Abstract
目的
探讨单侧双通道脊柱内镜(unilateral biportal endoscopy,UBE)技术辅助椎管减压结合经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗合并神经损伤的腰椎爆裂骨折疗效。
方法
2021年6月—2022年12月收治10例合并神经损伤的单节段腰椎爆裂骨折患者,均接受UBE技术辅助下椎管减压结合经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗。其中男7例,女3例;年龄21~57岁,平均43.1岁。骨折节段:L1 2例,L2 4例,L3 3例,L4 1例。AO分型:A3型7例,A4型3例。骨折至手术时间2~5 d,平均3.3 d。记录总手术时间、镜下手术时间以及手术相关并发症发生情况。手术前后采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)分级(A~E级对应赋值1~5分进行统计分析),评估患者腰痛程度及神经功能;X线片、CT检查骨折愈合情况,测量伤椎前缘高度比、Cobb角及椎管侵占率。
结果
10例患者均顺利完成手术,在镜下完成减压及椎管内骨块复位。总手术时间90~150 min,平均119 min;镜下手术时间35~55 min,平均46 min。术中无硬膜囊、神经根及血管损伤等并发症发生。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间10~28个月,平均18.7个月。术后 VAS评分较术前降低,末次随访时较术后1周进一步改善,各时间点间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后ASIA评分较术前改善(P<0.05),术后1周及末次随访时差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。影像学复查示螺钉位置良好、关节突关节保留,随访期间均未发生内固定物松动、断裂及内固定失效等情况;伤椎前缘高度比、椎管侵占率、矢状面Cobb角均较术前改善(P<0.05),末次随访与术后1周差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
结论
UBE技术辅助椎管减压结合经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉内固定是一种治疗合并神经损伤的腰椎爆裂骨折微创术式,在恢复椎体序列同时能有效解除椎管压迫,改善受损神经功能。
Keywords: 单侧双通道脊柱内镜, 腰椎爆裂骨折, 微创, 减压, 内固定
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of spinal canal decompression assisted by unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) and percutaneous uniplanar pedicle screw internal fixation in the treatment of lumbar burst fractures with neurological symptoms.
Methods
Between June 2021 and December 2022, 10 patients with single level lumbar burst fracture with neurological symptoms were treated with spinal canal decompression assisted by UBE and percutaneous uniplanar pedicle screw internal fixation. There were 7 males and 3 females with an average age of 43.1 years (range, 21-57 years). The injured vertebrae located at L1 in 2 cases, L2 in 4 cases, L3 in 3 cases, and L4 in 1 case. There were 7 cases of AO type A3 fractures and 3 cases of AO type A4 fractures. The total operation time, the time of operation under endoscopy, and complications were recorded. Pre- and post-operative visual analogue scale (VAS) score and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale (grading A-E corresponding to assigning 1-5 points for statistical analysis) were used to evaluate effectiveness. X-ray film and CT were performed to observe the fracture healing, and the ratio of anterior vertebral body height, Cobb angle, and rate of spinal canal invasion were measured to evaluate the reduction of fracture.
Results
All operations was successfully completed, and the spinal canal decompression and the bone fragment in spinal canal reduction completed under the endoscopy. Total operation time was 119 minutes on average (range, 95-150 minutes), and the time of operation under endoscopy was 46 minutes on average (range, 35-55 minutes). There was no complication such as dural sac, nerve root, or blood vessel injury during operation. All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 18.7 months on average (range, 10-28 months). The VAS score after operation significantly decreased when compared with that before operation (P<0.05), and further improved at last follow-up (P<0.05). The ASIA scale after operation significantly improved when compared with that before operation (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the ASIA scale between at 1 week after operation and at last follow-up. The imaging examination showed that the screw position was good and the articular process joint was preserved. During follow-up, there was no loosening, fracture, or fixation failure of the internal fixation. The ratio of anterior vertebral body height and Cobb angle significantly improved, the rate of spinal canal invasion significantly decreased after operation (P<0.05), and without significant loss of correction during the follow-up (P>0.05).
Conclusion
Spinal canal decompression assisted by UBE and percutaneous uniplanar pedicle screw fixation is a feasible minimally invasive treatment for lumbar burst fractures with neurological symptoms, which can effectively restore the vertebral body sequence, as well as relieve the compression of spinal canal, and improve the neurological function.
