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West China Journal of Stomatology logoLink to West China Journal of Stomatology
. 2024 Feb;42(1):28–36. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2023.2023161

脱矿牙本质基质和脱细胞牙本质基质成骨效果的对比研究

Comparison of the osteogenic effects of demineralized dentin matrix and acellular dentin matrix

Enimubai Daerya 1, Di Zhang 1, Awuti Gulinuer 1,2,
Editor: 李 彩
PMCID: PMC10965338  PMID: 38475948

Abstract

Objective

This study aims to compare the osteogenic effects of implanting demineralized dentin matrix and acellular dentin matrix in bone defect areas.

Methods

Demineralized dentin matrix and acellular dentin matrix were prepared. Twenty-four male SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: demineralized group (group A), acelluar group (group B), Bio-Oss bone powder group (group C), and blank control group (group D), with six rats in each group. All rats were subjected to general anesthesia to prepare bilateral femoral bone defects. Rats in groups A, B, and C were implanted with demineralized dentin matrix, acellular dentin matrix, and Bio-Oss bone powder at the bone defect area, respectively, while rats in group D were not implanted with any material. At 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, three rats were randomly executed in each group. The healing of the bone defect area was analyzed through gross observation. The concentrations of osteogenic indicators bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were detected by serology. The distribution of high-density gray area (representing bone healing) in the bone defect area was observed by X-ray examination, and the formation of new bone was observed by histomorphology. The rate of new bone formation was calculated.

Results

At 4 and 8 weeks, the bone formation ability of group A was more active than that of the other groups; the concentrations of BMP-2 and ALP in group A were higher than those in the other groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). At 8 weeks, the imaging observation showed that the high-density gray area in the bone defect of group A was evenly distributed. The histomorphological observation showed the regular arrangement of bone matrix in group A. The rate of new bone formation in group A was 28.51%±0.55% at 4 weeks and 32.57%±2.28% at 8 weeks, both of which were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Demineralized dentin matrix has better osteogenic potential than acellular dentin matrix.

Keywords: demineralized dentin matrix, acellular dentin matrix, bone repair, bone graft material


目前临床上采用骨移植材料或人工合成材料来修复因外伤、感染、炎症、肿瘤等原因造成的口腔颌面部骨缺损。自体骨是理想的植骨材料,具备骨诱导、骨引导等良好生物相容性,但数量有限。异体骨和异种骨在杀菌和脱细胞过程中,许多特性都发生改变。尽管这些过程对于减少排异反应或疾病传播是必要的,但其成骨特性降低。人工合成材料具有良好生物相容性,但制作过程复杂及术后材料易吸收[1][4]。近期牙齿衍生物牙本质基质(dentin matrix,DM)因复杂的胶原成分和羟磷灰石结构,为新骨形成所必需的细胞如骨间充质干细胞和成骨细胞的分化、增殖提供理想的环境而成为了骨再生基质。DM是成分内含有胶原蛋白、生物活性蛋白及蛋白多糖,空间上由羟磷灰石晶体组成的复杂混合物[5][8]。为了提高DM成骨活性、降低免疫排斥和消除感染,学者们对DM的制备进行了很多研究,其中脱矿法制备的脱矿DM和脱细胞法制备的脱细胞DM受到广泛关注[9][29]

目前研究已证实脱矿DM和脱细胞DM均具有骨再生能力,但制备过程会影响其成骨活性。关于脱矿法和脱细胞法制备的DM的成骨效果比较众说纷纭,本实验通过大鼠骨缺损模型比较这2种方法制备的DM的成骨效果。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 实验动物、器械及材料

3周龄健康SPF级SD雄性大鼠24只,体重200 g,由新疆医科大学动物实验室提供并饲养。

EDTA脱钙液、曲拉通(Triton)X-100、十二烷基硫酸钠、脱氧核糖核酸酶、核糖核酸酶、苏木精-伊红(hemotoxylin and eosin,HE)染色试剂盒(北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司),Bio-Oss骨粉(盖式公司,瑞士),大鼠骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)-2酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒、大鼠碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)ELISA试剂盒(武汉贝茵莱生物科技有限公司),可吸收性外科缝线(上海宏立医疗制品有限公司),水合氯醛晶体(上海山浦化工有限公司)。

1.2. DM制备过程

选择因正畸治疗需要拔除的人类健康牙齿(患者年龄18~25岁),过氧化氢溶液初步清洁后,用牙科专用手机截取牙根部分,清理牙周膜及牙髓。用1.5%次氯酸钠(NaClO)浸泡15 min后,清理剩余牙髓碎片和牙周膜。将清理干净的牙根研磨成直径300~500 µm的DM。

