnancy. Pregnancy is the most natural and unforgettable process in a woman's life and the role of exercise is very important in the healthy and comfortable passage of this process. It is necessary to eliminate the lack of information about exercise during pregnancy and to encourage women to exercise by health professionals. Women's attitudes towards exercise should be determined and women should be encouraged to develop positive attitudes, knowledge and behaviors by organizing trainings and exercise programs starting from pre-pregnancy.
Ethics approval
Ethics approval was obtained from the Çukurova University Medical Faculity Ethics Committee (dated 1 September 2023, numbered 136/74).
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
I am thankful to all women.
References
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