Keywords: Unilateral biportal endoscopy, lumbar burst fracture, minimally invasive, decompression, internal fixation
胸腰椎爆裂骨折是常见脊柱损伤类型,多为高能量损伤所致,约30% 患者伴有神经损伤,椎管内骨块占位是神经损伤的主要原因[1]。此类骨折患者宜早期手术,恢复脊柱序列及椎管形态同时解除神经压迫,为神经功能恢复创造条件[2]。传统前路手术、后路手术及前后联合手术均能有效解除神经压迫,但手术创伤大、出血多,会进一步加重对脊柱正常结构的损伤[3]。随着手术技术及医疗器械的发展,脊柱手术逐渐微创化。经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定能有效减少椎旁肌肉损伤,已广泛应用于胸腰椎爆裂骨折的治疗。但伤椎椎管减压的微创化仍处于探索阶段,经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定结合通道、显微镜辅助减压均无法完全避免后方韧带复合体的医源性损伤 [4-5]。单通道内镜技术辅助下椎管减压虽能减少后方韧带复合体的医源性损伤,但由于通道及器械限制,减压风险高,学习曲线陡峭[6]。单侧双通道脊柱内镜(unilateral biportal endoscopy,UBE)技术是一种用于治疗腰椎管狭窄症的内镜技术,临床应用显示其能有效保护脊柱正常结构,并取得良好疗效[7]。目前,关于UBE技术在腰椎爆裂骨折中的应用报道极少。2021年6月—2022年12月,我们采用UBE技术辅助椎管减压结合经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉撑开复位内固定治疗10例合并神经损伤的腰椎爆裂骨折患者,取得满意临床疗效。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
患者纳入标准:① 年龄18~60岁;② 有明确外伤史;③ 经影像学检查诊断为单节段腰椎爆裂骨折;④ 椎管占位明显,合并神经损伤,需手术减压;⑤ 伤后2周内手术。排除标准:① 骨质疏松骨折或病理性骨折;② 合并胸腰椎畸形;③ 存在手术禁忌证;④ 影像或随访资料不全。
本组男7例,女3例;年龄21~57岁,平均43.1岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤3例,高处坠落伤7例。骨折节段:L1 2例,L2 4例,L3 3例,L4 1例。AO分型:A3型7例,A4型3例。美国脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)分级:C级4例,D级6例。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、ASIA评分以及伤椎前缘高度比、椎管侵占率、Cobb角见表1。骨折至手术时间2~5 d,平均3.3 d。
表 1.
Comparison of clinical indicators between pre- and post-operation (n=10, )
患者手术前后疗效评价指标比较(n=10,)
时间 Time |
伤椎前缘高度比(%) Ratio of anterior vertebral body height (%) |
椎管侵占率(%) Rate of spinal canal invasion (%) |
Cobb角(°) Cobb angle (°) |
VAS评分 VAS score |
ASIA评分 ASIA score |
Δ与术前比较P<0.05, #与术后1周比较P<0.05 ΔCompared with preoperative value, P<0.05; # compared with the value at 1 week after operation, P<0.05 | |||||
术前 | 61.47±17.43# | 56.62±11.54# | 20.30±4.90# | 7.6±1.5# | 3.6±0.5# |
术后1周 | 93.72±3.02Δ | 7.06±3.36Δ | 4.40±2.37Δ | 2.9±1.2Δ | 4.5±0.7Δ |
末次随访 | 93.70±3.01Δ | 6.48±2.85Δ | 4.80±2.44Δ | 1.6±0.8Δ# | 4.8±0.4Δ |
统计值 |
F=16.867 P=0.001 |
F=86.647 P<0.001 |
F=109.285 P<0.001 |
F=63.898 P<0.001 |
F=24.488 P<0.001 |
1.2. 手术方法
手术均由具有高级职称医师完成。首先,根据术前CT图像选择减压侧别及减压水平,将症状严重或骨折块突入椎管程度严重一侧作为内镜手术侧;若骨块突入居中央,则选取左侧减压,根据椎管狭窄平面选取减压中心。患者全身麻醉后,C臂X线机摄标准脊柱正侧位X线片,确定手术节段。调整手术台至骨折椎体与地面垂直,标记伤椎及其上、下椎体椎弓根体表投影。于伤椎上终板水平处画一条水平线,与椎弓根内缘连线相交,并在此交点上、下1.5 cm处作皮肤切口标记。
参照文献 [8] 报道的经皮椎弓根螺钉植入方法,经伤椎及其上、下椎体非减压侧椎弓根植入经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉,选取合适连接棒进行复位固定,恢复伤椎高度。连接内镜系统,根据切口标记建立观察通道与操作通道,保持出水通畅。通过操作通道进行射频消融周围软组织并止血。清晰显露椎板、椎板间隙、黄韧带、小关节内缘等解剖结构,使用高速磨钻磨除同侧上椎板,椎板开窗区域应覆盖术前影像图片显示的椎管内骨块突入区域。逐层切除黄韧带,暴露硬膜囊和神经根;用高速磨钻或椎板咬骨钳去除关节突内侧缘,扩大硬膜囊外侧间隙,探查椎管内突出骨块情况。将复位器放置于硬膜囊与突出骨块之间,直视下复位突出骨块,同时取出小的游离骨块或破裂突出的髓核。神经探子探查椎管内无台阶感及神经松弛,提示骨折复位及神经减压满意。最后,植入减压侧椎弓根螺钉,安装连接棒并固定。C臂X线机透视明确所有椎弓根螺钉位置良好,骨折椎体复位满意。见图1。
图 1.