1.3. 脱矿DM制备过程

用氢氧化钠(0.02 mL/g,4 mL)和乙醇(20%,1 mL)混合溶液在无菌培养皿中化学清洗DM 10 min,无菌纱布吸收上清,然后将材料置于10%的EDTA溶液中脱矿3 min,缓冲溶液冲洗3 min,在热板上干燥后高压蒸汽灭菌,储存在−18 °C的无菌容器中备用。操作过程都在严格无菌条件下进行。

1.4. 脱细胞DM制备过程

DM在室温蒸馏水中浸泡24 h,2%Triton X-100处理40 h,1%十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)处理48 h(180 r/min,恒定振动),最后用脱氧核糖核酸酶(deoxyribonuclease,DNase)和核糖核酸酶(ribonuclease,RNase)分别处理4 h,每一步之后都用蒸馏水彻底冲洗。在热板上干燥后高压蒸汽灭菌,储存在−18 °C的无菌容器中备用。操作过程都在严格无菌条件下进行。

1.5. 动物模型及实验分组

1.5.1. 确定股骨临界骨缺损

临界骨缺损指自然状况下骨缺损不进行任何处理无法自愈的最短骨缺损尺寸。根据参考文献[30]确定本研究的大鼠股骨临界骨缺损直径为2 mm。

1.5.2. 实验分组造模

实验通过新疆医科大学伦理委员会审批(伦理审批号IACUU-20211202-13)。将大鼠随机分为4组:脱矿组(A组)、脱细胞组(B组)、Bio-Oss骨粉组(C组)和空白组(D组)。根据参考文献[17],[27],[31]和样本量统计学公式n=φ2(Si2/g)/[(X¯iX¯)2/(g1)],计算得知每组大鼠为6只,样本量符合动物实验3R原则、自由度估算及资源方程式确定法估算的样本量数目[32][33]

术前24 h禁食,当天禁水,干预前称重。腹腔注射10%水合氯醛(0.3 mL/g)麻醉大鼠,麻醉起效后备皮,消毒后选取股骨外侧入路,逐层切开皮肤、筋膜,钝性分离肌肉,暴露股骨,于股骨大转子下方(即股骨干中下段)用直径2 mm的圆形钻头对骨松质钻孔,构建股骨临界骨缺损模型。按照同样的方法对另一侧股骨进行钻孔制备骨缺损,每侧股骨只有一处骨缺损。根据分组,脱矿组、脱细胞组、Bio-Oss骨粉组大鼠分别在骨缺损区植入脱矿DM、脱细胞DM和Bio-Oss骨粉,空白组未植入任何材料,严密缝合伤口。术后大鼠可自由活动,连续3 d肌肉注射庆大霉素预防感染。每日观察大鼠活泼程度及走路姿势,隔2 d称重。术后4、8周,每组各随机处死3只大鼠。

1.6. 检测指标

1.6.1. 大体观察

处死大鼠后观察骨缺损区愈合情况。

1.6.2. 血清学检测

处死大鼠前腹主动脉采血,采集的血液以3 000 r/min离心,离心10 min,收集上层血清,通过ELISA实验检测血清中BMP-2和ALP浓度。

影像学观察

处死大鼠后拍摄X线片,观察骨缺损区高密度灰色区(代表骨愈合)分布情况。

1.6.4. 组织形态学观察

处死大鼠后取骨缺损区组织标本,并将其放入体积分数10%中性甲醛溶液中固定,制作石蜡切片,HE染色。在低倍镜(100倍)及高倍镜(200倍)下观察新骨形成情况。通过Image Pro Plus 6.0软件对组织学切片进行分析,计算新骨形成率。新骨形成率=新生骨面积/骨缺损总面积×100%。

1.7. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析,比较4组成骨指标BMP-2、ALP的浓度和计算新骨形成率。若数据符合正态分布且方差齐,两独立样本均数比较采用t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t法。若数据不符合参数检验的条件,则采用非参数秩和检验。检验水准为双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

2.1. 实验动物观察

24只实验大鼠均存活,术后5 d实验动物饮食饮水正常,术后2周术区皮肤颜色正常,伤口愈合,无排斥反应和伤口感染等症状。

2.2. 大体观察

4周时骨缺损区可观察到:A组不同程度的矿化骨组织以及中央的残留物;B组未见矿化骨组织,可见中央的残留物;C组与B组相似,只是残留骨粉较B组多;D组血痂形成。8周时骨缺损区可观察到:A组大量矿化骨组织,缺损边缘模糊;B组较多矿化骨组织;C组少量矿化骨组织;D组类似纤维性结缔组织,边界清楚(图1)。结果表明,在4周和8周时,A组成骨能力较其他组活跃。

图 1. 各组大体标本结果.

