Abstract
We report the results of investigations 2010 through 2023 of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with gall midges in Europe. A total of 242 collections of gall midges were made, from each of which one to several parasitoid species emerged, resulting in ca. 200 recorded parasitoid species and 267 host-parasitoid interaction records. The parasitoid families involved were Eulophidae (63 species), Platygastridae (56 species), Torymidae (34 species), Pteromalidae (31 species), Ceraphronidae (5 species), Eupelmidae (4 species), Eurytomidae (2 species) and Encyrtidae (1 species). As many as 159 interactions are reported for the first time, significantly enlarging our knowledge of gall midge – parasitoid interactions on the species level. Even more interesting, 51 host records are for parasitoid species for which no host was previously known. Similarly, 28 species of gall midge are reported as host to named parasitoids for the first time. Additionally, 91 parasitoid records were the first for the country in question. Differences between the rearing methods applied and their suitability for recording species with contrasting life histories, are discussed.
Keywords: Cecidomyiidae, host-parasitoid interactions, Eltonian shortfall, rearing methods, Ceraphronidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Torymidae, Platygastridae
Introduction
The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) are arguably the largest and most diverse insect family and, simultaneously, one of the most incompletely known in terms of both basic species cataloguing and knowledge of species’ biology (e.g. Espírito-Santo and Fernandes 2007, Hebert et al. 2016, Chimeno et al. 2022, Srivathsan et al. 2023). The families of parasitoid Hymenoptera associated with gall midges remain similarly very poorly known. Srivathsan et al. (2023) identified 20 insect families that account for more than half of Malaise-trapped insect species richness at sites across the globe. Cecidomyiidae and two families of parasitoid Hymenoptera frequently associated with them, i.e. Platygastridae and Eulophidae, figured prominently in the list. The large proportion of undescribed species, “dark taxa”, highlights the shortfall in current biodiversity knowledge. Another equally important knowledge gap is the ignorance of species’ trophic interactions, something that has been coined the “Eltonian shortfall” (Hortal et al. 2015).
The Cecidomyiidae are small delicate flies (Tokuda and Yukawa 2021). The majority of species are phytophagous and display a wide range of host-plant relationships and life-history strategies (Dorchin et al. 2019). Many species induce galls on the host plants, but others inhabit leaf sheaths, grass spikelets or dense inflorescences without causing obvious malformation of the plant parts. Many species are univoltine, fewer are bivoltine or multivoltine. In most temperate species, larvae leave their host plant to hibernate and later pupate in the soil. Pupation in situ, for example, in galls, seems to have arisen several times within the clade. All of these life-history characteristics have been shown to influence the size and family composition of their associated parasitoid assemblages (Hawkins and Gagné 1989).
The study of gall midge parasitoids is almost as old as studies of the gall midges themselves. For example, J.-J. Kieffer (1857-1925) described several hundred species of Cecidomyiidae and Platygastridae and some Chalcidoidea. H. F. Barnes (1902-1960) and his students made numerous biological studies on gall midges and their parasitoids, in particular, species associated with crops and ornamental plants. More recently, Skuhravá and Thuróczy (2007) reported 39 species of Chalcidoidea and Platygastroidea reared from galls of 50 species of gall midges, which had been collected between 1955 and 1996 in the Czech Republic and elsewhere in central and southern Europe. Similar studies have been published by Tudor and Neacşu (1983), Askew and Harris (2007), Buhl and Jørgensen (2010), Jennings (2021) and others. Nevertheless, the knowledge of gall midge - parasitoid relationships remains incomplete at best and is mainly based on rearing adult parasitoids directly from midge-induced galls.
The Chalcidoidea parasitoids of gall midges are mainly found in the families Eulophidae, Pteromalidae (incl. Pirenidae and Systasidae) and Torymidae, with fewer species of Braconidae, Encyrtidae and Eurytomidae being involved (Yukawa et al. 2021). Another major group of gall midge parasitoids is Platygastridae (Platygastroidea), while fewer Ceraphronidae (Ceraphronoidea) have been recorded. This suite of hymenopteran parasitoids exhibits a wide and complex array of life-history characteristics. One helpful simplification is the division of parasitoids into koinobionts and idiobionts (sensu Askew and Shaw (1986)). Koinobionts let their hosts continue normal development and behaviour, such as the midge larvae leaving the galls to continue life and to pupate elsewhere. Koinobionts are usually endoparasitoids and expected to be more narrowly host-specialised, due to the prolonged physiological intimacy with a living and metabolising host (Hawkins 1994). Idiobionts, in contrast, immediately kill or permanently paralyse their hosts. They are typically ectoparasitoids and they sometimes show association with particular host plants, attacking phylogenetically diverse assemblages of phytophagous insects using that particular host plant (Hawkins 1994).
Here, we report primary data on the parasitoid Hymenoptera that, during the years 2010 – 2023, we have reared from larvae of Cecidomyiidae in Europe using a suite of methods. The methodology is discussed in relation to the life-history characteristics of both gall midge hosts and of their koinobiont and idiobiont parasitoids.
Materials and methods
Gall midge larvae of a suite of species were collected from their natural feeding site, be it plant galls, plant inflorescences or rust (Pucciniales) sori on plants. The majority of collections were made in Denmark, several from Sweden and Poland and few from other European countries (Spain, Hungary, Romania and Lithuania). Some collections were specifically bred out to obtain adult parasitoid wasps. Other collections were made with the aim of rearing adult gall midges for taxonomic work and studying their life cycles, the parasitoids being obtained as a bycatch. Thus, the collection strategy may be considered opportunistic, dictated by the species of gall midges that we have happened to encounter.
Methods for obtaining adult parasitoid hymenoptera:
Adults extracted from galls (1A) or collected while ovipositing on midge-inhabited galls (1B);
Adults emerging directly from galls or other plants parts inhabited by gall midge larvae, sometimes from galls kept over winter;
Adults emerging from mature larvae or pupae extracted from galls and transferred individually to gelatine capsules;
Adults emerging from soil in pots, to which gall midge larvae had been transferred earlier the same year (4A) or in the preceding year (4B). Parasitoid emergence is often simultaneous with adult gall midge emergence, but is sometimes delayed (even up to a year);
No rearing attempted, or rearing failed; parasitoid reported at the genus level if possible.