Schematic diagram of endoscopic operation
镜下手术操作示意图
a. 椎板与黄韧带连接处解剖结构;b. 磨除部分椎板;c. 神经探子探查椎管内骨块;d. 复位器复位椎管内骨块
a. The anatomical structure of the junction between lamina and ligamentum flavum; b. Part of the lamina was removed; c. The bone fragment in spinal canal was explored by a nerve probe; d. The bone fragment in spinal canal was reduced with a replacer
1.3. 术后处理
术后第1天患者开始主动下肢功能锻炼;1周后可佩戴支具坐立,并根据下肢肌力情况决定下床活动时间,术后3个月内下地活动时均需佩戴胸腰椎支具;3个月后恢复正常活动。
1.4. 疗效评价指标
记录总手术时间(作皮肤切口开始至关闭切口为止)、镜下手术时间(建立通道至镜下减压完成)、手术并发症(硬膜囊、神经根及血管损伤)发生情况。术前、术后1周及末次随访时采用VAS评分、ASIA分级评价临床疗效,其中ASIA A~E级对应赋值1~5分进行统计分析。术前、术后1周及末次随访时,于正侧位X线片测量Cobb角(伤椎上位椎体上终板与下位椎体下终板延长线夹角)、椎体前缘高度比(伤椎前缘高度/上、下相邻椎体前缘高度均值×100%),于三维CT轴位图像测量椎管侵占率(骨块侵入椎管的最大正中矢状径/上、下位相邻椎体椎弓根高度中点水平正中矢状径均值×100%);同时X线片观察骨折愈合情况,记录愈合时间。
1.5. 统计学方法
采用SPSS25.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Kolmogorov-Smirnov方法检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,不同时间点间比较采用 Bonferroni 法;检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
本组10例均在镜下完成减压及椎管内骨块复位。总手术时间90~150 min,平均119 min;镜下手术时间35~55 min,平均46 min。术中无硬膜囊、神经根及血管损伤等并发症发生。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间10~28个月,平均18.7个月。术后2周8例患者可佩戴支具下地活动,其余2例分别于术后1、3个月下地活动。术后各时间点VAS评分均较术前降低,末次随访时较术后1周进一步改善,各时间点间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1周时6例患者神经功能完全恢复,末次随访时8例患者已完全恢复,其中ASIA D级2例、E级8例;术后ASIA评分均较术前提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后1周及末次随访时差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
X线片复查示伤椎局部后凸畸形改善,椎体高度恢复且随访期间无明显丢失;CT示椎管容积恢复,突出的骨块基本复位,椎弓根螺钉位置良好,关节突关节保留。所有患者骨折均愈合,愈合时间4~8个月,平均5.9个月;随访期间均无内固定物松动、断裂及内固定失效等发生。术后各时间点伤椎前缘高度比、椎管侵占率、Cobb角均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访与术后1周差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1及图2。
图 2.