图 1

Fig 1 Results of gross specimens of each group

从左到右依次为A、B、C、D组;上为4周,下为8周。

2.3. 血清学检测

各组BMP-2血清学检测结果见表1。统计分析表明,1)各组内4周及8周时的BMP-2浓度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2)不论是4周还是8周,各组BMP-2浓度之间的差异均有统计学意义,进一步两两分析,A组BMP-2浓度高于其余3组,差异有统计学意义(4周时,P<0.01;8周时,P<0.05),而其余3组之间的差异均无统计学意义。

表 1. 各组BMP-2血清学水平.

Tab 1 Serum levels of BMP-2 of each group

组别 4周 8周 P
A组 3.923 3±0.305 5 3.696 7±0.680 7 0.596
B组 3.670 0±0.624 5* 3.113 3±0.180 3# 0.220
C组 3.680 0±0.108 1* 3.160 0±0.322 3# 0.248
D组 3.573 3±0.971 3* 3.040 0±0.341 7# 0.198

P 0.004 0.047

注:*与A组比较,P<0.01;#与A组比较,P<0.05。

ng/mL

各组ALP血清学检测结果见表2。统计分析表明,1)各组内4周及8周时的ALP浓度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2)不论是4周还是8周,各组ALP浓度之间的差异均有统计学意义,进一步两两分析,A组ALP浓度高于其余3组,差异有统计学意义(4周时,P<0.01;8周时,P<0.05),而其余3组之间的差异均无统计学意义。

表 2. 各组ALP血清学水平.

Tab 2 Serum levels of ALP of each group

组别 4周 8周 P
A组 4.156 7±0.299 3 3.616 7±0.305 5 0.287
B组 3.710 0±0.125 3* 3.473 3±0.404 1# 0.619
C组 3.446 7±0.757 0* 3.420 0±0.104 4# 0.521
D组 3.426 7±0.642 9* 3.376 7±0.802 1# 0.188

P 0.002 0.015

注:*与A组比较,P<0.01;#与A组比较,P<0.05。

ng/mL

2.4. 影像学观察

4周时骨缺损区可观察到:A组高密度灰色区分布不均匀,边界清楚;B组低密度灰色区,边界清楚;C组低密度灰色区较B组少,边界清楚;D组无灰色区,边界清楚。8周时可观察到:A组高密度灰色区分布均匀,边界模糊;B组灰色区密度增高,边界部分模糊;C组灰色区密度有所增高,边界清楚;D组边缘出现低密度灰色区,边界清楚(图2)。

图 2. 各组骨缺损区影像学结果.

图 2

Fig 2 Imaging results of bone defect areas of each group

从左到右依次为A、B、C、D组;上为4周,下为8周。

2.5. 组织形态学观察

4周时骨缺损区低倍镜下可观察到:A组大量致密的纤维组织;B组少量疏松的纤维组织;C组遗留骨粉较多;D组大量炎症细胞。高倍镜下可观察到:A组纤维母细胞、软骨细胞及大量的炎症细胞;B组软骨细胞融合,炎症细胞数量较A组少;C组骨粉边缘形成的纤维组织较少;D组和低倍镜下情况相似。

8周时骨缺损区低倍镜下可观察到:A组排列规则的骨基质;B组较多成骨细胞;C组致密的纤维组织;D组疏松的纤维组织。高倍镜下可观察到:A组大量成骨细胞及骨陷窝;B组和低倍镜下情况相似;C组软骨细胞及成骨细胞;D组软骨样细胞(图3)。

图 3. 各组HE染色结果.

图 3

Fig 3 Results of HE staining of each group

从上到下依次为A、B、C、D组;从左到右依次为4周 × 100,4周 × 200,8周 × 100,8周 × 200。

2.6. 新骨形成率

4周时各组新骨形成率分别为:A组28.51%±0.55%,B组23.32%±2.24%,C组23.45%±0.86%,D组16.96%±0.51%。统计分析表明,A组新骨形成率高于其余3组(P<0.05),B组和C组新骨形成率高于D组(P<0.05),但B、C组间差异无统计学意义。

8周时各组新骨形成率分别为:A组32.57%±2.28%,B组27.75%±2.14%,C组25.93%±2.81%,D组18.45%±1.28%。统计分析表明,A组新骨形成率高于其余3组(P<0.05),B组和C组新骨形成率高于D组(P<0.05),但B、C组间差异无统计学意义。