Method 4 was applied to gall midge species which hibernate and pupate in the soil. Midge larvae were either transferred to clean soil in pots using a small paintbrush or, in some cases, the inhabited plant parts were left on the soil surface in similar pots for a few days (then removed to avoid mould), allowing the larvae to move to the soil of their own accord. Often, a combination of the two ways was used, first an appreciable number of larvae were transferred by hand to ensure a minimum number were secured, and then additional inhabited plant parts were added. Larvae of endoparasitic, koinobiont Hymenoptera would be transferred with the midge larvae, while ectoparasitic larvae destined to pupate in situ may potentially have been discarded with the plant parts. Pots with inhabited soil were kept overwinter outdoors in Kårup Skov, Denmark under ambient conditions of temperature and precipitation until early the following spring, then taken indoors to allow adult insects to emerge from pots in mesh bags or spacious perforated plastic bags.
The identification work was based on available keys, original diagnoses, revisions and comparision with paratypes and other specimens kept in the personal collections of RRA and PNB. With regard to the many Platygastridae originally described by Walker, we based our work on the revision and re-description of species by Vlug (1985). We report all parasitoid records that can be considered new to the given gall midge host, even in the many cases where the parasitoid identification is incomplete and requires more work, including rearing more material, undertaking taxonomic revisions and describing new species. That choice is motivated by our focus on the “Eltonian shortfall”.
Results
A total of 242 collections was made, representing 109 Cecidomyiidae species, some of which belong to species that are yet to be formally described (designated an interim name to avoid ambiguity).
A number of gall midge samples were reared without yielding any parasitoids, despite quite plentiful material (> 100 of adult midges emerged). These species include Coniophoragraminicola Nijveldt, 1959, Dasineurairregularis (Bremi, 1847), Dasineurasisymbrii (Schrank, 1803), Jaapiellachelidonii Fedotova 2008 and Wachtliellacaricis (Loew, 1850). Clearly, these observations may represent nothing more than chance absence of parasitoids in single gall midge populations.
Approximately 200 parasitoid taxa emerged, belonging to eight Hymenoptera families, i.e. Ceraphronidae (5 species, Fig. 1), Encyrtidae (1 species), Eulophidae (63 species, Fig. 2), Eupelmidae (4 species, Fig. 3), Eurytomidae (2 species, Fig. 4), Platygastridae (56 species, Fig. 5), Pteromalidae (31 species, Fig. 6) and Torymidae (34 species, Fig. 7). The figures given must be regarded as approximate because certain identification to known species was far from always possible. The full results are presented in Table 1 (with record details in Suppl. material 1). In the Table, the degree of certainty in identification to species level is indicated as follows: 1. Identified to the genus level (in one case family level), but not identified further, for example, “Aprostocetus sp.”; 2. Positively placed in a named species group, for example, “Acerotella sp. (evanescens group)”; 3. Morphologically close to a named taxon, but probably a separate species, for example, “Synopeassp. nrinerme”; 4. Probably the mentioned species, but confirmatory work, such as comparison to type material, is required, “Aprostocetuscf.suevius”; 5. Identified to species beyond reasonable doubt. Only identifications at level 3 to 5 were included in statistics of new host-parasitoid relations and significant biogeographic records, unless the finding represented the first record for a gall midge host of the relevant parasitoid taxon.
Figure 1.
Family Ceraphronidae. Adult female Aphanogmusabdominalis emerged with its host Dasineuraodoratae from galls on Violaodorata. Ornebjerg, Denmark. Photo: Simon Haarder.
Family Eulophidae. Photos: Simon Haarder.
Figure 2a.
Larva of Aprostocetusrubicola (Eulophidae subfamily Tetrastichinae) in situ in gall of Lasiopterarubi in Rubusidaeus cane. Horreby Lyng, Denmark.
Figure 2b.
Adult female Aprostocetusrubi, reared using method 3. Horreby Lyng, Denmark.
Figure 2c.
Adult female Aprostocetusluteus, an idiobiont ectoparasitoid of Mikiolafagi galling Fagussylvatica, reared using method 3. Ornebjerg, Denmark.
Figure 2d.
Adult female Omphalelugens (Eulophidae subfamily Entedoninae) with the Mikiolafagi gall on Fagussylvatica, from which it was reared. Valby, Denmark.
Figure 3.
Family Eupelmidae. Adult female Eupelmusconfusus, an idiobiont ectoparasitoid of Asphondyliasarothamni, summer generation gall on Cytisusscoparius. Hårbølle Havn, Denmark. Photo: Simon Haarder.
Figure 4.
Family Eurytomidae. Adult female Eurytomadentata, an idiobiont ectoparasitoid of Asphondyliasarothmni, summer generation gall on Cytisusscoparius. Ornebjerg, Denmark. Photo: Simon Haarder.
Family Platygastridae. Photos: Simon Haarder.
Figure 5a.
Adult male Platygasterphragmitiphila (Platygastridae subfamily Platygastrinae) emerged directly from galls of Lasiopteraarundinis on Phragmitesaustralis. Warszawa, Poland.
Figure 5b.
Adult female of the same collection.
Figure 5c.
Adults of Platygasterrobiniae, a polyembryonal koinobiont endoparasitoid of Obolodiplosisrobiniae, scale bar 0.5 mm. Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark.
Figure 5d.
Cluster of Platygasterrobiniae pupae within the puparial skin of one host individual, scale bar 0.5 mm. Oxie, Sweden.
Family Pteromalidae. Photos: Simon Haarder.
Figure 6a.
Adult female Mesopolobusrhabdophagae (Pteromalidae subfamily Pteromalinae), an idiobiont ectoparasitoid of Rabdophagarosaria, inducing rosette galls of Salix sp. Soldaterskov, Denmark.
Figure 6b.