A 42-year-old male patient with burst fracture at L2 (AO type A3)
患者,男,42岁,L2椎体爆裂骨折(AO分型为A3型)
a、b. 术前正侧位X线片;c、d. 术前矢状面、横断面CT;e、f. 术中透视下定位伤椎上位椎体椎板下缘;g. 术中椎管内骨块复位后透视;h、i. 术后1周正侧位X线片;j~l. 术后1周矢状面、冠状面及横断面CT;m、n. 术后1年正侧位X线片
a, b. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films before operation; c, d. Sagittal and transverse CT before operation; e, f. The lower edge of the lamina of the upper vertebra was located under fluoroscopy; g. Interoperative fluoroscopic view after reduction of the bone fragment in spinal canal; h, i. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 1 week after operation; j-l. Sagittal, coronal, and transverse CT at 1 week after operation; m, n. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 1 year after operation
3. 讨论
腰椎爆裂骨折常导致脊柱后凸畸形、节段性不稳、神经功能损伤,若得不到恰当治疗,将对患者生活质量产生极大影响[9]。针对无神经损伤的腰椎爆裂骨折,目前手术方案首选微创经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定术,相较于传统椎弓根螺钉内固定术,在有效恢复椎体前缘高度及节段后凸角同时,还具有创伤小、出血少、术后患者功能恢复快等优点[10]。经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉在椎体冠状面可活动,而在矢状面固定,相较于万向经皮椎弓根螺钉,能更好地复位椎体高度,减少术后复位丢失 [11]。
UBE技术自1996年首次报道以来,已被广泛应用于颈、胸、腰椎各类型退行性疾病的治疗[12-13]。相较于常规单通道内镜技术,UBE技术采用了独立的观察通道与操作通道,通道大小与方向可以根据需要进行调整,器械活动范围更大,操作更灵活,有效减少了视野盲区,甚至可通过棘突根部减压至对侧。此外,UBE技术属于经皮内镜技术,能最大限度保护椎旁肌、小关节及后方韧带复合体等结构,减少手术入路对脊柱序列平衡和生物力学稳定性的影响。由于没有刚性管道的限制,术中可以使用大部分常规手术器械,本组即通过操作通道使用L形复位器对椎管内骨块进行复位。另外,腰椎爆裂骨折椎管内静脉丛充血迂曲,加之骨折部位不断渗血,减压时出血明显,特别是早期手术时。而UBE技术是以水为介质,一定程度的水压可以减少出血,提供更清晰手术视野,提高了手术准确性和安全性。
本组腰椎爆裂骨折患者经UBE技术辅助减压联合经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗,取得了良好疗效,术后伤椎前缘高度比、Cobb角、椎管侵占率、VAS评分及ASIA评分均较术前改善,且末次随访时椎体前缘高度及Cobb角无明显丢失。我们认为UBE技术优势在于损伤小,通过小切口实现椎管减压及骨折复位,对患者影响小,术后恢复快,术后CT显示关节突关节得到最大程度保留。
通过本组患者治疗,我们对UBE技术结合经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉内固定术总结了以下经验及体会。① 我们认为AO分型中A3、A4型腰椎爆裂骨折是该术式适应证。因为此类患者后方韧带复合体结构完整,术中无需行节段融合,而UBE技术可最大限度保留后方韧带复合体完整性,减少后期慢性腰痛、邻椎病的发生。② 关于植钉复位固定与内镜减压顺序,我们建议先行非减压侧植钉复位固定,减压侧可先植入导丝,以免影响后期镜下操作。因为植钉复位内固定在一定程度上可间接复位椎管内骨块[14],扩大硬膜囊与椎体后缘骨块之间的间隙,便于手术器械进入,降低医源性神经损伤的风险。但对于存在椎体后上缘骨块翻转的腰椎爆裂骨折,撑开复位极其危险[15]。此类骨折应考虑开放减压,并摘除部分椎管内骨块。③ 镜下减压过程中,在显露硬膜外缘前提下,需尽可能减少对椎板、关节突等骨质结构的损伤,通过硬膜囊外缘进入硬膜囊前方,复位椎管内骨块时应全程镜下操作,并防止复位器滑移。若椎管占位严重、硬膜囊张力高,需扩大硬膜囊背侧减压范围,并从椎间盘至伤椎椎体上缘或椎管边缘占位不明显的部位逐渐复位移位骨块,切忌从占位严重处直接复位,有导致神经、硬膜囊损伤风险。④ 硬膜囊破裂是胸腰椎爆裂骨折的合并损伤,常由椎管前方骨块刺破硬膜囊导致[16],术中需仔细鉴别。若发现硬膜囊破裂,需保持操作通道出水通畅,降低灌注水压,缩短镜下操作时间,避免因冲洗液流入而导致颅内压升高,进而导致类脊髓高压综合征等严重并发症。若条件允许,术中可行硬膜囊修补。
综上述, UBE技术辅助椎管减压联合经皮单平面椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗合并神经损伤的腰椎爆裂骨折安全、有效且微创,但本研究病例数较少,需大样本、多中心及长期随访的对照研究来进一步验证疗效。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持不影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道
伦理声明 研究方案经自贡市第四人民医院伦理委员会批准(2022-177)
作者贡献声明 闫挺:数据收集整理及统计分析,文章撰写;闫挺、林旭、胡海刚:手术操作及数据收集;曾俊、吴超:参与研究设计及实施,审阅并修改文稿
Funding Statement
自贡市重点科技计划项目(2022ZCYGY15)
Key Science and Technology Project of Zigong (2022ZCYGY15)
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