3. 讨论

DM具备骨诱导、骨传导和生物相容性好等特点,其物理化学性能基本符合组织工程学骨支架材料的要求[34][35]。为了提高DM成骨活性及降低免疫排斥,在大鼠股骨缺损及比格犬上颌窦增骨术中应用煮沸法制备的DM,得出DM具备良好生物相容性的结论[11][12]。低温处理后的DM在裸鼠体内可再生牙髓牙本质样结构[14]。高温煅烧的DM作为牙本质衍生无机矿物(dentin-derived inorganicmineral,DIM),植入大鼠颅骨缺损区,发现DIM组出现大量新骨,对照组未见新骨,DIM可通过触发ERK和p38MAPK信号通路促进骨生成[17]。钙和磷的含量在脱矿法处理DM中显著下降,同时保留了蛋白质结构和活性[19]。随后按脱矿程度分为未脱矿组、部分脱矿(70%)组、完全脱矿组,植入老鼠骨缺损处,4周后部分脱矿组可见良好的结缔和类骨组织,8周后缺损区完全闭合,其余2组效果不如部分脱矿组,出现材料降解慢等问题[21]。完全脱矿组可能破坏无机物羟磷灰石结构,羟磷灰石无法提供支架结构,影响骨组织的稳定性。煮沸、冷冻等方法可消除感染及降低免疫排斥,但过程繁琐,处理后DM成骨能力一般。煅烧法改变羟磷灰石结构影响材料降解。脱矿法操作简单成骨作用较好。近期学者[28]将脱细胞法处理的牙根植入老鼠胫骨缺损区,术后8周可观察到牙根与胫骨之间的高密度影像。本研究的目的是比较脱矿法和脱细胞法对DM成骨效果的影响。实验采用常规制备脱钙骨基质的方法与制备脱细胞骨基质的方法进行实验。大鼠股骨较颅骨厚,操作安全可控,本实验参考大鼠股骨缺损模型[30]制备本实验骨缺损。以往研究表明4周可见脱矿DM诱导新骨形成,本研究根据以往研究及临界骨缺损愈合时间,将实验观察周期定为4周和8周。Bio-Oss骨粉具有良好的生物相容性,在形态和化学结构上与矿化的骨相似,临床上广泛应用,而自体骨存在二次创伤,为避免创伤感染影响实验结果,本实验将Bio-Oss骨粉组作为标准对照组。

本实验结果在一定程度上可初步证明DM具有成骨潜能,实验结果符合Yeomans和Urist[8]提出的DM具有骨诱导潜能的结论。本实验结果中,A组成骨较其余3组良好,脱矿使牙本质小管变粗,利于释放具有骨诱导作用的BMP-2等生长因子,同时DM粗糙表面结构利于成骨细胞的迁移起到骨引导作用。本研究结果跟Koga等[21]的实验结果相似,该实验结果为脱矿DM较未脱矿DM在老鼠骨缺损区的成骨能力好。ALP和BMP-2可诱导成骨细胞分化,抑制破骨细胞活性[36]。骨组织破坏后,机体愈合系统启动,成骨细胞往受损区迁移爬行。A组先释放BMP-2启动信号通路促进成骨细胞分化和骨组织愈合,因此成骨指标较其他组高,且大体标本最早出现矿化骨组织。随着骨痂形成,矿化区域增多,骨组织改建趋于稳定,BMP-2、ALP浓度轻微下降。钙磷离子溶解试验中牙源性材料溶解度与自体骨相似,Bio-Oss骨粉溶解度最低,显微镜下可见牙本质小管粗糙的表面结构[37][39],其利于股骨缺损周围血管的长入及成骨细胞的黏附增殖,这解释了B和C组大体观察相似的原因为二者均有羟磷灰石结构起骨引导作用。由于Bio-Oss骨粉提取过程中骨粉无机物结构改变,溶解度增高,因此C组残留材料较多。因创伤导致骨缺损周围的血小板及纤维蛋白聚集凝结,D组4周时血痂形成,临界骨缺损延长自身愈合时间,8周时才形成类似纤维结缔组织。本研究影像学和组织形态学结果也显示,4、8周时,A组灰色密度强度及范围均比其他组高,最早出现致密的纤维组织和排列规则的骨基质及骨陷窝,新骨形成率高于其余3组。这表明A组更早启动成骨信号通路,DM吸收被骨基质代替。