Adult female Psilonotusachaeus (Pteromalidae subfamily Pteromalinae), emerged directly from Semudobiabetulae induced seed gall in Betulapendula. Vingsted, Denmark.
Figure 6c.
Adult female Macrogleneschalybeus (Pteromalidae subfamily Pireninae, syn. Pirenidae) extracted directly from a gall of a Contariniasteini flower bud gall on Silenelatifolia. Svanninge Bjerge, Denmark.
Figure 6d.
Dorsal view of adult female Systasisencyrtoides (Pteromalidae subfamily Systasinae, syn. Systasidae), an idiobiont ectoparasitoid of Dasineuracrataegi galling Crataegus sp. Vordingborg, Denmark.
Family Torymidae. Photos: Simon Haarder.
Figure 7a.
Larva of Torymuspersicariae (Torymidae subfamily Toryminae) together with host larvae of Wachtliellapersicariae in leaf roll gall on Persicariaamphibia. Slangerup, Denmark.
Figure 7b.
Adult female of the same collection, reared using method 3. Slangerup, Denmark.
Figure 7c.
Torymusanthobiae, ectoparasitoid of Contariniaanthobia gallling Crataegusmonogyna. Landbohøjskolen, Denmark.
Figure 7d.
Torymusrosariae, ectoparasitoid of Rabdophagarosaria galling Salix sp. Rask Skov, Denmark.
Table 1.
Records of hymenopteran parasitoids reared from European Cecidomyiidae. All Ceraphronidae and Platygastridae were identified by Peter Neerup Buhl. With few exceptions, Richard R. Askew identified all Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae and Torymidae. Identities of collectors: AM Asta Malakauskienė, AP Alexandru Pintilioaie, BA Belinda Andersen, BK Birgit Knudsen, BWP Brian Willum Petersen, EF Emil Førby, HHB Hans Henrik Bruun, JS Johan Svedholm, KA Ken Alminde, KH Kresten Hansen, KN Klavs Nielsen, LKT Linda Kjær-Thomsen, MB Martin Bjerg, ND Netta Dorchin, PB Peder Brøgger, PBJ Peter Bonde Jensen, SH Simon Haarder. Method of rearing (details in the main text): 1, Adults extracted from galls (1A) or collected while ovipositing (1B); 2, Adults emerged directly from galls; 3, Adults emerged in gelatine capsules; 4, Adults emerged from soil, to which gall midge larvae had been transferred, earlier the same year (4A) or in the preceding year (4B); 5, No rearing of adults. “Emg. month”: Start of emergence (month, year). “C.”: Country. Novelty of interaction (“Int. nov.”): N, New host-parasitoid interaction; FH, First host record for parasitoid species; FCH, First Cecidomyiidae host record for parasitoid species; FP, First parasitoid record for host species. Biogeographic novelty (“Biogeo. nov.”): First record of species for the country indicated. Details of the records (collection site name and geographic coordinates, as well as number of females and males obtained and identity of the gall midge host plant) are given in Suppl. material 1.
| Parasitoid name | Gall midge host name | Method | Collection date | Emg. month | Coll. | C. | Int. nov. | Biogeo. nov. |
| Ceraphronidae | ||||||||
| Aphanogmusabdominalis (Thomson, 1858) | Dasineuraodoratae Stelter, 1982 | 2 | 02.ix.2010 | NA | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aphanogmusabdominalis (Thomson, 1858) | Dasineuraodoratae Stelter, 1982 | 2 | 03.ix.2010 | NA | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aphanogmusabdominalis (Thomson, 1858) | Dasineuraodoratae Stelter, 1982 | 2 | 19.ix.2010 | NA | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aphanogmusabdominalis (Thomson, 1858) | Dasineuraodoratae Stelter, 1982 | 3 | 26.xii.2018 | i.2019 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aphanogmusabdominalis (Thomson, 1858) | Dasineura violahirtae Stelter, 1982 | 2 | 31.iii.2020 | iv.2020 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Aphanogmusfasciipennis Thomson, 1858 | Mycodiplosiscf.melampsorae (Rübsaamen, 1889) | 4A | 04.x.2020 | x.2020 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Aphanogmuscf.fasciipennis Thomson, 1858 | Contariniafestucae Jones, 1940 | 4B | 08.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Aphanogmuscf.fasciipennis Thomson, 1858 | Stenodiplosis sp. ex Elymusrepens | 4B | 18.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Aphanogmusgracilicornis Förster, 1861 | Mycodiplosismelampsorae (Rübsaamen, 1889) | 4A | 04.x.2020 | x.2020 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Aphanogmusmicroneurus Kieffer, 1907 | Mycodiplosismelampsorae (Rübsaamen, 1889) | 4A | 04.x.2020 | x.2020 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Aphanogmusvicinus Förster, 1861 | Mycodiplosismelampsorae (Rübsaamen, 1889) | 4A | 04.x.2020 | x.2020 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Encyrtidae | ||||||||
| Pseudencyrtusmisellus (Dalman, 1820) | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | NA | 03.iv.2021 | iv.2021 | PBJ | DK | - | - |
| Pseudencyrtusmisellus (Dalman, 1820) | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 08.iii.2021 | iii.2021 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Pseudencyrtusmisellus (Dalman, 1820) | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | NA | 14.iv.2020 | NA | KH | DK | - | - |
| Eulophidae | ||||||||
| Aprostocetusaethiops (Zetterstedt, 1838) | Contariniapulchripes (Kieffer, 1890) | 3 | 26.vii.2015 | viii.2015 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetusamenon (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | NA | 14.vii.2021 | NA | AP | RO | - | RO |
| Aprostocetusanodaphus (Walker, 1839) | Ozirhincusmillefolii (Wachtl, 1884) | 2 | 16.viii.2020 | viii.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetusanodaphus (Walker, 1839) | Ozirhincusmillefolii (Wachtl, 1884) | 2 | 16.viii.2020 | viii.2020 | HHB | DK | N | DK |
| Aprostocetusapama (Walker, 1839) | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 06.iv.2016 | vi.2016 | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Aprostocetusapama (Walker, 1839) | Planetellagallarum (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 07.vi.2016 | vii.2016 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Aprostocetusartemisiae (Erdös, 1954) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 08.viii.2022 | viii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Aprostocetusartemisiae (Erdös, 1954) | Dasineuraartemisiae (Rübsaamen, 1915) | 2 | 17.viii.2021 | viii.2021 | HHB | DK | FP | DK |
| Aprostocetuscatius (Walker, 1839)*2 | Contariniafestucae Jones, 1940 | 4B | 08.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | FHFP | DK |
| Aprostocetuscecidomyiarum (Bouché, 1834) | Dasineuraartemisiae (Rübsaamen, 1915) | 2 | 17.viii.2021 | viii.2021 | HHB | DK | N | DK |
| Aprostocetusclavicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 2 | 03.xii.2015 | i.2016 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetusclavicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 2 | 25.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuscrino (Walker, 1838) | Unknown cecidomyid inquiline ex Aceriagaliobia | 2 | 18.vii.2021 | vii.2021 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Aprostocetusdotus (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 07.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetusdotus (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuselongatus (Förster, 1841) | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 13.ii.2020 | iii.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuselongatus (Förster, 1841) | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 20.xi.2015 | xii.2015 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuselongatus (Förster, 1841) | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 22.xi.2017 | xii.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuselongatus (Förster, 1841) | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 29.i.2015 | ii.2015 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetusepicharmus (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraserotina (Winnertz, 1853) | 3 | 20.vi.2016 | vii.2026 | SH | DK | FP | DK |
| Aprostocetusescherichi (Szelenyi, 1941) | Semudobiatarda Roskam, 1977 | 3 | 12.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | SH | PL | - | PL |
| Aprostocetusgratus (Giraud, 1863) | Giraudiellainclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) | 2 | 12.iii.2021 | iv.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetusluteus (Ratzeburg, 1848) | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 01.xii.2015 | x.2016 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetuslycidas (Walker, 1839) | Hartigiolaannulipes (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 01.xi.2015 | xii.2015 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuslycidas (Walker, 1839) | Hartigiolaannulipes (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 13.x.2020 | xi.2021 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuslysippe (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuracrataegi (Winnertz, 1853) | 4B | 08.vii.2021 | vii.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuslysippe (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuracrataegi (Winnertz, 1853) | 3 | 08.viii.2017 | viii.2017 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetusmenius (Walker, 1839) | Lasiopteracalamagrostidis Rübsaamen, 1893 | 3 | 27.ii.2015 | iv.2015 | SH | DK | FH | DK |
| Aprostocetusmicantulus (Thomson, 1878) | Piceacecisabietiperda (Henschel, 1880) | 3 | 13.ii.2016 | iv.2016 | SH | DK | N | DK |
| Aprostocetusmicroscopicus (Rondani, 1877) | Cystiphorataraxaci (Kieffer, 1888) | 3 | 08.viii.2018 | viii.2028 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetuscf.myrsus (Walker, 1839) | Contariniarumicis (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 10.viii.2022 | viii.2022 | SH | DK | N | DK |
| Aprostocetusorithyia (Walker, 1839) | Giraudiellainclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) | 2 | 10.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetusorithyia (Walker, 1839) | Giraudiellainclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) | 3 | 27.i.2016 | ii.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuspallipes (Dalman, 1820) | Semudobiaskuhravae Roskam, 1977 | 2 | 03.xii.2015 | i.2016 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetuspallipes (Dalman, 1820) | Semudobia sp. (betulae / tarda) | 2 | 13.iii.2020 | iii.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetussp. nrpallipes (Dalman, 1820) | Iteomyiamajor (Kieffer, 1889) | 3 | 20.x.2020 | xi.2020 | SH | DK | N | - |
| Aprostocetuscf.phineus (Walker, 1839) | Stenodiplosis sp. ex Elymusrepens | 4B | 18.vii.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Aprostocetusplaniusculus (Thomson, 1878) | Planetellacf.tarda (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 01.v.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Aprostocetusplaniusculus (Thomson, 1878) | Planetellacf.gallarum (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 16.iii.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Aprostocetusplaniusculus (Thomson, 1878) | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 16.iii.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetusplaniusculus (Thomson, 1878) | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 30.iv.2022 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetusrhacius (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraspadicea Rübsaamen, 1917 | 2 | 05.viii.2022 | viii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | DK |
| Aprostocetusrubi Graham, 1987 | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 2 | 01.iv.2020 | v.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetusrubi Graham, 1987 | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 24.ix.2018 | x.2018 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetusrubicola Graham, 1987 | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 17.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetusrubicola Graham, 1987 | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 18.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetusrubicola Graham, 1987 | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 30.iii.2021 | iv.2021 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetuscf.suevius (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 04.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | FCH | DK |
| Aprostocetuscf.suevius (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetustanaceticola Graham, 1987 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 18.ix.2016 | xii.2016 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetustanaceticola Graham, 1987 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 22.viii.2017 | ix.2017 | KN | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetustanaceticola Graham, 1987 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 24.ix.2016 | x.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetusveronicae Graham, 1987 | Jaapiellaveronicae (Vallot, 1827) | 3 | 15.viii.2017 | ix.2017 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Aprostocetusviridinitens Graham, 1987 | Anthodiplosisrudimentalis (Kieffer, 1901) | 2 | 29.viii.2022 | ix.2022 | HHB | DK | FHFP | DK |
