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. 2024 Mar 28;22(3):e8754. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8754

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

European Food Safety Authority✉; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Alice Fusaro, José L Gonzales, Thijs Kuiken, Gražina Mirinavičiūtė, Éric Niqueux, Karl Ståhl, Christoph Staubach, Olov Svartström, Calogero Terregino, Katriina Willgert, Francesca Baldinelli, Roxane Delacourt, Alexandros Georganas, Lisa Kohnle
PMCID: PMC10977096  PMID: 38550271

Abstract

Between 2 December 2023 and 15 March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (227) and wild (414) birds across 26 countries in Europe. Compared to previous years, although still widespread, the overall number of HPAI virus detections in birds was significantly lower, among other reasons, possibly due to some level of flock immunity in previously affected wild bird species, resulting in reduced contamination of the environment, and a different composition of circulating A(H5N1) genotypes. Most HPAI outbreaks reported in poultry were primary outbreaks following the introduction of the virus by wild birds. Outside Europe, the majority of outbreaks in poultry were still clustered in North America, while the spread of A(H5) to more naïve wild bird populations on mainland Antarctica is of particular concern. For mammals, A(H5N5) was reported for the first time in Europe, while goat kids in the United States of America represented the first natural A(H5N1) infection in ruminants. Since the last report and as of 12 March 2024, five human avian influenza A(H5N1) infections, including one death, three of which were clade 2.3.2.1c viruses, have been reported by Cambodia. China has reported two human infections, including one fatal case, with avian influenza A(H5N6), four human infections with avian influenza A(H9N2) and one fatal case with co‐infection of seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and avian influenza A(H10N5). The latter case was the first documented human infection with avian influenza A(H10N5). Human infections with avian influenza remain rare and no sustained human‐to‐human infection has been observed. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian H5 influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general population in the EU/EEA. The risk of infection remains low to moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals.

Keywords: avian influenza, captive birds, HPAI, humans, monitoring, poultry, wild birds

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Mirinavičiūtė G, Niqueux É, Ståhl K, Staubach C, Svartström O, Terregino C, Willgert K, Baldinelli F, Delacourt R, Georganas A and Kohnle L, 2024. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024. EFSA Journal 2024; 22(3): 8754, 69 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8754

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2024‐00101 and Commission request 280 to ECDC (SANTE.B.2/IK/mo (2023)2182203)

Acknowledgements: In addition to the listed authors, EFSA, ECDC and the EURL wish to thank the Member State representatives who provided epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks or shared sequence data: Jonida Boci, Aldin Lika, Ali Lilo, Keti Margariti and Erga Shkodra (Albania); Andrea Hoeflechner‐Poeltl, Sandra Revilla‐Fernández, Janna Vogelgesang and Irene Zimpernik (Austria); Philippe Houdard, Benedicte Lambrecht, Ingeborg Mertens, Mieke Steensels and Steven Van Borm (Belgium); Aleksandra Miteva and Emiliya Ivanova (Bulgaria); Tihana Miškić, Žaklin Acinger‐Rogić, Ivana Lohman, Ljupka Maltar, Lucija Stupar and Savić Vladimir (Croatia); Vasiliki Christodoulou (Cyprus); Tomáš Jarosil, Alexander Nagy, Lucie Kalaskova, Petr Kucinsky, Miraslava Lutzova, Hynek Siksta and Luděk Závada (Czechia); Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager, Yuan Liang, Louise Fensholdt, Michelle Fischer Carlsen, Emilie Selby Hervard‐Namer and Lone Thing Mortensen (Denmark); Tuija Gadd, Lauri Kareinen, Ari Kauppinen, Kitty Schulman, Niina Tammiranta and Tiia Tuupanen (Finland); Camille Boyer, François‐Xavier Briand, Karen Bucher, Olivier Debaere, Béatrice Grasland, Andrea Jimenez‐Pellicer, Sandra Karl, Gilles Salvat and Audrey Schmitz (France); Anja Globig, Timm Harder, Anne Pohlmann and Carola Sauter‐Louis (Germany); Helyes Georgina and Zsofia Szepesine Kokany (Hungary); Zara Conlon, Laura Garza Cuartero, Audrey Jenkinson and Aisling Tracey (Ireland); Andrea Maroni Ponti, Grazia Manca, Isabella Monne, Paolo Mulatti, Luigi Ruocco, Francesca Scolamacchia, Lara Cavicchio and Bianca Zecchin (Italy); Manon Bourg, Vicky Bink, Guillaume Fournier and Chantal Snoeck (Luxembourg); Oxana Groza, Oxana Popa and Vitalie Caraus (Moldova); Nancy Beerens (Netherlands); Britt Gjerset, Silje Granstad, Anne Marie Jahr, Siri Margrete Løtvedt, Lars Erik Lundblad Rondestveit and Ole‐Herman Tronerud (Norway); Jakub Kubacki, Paweł Meyer, Anna Pikula, Aleksandra Podrażka, Krzysztof Śmietanka, Katarzyna Domańska‐Blicharz, Edyta Swieton and Katarzyna Wawrzak (Poland); Renata Carvalho, Ana Nunes, Margarida Henriques and Yolanda Vaz (Portugal); Ioana Neghirla, Flavius Prelipcean and Iuliana Onita (Romania); Marta Bedriova, Martin Chudy, Vilem Kopriva, Erika Papiernikova and Barbora Pavlíková (Slovakia); Caroline Bröjer, Malin Grant, Karoline Jakobsson and Siamak Zohari (Sweden); Claudia Bachofen, Silke Bruhn and Dominique Suter (Switzerland). The authors also wish to thank Ron Fouchier from Erasmus Medical Center (Netherlands); Ian Brown from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (United Kingdom); Camille Delavenne from Ausvet Europe for conducting the data analysis under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2021/02; the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID's EpiFlu™ Database, which is used for this assessment (Annex C); Paolo Calistri and Christian Gortázar from EFSA's Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Erik Alm and Edoardo Colzani from ECDC as well as Inma Aznar, Milen Georgiev, Barbara Lanfranchi and Stefania Tampach from EFSA for the support provided to this scientific output.

Declarations of interest: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu

Approved: 22 March 2024

Note: This article was originally published on the EFSA website http://www.efsa.europa.eu on 26 March 2024 as part of EFSA's urgent publication procedures.

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