研究表明抗原存在细胞内,牙齿的抗原主要在牙周膜和牙髓中。本实验去除牙周膜和牙髓时,对于残留的牙周膜及牙髓,A组在酸性条件下破坏细胞结构,进一步降低抗原。本研究脱矿DM实验结果和Copelli等[40]将脱矿DM植入大鼠皮下结果相似,均表现出良好的生物相容性。B组残留的牙周膜及牙髓细胞在蒸馏水中膨胀和破裂,使用Triton X-100和SDS破坏细胞磷脂膜和细胞核,用DNase和RNase水解蛋白质内部键,这解释了高倍镜下B组软骨细胞融合及炎症细胞数量较A组少的现象。

DM成骨原理主要和牙本质内BMP-2起骨诱导作用有关,DM可作为BMP-2的良好缓释系统和载体。BMP-2诱导间充质干细胞分化为成骨细胞,进而发挥骨生成作用[41][42]。脱矿法去除免疫同时溶解无机物,牙本质小管变粗,小管和疏松的胶原基质为牙本质内BMP-2等生长因子的释放提供通道。本实验A组脱矿法提高了BMP-2的生物利用度,所以成骨能力较其他组高。B组脱细胞法只是去除免疫未溶解无机物,生长因子无法有效释放。但B组也有成骨现象,这是因为DM中除了BMP-2外,还含有骨桥蛋白、骨连接蛋白、骨钙素、牙本质唾液蛋白等,这些蛋白质可促进和维持骨骼的钙化[43]。除了上述特异性蛋白外,DM中也含有诱导间充质干细胞、促进骨组织改建的生长因子[44][46]

脱矿DM是一种新的、具有高度生物相容性的可供口腔颌面部骨修复选择的材料,成分内含有胶原蛋白、生物活性蛋白及蛋白多糖,空间结构由羟磷灰石晶体组成。2014年,Kim[24]在裸鼠皮下植入脱矿DM,2周后可见成骨细胞及成纤维细胞,8周后骨组织逐渐钙化,结果表明脱矿DM可独立诱导软骨形成,证明了其骨诱导能力。Kim等[47]在位点保存术中首次使用脱矿DM,结果12例患者拔牙窝内均有良好的骨形成。Qin等[48]将脱矿DM植入比格犬牙周组织丧失处,2个月后Masson染色可见大量成熟骨组织形成,得出脱矿DM具备牙周组织再生的潜能。2015年Um和Kim等[49]研究认为,脱矿DM可用于种植修复前上颌窦提升术。随后其[50]在一项22例患者牙槽骨不足处植入脱矿DM和延期种植,长期随访结果与之前的短期研究结果一致。牙本质源性屏障(dentin-derived-barrier membrane,块状脱矿DM)作为骨诱导胶原膜,具有机械稳定性和凝块稳定性,可替代骨膜的成骨功能[51]。颌骨囊肿、牙槽突裂植骨术中也尝试使用脱矿DM以及利用脱矿DM空间结构制备水凝胶[52]。脱细胞DM成分更接近骨组织,无机成分羟磷灰石具有较好的支架作用,可以很好地维持空间结构,有机成分中生长因子及蛋白可以诱导成骨。植入大鼠胫骨缺损的脱细胞DM术后与周围骨组织实现骨结合[28]。刘宗霖等[29]将脱细胞DM和脱矿DM联合植入大鼠颅骨缺损,结果表明与单独植入脱矿DM相比,术后4周联合组可见大量成骨细胞、促进骨愈合的骨钙素及少量炎症细胞。和以上研究结果一致,本实验结果也表明脱细胞DM和脱矿DM均具有成骨潜能。但A组脱矿DM释放BMP-2等信号分子,可增强骨髓间充质干细胞向脱矿DM周围迁移促进成骨,而B组由于信号分子的释放受阻,成骨能力较A组弱。本研究结果与Rijal等[25]的研究结果相似,脱矿DM在大鼠胫骨缺损区成骨明显。

制备DM时常选择牙本质,但牙根包埋在牙槽骨内和骨组织具有更好的生物相容性,且同时含有成骨作用的牙本质及牙骨质,牙骨质中含促进骨组织矿化的非胶原蛋白,故本研究与以往研究不同,在实验制备DM时选择了牙根。本实验结果表明,脱矿DM成骨能力较好,可将具有成骨潜能的牙根作为研究方向,通过合并各类处理方法的优点及优化制备过程,有望将牙根处理后成为骨移植材料。

Funding Statement

[基金项目] 中华口腔医学会西部口腔医学临床科研基金(CSA-W2020-11)

Supported by: Western Clinical Research Foundation of Stomatology of Chinese Academy of Stomatology (CSA-W2020-11)

Footnotes

利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。

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