| Aprostocetus sp. A (probably undescribed) | Asphondyliamenthae Kieffer, 1902 | 3 | 17.xii.2020 | i.2021 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. B | Contariniaarrhenatheri Kieffer, 1901 | 4B | 25.vi.2020 | v.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. C | Contariniaarrhenatheri Kieffer, 1901 | 4B | 25.vi.2020 | v.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. D | Dasineurafraxini (Bremi, 1847) | 3 | 08.x.2018 | x.2018 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. E | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | 3 | 06.viii.2017 | viii.2027 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. F | Parallelodiplosisgalliperda (F. Löw, 1889) | 3 | 25.ix.2018 | x.2018 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. G | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 14.x.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. H | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 22.xii.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. I | Stenodiplosis sp. ex Elymusrepens | 4B | 18.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. K | Wachtliellapersicariae (Linnaeus, 1767) | 2 | 09.viii.2022 | viii.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. L | Contariniaacrocecis Stelter, 1962 | 4B | 08.vii.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. M | Contarinia sp. "euonymi" nom.inedit. | 4B | 13.vi.2021 | iii.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. N | Dasineura sp. A sensu Harris (2010) | 2 | 20.vi.2020 | vii.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Aprostocetus sp. P | Rhopalomyiatubifex (Bouché, 1847) | 2 | 06.viii.2020 | viii.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Asecodescongruens (Nees, 1834) | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 29.i.2015 | ii.2015 | SH | DK | FH | |
| Euderusalbitarsis (Zetterstedt, 1838) | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | NA | 01.iv.2020 | iv.2020 | KH | DK | N | - |
| Ionymphacarne (Walker, 1839) | Mycodiplosiscf.melampsorae (Rübsaamen, 1889) | 4A | 04.x.2020 | x.2020 | HHB | DK | FHFP | DK |
| Omphaleaethiops Graham, 1963 | Dasineuraepilobii (F. Löw, 1889) | 4B | 05.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Omphaleaethiops Graham, 1963 | Dasineuraacrophila (Winnertz, 1853) and Macrolabispavida (Winnertz, 1853) | 4B | 06.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | N | |
| Omphaleaetius (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuratiliae (Schrank, 1803) | 4B | 01.vi.2021 | iii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Omphaleaetius (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraurticae (Perris, 1840) | 4A | 09.20.2020 | vii.2020 | HHB | DK | - | DK |
| Omphalecf.aetius (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuratiliae (Schrank, 1803) | 4B | 09.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | N | DK |
| Omphale sp. (aetius group) | Rondaniolabursaria (Bremi, 1847) | 4A | 11.vii.2020 | ix.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Omphalesp. nrchryseis Graham, 1963 | Diodauluslinariae (Winnertz, 1853) | 4B | 09.viii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Omphaleclymene (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraplicatrix (Loew, 1850) | 4B | 14.viii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Omphalecf.clymene (Walker, 1839) | Dasineurafructum (Rübsaamen, 1895) | 4B | 12.vii.2020 | v.2021 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Omphaleconnectens Graham, 1963 | Dasineuraurticae (Perris, 1840) | 4A | 09.20.2020 | vii.2020 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Omphalesp. nrgrahami Gijswijt, 1976 | Monarthropalpusflavus (Schrank, 1776) | 2 | 13.iii.2022 | iii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | DK |
| Omphalelugens (Nees, 1834) | Dasineuratortilis (Bremi, 1847) | 4B | 06.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Omphalelugens (Nees, 1834) | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 22.xi.2017 | iv.2018 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Omphalephaola (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraoxyacanthae Rübsaamen, 1914 | 4B | 05.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | FHFP | DK |
| Omphalephaola (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuratortilis (Bremi, 1847) | 4B | 06.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Omphalephruron (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuragaliicola (F. Löw, 1880) | 4B | 06.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Omphaletelephe (Walker, 1839) | Dasineurasaxifragae (Kieffer, 1891) | 4B | 01.vi.2020 | iii.2021 | HHB | DK | FHFP | DK |
| Omphaletheana (Walker, 1839) | Dasineuraepilobii (F. Löw, 1889) | 4B | 05.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Omphaletheana (Walker, 1839) | Contariniascrophulariae Kieffer, 1896 | 4B | 08.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Omphaletheana (Walker, 1839) | Contariniascrophulariae Kieffer, 1896 | 1B | 19.vi.2021 | vi.2021 | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Omphaletheana (Walker, 1839) | Contarinia sp. "glycyphylli" nom.inedit. | 4B | 21.vi.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB, ND | DK | N | - |
| Quadrastichusanysis (Walker, 1839) | Monarthropalpusflavus (Schrank, 1776) | 2 | 12.xii.2014 | xii.2014 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Quadrastichusanysis (Walker, 1839) | Monarthropalpusflavus (Schrank, 1776) | 3 | 12.xii.2014 | xii.2014 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Quadrastichusanysis (Walker, 1839) | Monarthropalpusflavus (Schrank, 1776) | 2 | 15.iii.2020 | iv.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Quadrastichusanysis (Walker, 1839) | Monarthropalpusflavus (Schrank, 1776) | 3 | 24.iii.2017 | iv.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Quadrastichuslasiocerus (Graham, 1961) | Wachtliellapersicariae (Linnaeus, 1767) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | - | DK |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliabaudysi Vimmer, 1937 | 3 | 01.ix.2020 | ix.2020 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 01.vii.2016 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 02.vii.2016 | vii.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 03.vii.2013 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 03.vii.2016 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 03.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 07.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Kiefferiapericarpiicola (Bremi, 1847) | 5 | 08.viii.2022 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 12.vi.2017 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 13.vi.2020 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliamelanopus Kieffer, 1890 | 5 | 16.viii.2017 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 17.vii.2016 | vii.2016 | BA | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliamenthae Kieffer, 1902 | 3 | 17.xii.2020 | i.2021 | SH | DK | N | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 19.v.2016 | v.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Kiefferiapericarpiicola (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 23.viii.2018 | viii.2018 | HHB | PL | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Kiefferiapericarpiicola (Bremi, 1847) | 1A | 24.ix.2016 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 26.vii.2017 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 28.vii.2023 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondylia sp. | 3 | 30.ix.2020 | x.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Sigmophorabrevicornis (Panzer, 1804) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 30.vi.2016 | vii.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Eupelmidae | ||||||||
| Eupelmuscf.tremulae Delvare 2014*7 | Harmandiolacavernosa (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 1A | 10.viii.2018 | viii.2018 | HHB | DK | FP | DK |
| Eupelmusconfusus Al khatib, 2015 | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 22.vii.2017 | viii.2017 | SH | DK | N | - |
| Eupelmusconfusus Al khatib, 2015 | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 22.xii.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | N | DK |
| Eupelmusconfusus Al khatib, 2015 | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 26.vii.2017 | viii.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Eupelmusurozonus Dalman, 1820 | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 30.iii.2021 | iv.2021 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Eupelmusurozonus sensu lato | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 20.xi.2015 | xii.2015 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Eupelmusvesicularis (Retzius, 1783) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 30.iii.2021 | iv.2021 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Eurytomidae | ||||||||
| Eurytomadentata Mayr, 1878 | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 1A | 04.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Eurytomadentata Mayr, 1878 | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 1A | 07.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Eurytomadentata Mayr, 1878 | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 21.xii.2020 | i.2021 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Eurytomadentata Mayr, 1878 | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 22.vii.2017 | viii.2017 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Sycophilafasciata (Thomson, 1876) | Giraudiellainclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) | 2 | 12.iii.2021 | iv.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygastridae | ||||||||
| Acerotella sp. (evanescens group) | Dasineurapulsatillae (Kieffer, 1894) | 4B | 13.vi.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Anopediaslacustris (Kieffer, 1926) | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 06.iv.2016 | vi.2016 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Anopediaslacustris (Kieffer, 1926) | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 16.iii.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Anopediaslacustris (Kieffer, 1926) | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 17.iii.2019 | iv.2019 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Anopediaslacustris (Kieffer, 1926) | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 30.iii.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Anopediaslacustris (Kieffer, 1926) | Planetellacf.gallarum (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 30.iv.2022 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Anopediasobscurus Thomson, 1859 | Planetellagallarum (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 07.vi.2016 | vi.2016 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Anopediasobscurus Thomson, 1859 | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 30.iii.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Anopediassundholmi Huggert, 1974 | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 30.iii.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Inostemmaboscii (Jurine, 1807) sensu Kozlov 1978 | Dasineuraepilobii (F. Löw, 1889) | 4B | 05.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Inostemmasp. nrboscii (Jurine, 1807) sensu Kozlov 1978 | Contarinia sp. "glycyphylli" nom.inedit. | 4B | 21.vi.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB, ND | DK | N | - |
| Inostemmakoponeni Buhl, 2005 | Dasineuramedicaginis (Bremi, 1847) | 4A | 10.vii.2020 | viii.2020 | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Inostemmalycon Walker, 1835 sensu Szelényi 1938 | Stenodiplosis sp. ex Elymusrepens | 4B | 18.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Inostemmawalkeri Kieffer, 1914 sensu Szelényi 1938 | Dasineurapulsatillae (Kieffer, 1894) | 4B | 13.vi.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Inostemmawalkeri Kieffer, 1914 sensu Szelényi 1938 | Contarinia "quercuscupuli" nom.inedit. | 2 | 14.vii.2015 | iii.2016 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Inostemmawalkeri Kieffer, 1914 sensu Szelényi 1938 | Lathyromyzaflorum Rübsaamen, 1916 | 4B | 15.viii.2022 | v.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Inostemmasp. nrwalkeri Kieffer, 1914 | Dasineurafructum (Rübsaamen, 1895) | 4B | 12.vii.2020 | v.2021 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Isocybusocellaris Kieffer, 1916 | Planetellaarenariae (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 04.x.2020 | iv.2021 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Leptacistipulae (Kirby, 1798) | Contariniaquinquenotata (F. Löw, 1888) | 2 | 04.vii.2021 | vii.2021 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Leptacistipulae (Kirby, 1798) | Contariniaquinquenotata (F. Löw, 1888) | 2 | 05.vii.2021 | vii.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Leptacistipulae (Kirby, 1798) | Contarinia sp. "glycyphylli" nom.inedit. | 4B | 21.vi.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB, ND | DK | N | - |
| Leptacisvlugi Buhl, 1997 | Mycodiplosiscf.melampsorae (Rübsaamen, 1889) | 4A | 12.viii.2021 | ix.2021 | HHB | SE | FH | - |
| Metaclisisgermanica Buhl, 2019 | Dasineuraminungula Stelter, 1986 | 2 | 03.viii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | FHFP | - |
| Metaclisismontagnei Maneval, 1936 | Dasineuraepilobii (F. Löw, 1889) | 4B | 05.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Metaclisisphragmitis Debauche, 1947 | Semudobiatarda Roskam, 1977 | 1A | ultimo.iii.2022 | NA | SH | HU | N | HU |
| Platygasterathamas Walker, 1835 | Contarinia "quercuscupuli" nom.inedit. | 2 | 14.vii.2015 | iii.2016 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygastersp. nrathamas Walker, 1835 | Dasineuraurticae (Perris, 1840) | 4A | 09.20.2020 | vii.2020 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygasterbetulae (Kieffer, 1916) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 2 | 10.iv.2012 | iv.2012 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygasterbetulae (Kieffer, 1916) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 1A | 14.iii.2014 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Platygasterbetulae (Kieffer, 1916) | Semudobiatarda Roskam, 1977 | 1A | medio.ix.2021 | NA | AM | LT | N | LT |
| Platygastercompressicornis (Thomson, 1859) | Planetellaarenariae (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 10.v.2020 | v.2020 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygasterdamokles (Buhl, 1998) | Dasineuraepilobii (F. Löw, 1889) | 4B | 05.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Platygasterdemades Walker, 1835 | Dasineuraurticae (Perris, 1840) | 4A | 06.20.2020 | vii.2020 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygasterdemades Walker, 1835 | Dasineuraurticae (Perris, 1840) | 4A | 09.20.2020 | vii.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygasterdemades Walker, 1835 | Contarinia "quercuscupuli" nom.inedit. | 2 | 14.vii.2015 | iii.2016 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygasterdemades Walker, 1835 | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 30.iii.2021 | iv.2021 | SH | DK | N | - |
| Platygasterdryomyiae Silvestre, 1916 | Dryomyialichtensteinii (F. Löw, 1878) | 2 | 01.iv.2018 | iv.2018 | HHB | ES | - | - |
| Platygasterdryomyiae Silvestre, 1916 | Dryomyialichtensteinii (F. Löw, 1878) | 2 | 02.iv.2018 | iv.2018 | HHB | ES | - | - |
| Platygasterdryope Walker, 1836 | Mycodiplosiscf.melampsorae (Rübsaamen, 1889) | 4A | 12.viii.2021 | ix.2021 | HHB | SE | FH | - |
| Platygasterentwistlei Buhl, 1997 | Oligotrophusvalerii (Tavares, 1904) | 2 | 23.iv.2019 | vi.2019 | HHB | ES | FHFP | ES |
| Platygasterentwistlei Buhl, 1997 | Oligotrophusvalerii (Tavares, 1904) | 2 | 26.iv.2019 | vi.2019 | HHB | ES | - | - |
| Platygastereriphyle Walker, 1835 | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | 1A | 15.i.2018 | NA | SH | DK | N | - |
| Platygastereuhemerus Walker, 1835 | Ametrodiplosisthalictricola (Rübsaamen, 1895) | 2 | 18.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Platygastersp. nrjutlandica Buhl, 2006 | Putoniellapruni (Kaltenbach, 1872) | 4B | 13.vi.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Platygasterleptines Walker, 1835 | Dasineurasaxifragae (Kieffer, 1891) | 4B | 01.vi.2020 | iii.2021 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Platygasterleptines Walker, 1835 | Dasineuraaparines (Kieffer, 1889) | 4B | 05.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Platygasterleptines Walker, 1835 | Dasineuraacrophila (Winnertz, 1853) and Macrolabispavida (Winnertz, 1853) | 4B | 06.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygastermarginata Thomson, 1859 | Contarinia sp. "uliginosi" nom. inedit. | 4B | 27.vi.2019 | iv.2020 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Platygastersp. nrmunita Walker, 1835 | Dasineurainflata Stelter, 1986 | 4B | 05.vii.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Platygastersp. nrmunita Walker, 1835 | Dasineurainflata Stelter, 1986 | 4B | 18.vii.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygasteroebalus Walker, 1835 | Dasineurafructum (Rübsaamen, 1895) | 4B | 04.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygasteroebalus Walker, 1835 | Lathyromyzaschlechtendali (Kieffer, 1886) | 4B | 18.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | SE | FP | - |
| Platygastersp. nroebalus Walker, 1835 | Dasineurafructicola (Kieffer, 1909) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Platygasteroeclus Walker, 1835 | Janetiellaglechomae Tavares, 1930 | 4B | 19.vi.2020 | iii.2021 | HHB | DK | FHFP | - |
| Platygastercf.oeclus Walker, 1835*4 | Dasineuraglechomae (Kieffer, 1889) | 4B | 21.vi.2020 | iii.2021 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygasterpelias Walker, 1835 | Dasineuraoxyacanthae Rübsaamen, 1914 | 4B | 05.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygasterphragmitiphila Buhl, 2006 | Lasiopteraarundinis Schiner, 1854 | NA | 02.iv.2018 | iv.2018 | LKT | DK | - | - |
| Platygasterphragmitiphila Buhl, 2006 | Lasiopteraarundinis Schiner, 1854 | 2 | 07.v.2017 | v.2017 | SH | DK | FH | DK |
| Platygasterphragmitiphila Buhl, 2006 | Lasiopteraarundinis Schiner, 1854 | 2 | 10.iii.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygasterphragmitiphila Buhl, 2006 | Lasiopteraarundinis Schiner, 1854 | 2 | 16.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | SH | PL | - | PL |
| Platygasterrobiniae Buhl & Duso, 2008 | Obolodiplosisrobiniae (Haldeman, 1847) | 2 | 04.xi.2019 | xii.2019 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Platygasterrobiniae Buhl & Duso, 2008 | Obolodiplosisrobiniae (Haldeman, 1847) | 3 | 09.x.2019 | NA | JS | SE | - | - |
| Platygasterrobiniae Buhl & Duso, 2008 | Obolodiplosisrobiniae (Haldeman, 1847) | 3 | 17.xi.2018 | NA | SH | SE | - | SE |
| Platygastersagana Walker, 1835 | Contariniaacrocecis Stelter, 1962 | 4B | 08.vii.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygastersagana Walker, 1835 | Contariniafestucae Jones, 1940 | 4B | 08.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygastersagana Walker, 1835 | Dasineurainflata Stelter, 1986 | 4B | 18.vii.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygastersp. nrsagana Walker, 1835 | Ametrodiplosisthalictricola (Rübsaamen, 1895) | 2 | 18.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Platygaster sp. (splendidula group) | Mayetiolaphalaris Barnes, 1927 | 3 | 02.v.2016 | v.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Platygaster sp. (splendidula group) | Planetellaarenariae (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 04.x.2020 | iv.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygaster sp. (splendidula group) | Mayetiola ventricola (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 17.iii.2020 | iv.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygasterszelenyii Huggert, 1975 | Giraudiellainclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) | 2 | 10.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygasterszelenyii Huggert, 1975 | Giraudiellainclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) | 2 | 12.iii.2021 | v.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygasteruniformis Buhl, 2006 | Rabdophagadubiosa Kieffer, 1913 | 2 | 16.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Platygaster sp. A | Dasineurarosae (Bremi, 1847) | 1A | 09.viii.2019 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Platygaster sp. B | Dasineuraacrophila (Winnertz, 1853) and Macrolabispavida (Winnertz, 1853) | 4B | 06.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygaster sp. C | Lathyromyzaflorum Rübsaamen, 1916 | 4B | 14.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Platygastridae indet. | Dasineuragaliicola (F. Löw, 1880) | 4B | 06.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Synopeasciliatum Thomson, 1859 | Mycodiplosiscf.melampsorae (Rübsaamen, 1889) | 4A | 12.viii.2021 | ix.2021 | HHB | SE | FH | - |
| Synopeasconvexum Thomson, 1859 | Dasineurahygrophila (Mik, 1883) | 2 | 10.viii.2022 | viii.2022 | HHB | DK | FHFP | DK |
| Synopeasgibberosum Buhl, 1997 | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 07.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Synopeasgibberosum Buhl, 1997 | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Synopeasinerme Thomson, 1859 | Contariniasolani (Rübsaamen, 1892) | 4A | 02.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Synopeasinerme Thomson, 1859 | Dasineuraangelicae Rübsaamen, 1916 | 4B | 08.viii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | SE | FP | - |
| Synopeassp. nrinerme Thomson, 1859 | Dasineurafructum (Rübsaamen, 1895) | 4B | 04.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Synopeaslarides (Walker, 1835) | Contariniatiliarum (Kieffer, 1890) | 4B | 01.vi.2021 | iii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Synopeaslarides (Walker, 1835) | Dasineurafructum (Rübsaamen, 1895) | 4B | 04.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Synopeaslarides (Walker, 1835) | Dasineurathomasiana (Kieffer, 1888) | 4B | 14.vi.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Synopeasmyles (Walker, 1835) | Lathyromyzaflorum Rübsaamen, 1916 | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Synopeasmyles (Walker, 1835) | Contariniamedicaginis Kieffer, 1895 | 2 | 14.viii.2020 | ix.2020 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Synopeassp. nrmyles (Walker, 1836) | Dasineuracrataegi (Winnertz, 1853) | 1A | 08.viii.2017 | NA | SH | DK | N | - |
| Synopeassp. nrmyles (Walker, 1836) | Lathyromyzaflorum Rübsaamen, 1916 | 4B | 14.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Synopeasrhanis (Walker, 1835) | Dasineuraurticae (Perris, 1840) | 4A | 09.20.2020 | vii.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Synopeassp. (subgenus Sactogaster)*9 | Contariniasolani (Rübsaamen, 1892) | 4B | 02.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Synopeassosis (Walker, 1835) | Contariniafagi Rübsaamen, 1921 | 1A | 07.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | N | - |
| Synopeassosis (Walker, 1835) | Wachtliellapersicariae (Linnaeus, 1767) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Synopeassosis (Walker, 1835) | Contarinia sp. "glycyphylli" nom.inedit. | 4B | 21.vi.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB, ND | DK | N | - |
| Synopeassubaequalis (Förster, 1856) | Contarinia sp. "hesperidis" nom. inedit. | 4B | 13.vi.2021 | iii.2022 | EF | DK | FH | - |
| Synopeasventrale (Westwood, 1833) | Contariniatiliarum (Kieffer, 1890) | 4B | 01.vi.2021 | iii.2022 | HHB | DK | FH | - |
| Pteromalidae | ||||||||
| Gastrancistrusacontes Walker, 1840 | Dasineuraacrophila (Winnertz, 1853) and Macrolabispavida (Winnertz, 1853) | 4B | 06.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Gastrancistrusaffinis Graham, 1969*1 | Contariniaanthobia (F. Löw, 1877) | 4B | 12.vi.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | FCH | DK |
| Gastrancistrusaffinis Graham, 1969 | Lathyromyzaflorum Rübsaamen, 1916 | 4B | 15.viii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Gastrancistrussp. nraffinis Graham | Lathyromyzaflorum Rübsaamen, 1916 | 4A | 15.viii.2022 | ix.2022 | HHB | DK | - | DK |
| Gastrancistrusglabellus (Nees, 1834) | Diodauluslinariae (Winnertz, 1853) | 4B | 09.viii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Gastrancistrusglabellus (Nees, 1834) | Lathyromyzaflorum Rübsaamen, 1916 | 4B | 14.vii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | FHFP | DK |
| Gastrancistrussalicis (Nees, 1834) | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 13.iii.2015 | iv.2015 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Gastrancistrussalicis (Nees, 1834) | Rabdophagadubiosa Kieffer, 1913 | 2 | 16.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Gastrancistrussalicis (Nees, 1834) | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 29.ii.2016 | NA | LKT | DK | - | - |
| Gastrancistrusunicolor Walker, 1834 | Lathyromyzaschlechtendali (Kieffer, 1886) | 4B | 18.vi.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | SE | FH | - |
| Gastrancistrus sp. (vagans group) | Dasineuraepilobii (F. Löw, 1889) | 4B | 05.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Gastrancistrus sp. (vagans group) | Dasineuraplicatrix (Loew, 1850) | 4B | 14.viii.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Gastrancistrus sp. (vagans group) | Contarinia sp. "glycyphylli" nom.inedit. | 4B | 21.vi.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB, ND | DK | - | - |
| Gastrancistrussp. nrvulgaris Walker, 1834 | Dasineurafructicola (Kieffer, 1909) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Gastrancistrus sp. (‘sp. indet’ in Graham’s (1969) key) | Contarinia sp. "glycyphylli" nom.inedit. | 4B | 21.vi.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB, ND | DK | - | - |
| Gastrancistrus sp. A | Dasineuraaparines (Kieffer, 1889) | 4B | 05.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Gastrancistrus sp. B*8 | Planetellaarenariae (Rübsaamen, 1899) | 2 | 04.x.2020 | v.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Lampotermabianellatum Graham, 1969*5 | Dasineurainflata Stelter, 1986 | 4B | 18.vii.2021 | v.2022 | HHB | DK | - | DK |
| Lamprotatuscf.pschorni (Delucchi, 1953) sensu Graham 1969 | Contarinia sp. "glycyphylli" nom.inedit. | 4B | 21.vi.2022 | iv.2023 | HHB, ND | DK | FH | DK |
| Macroglenesbouceki (Graham, 1969) | Dasineurarosae (Bremi, 1847) | 1A | 03.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | FH | DK |
| Macrogleneschalybeus (Haliday, 1833) | Contariniasteini (Karsch, 1881) | 1A | 03.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | FP | DK |
| Macrogleneseximius (Haliday, 1833) | Contariniaperplicata Fedotova, 1997 | 4B | 07.vi.2020 | vi.2021 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Macrogleneseximius (Haliday, 1833) | Contariniaacrocecis Stelter, 1962 | 4B | 08.vii.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Macroglenespenetrans (Kirby, 1800)*3 | Contarinia sp. "holci" nom.inedit | 4B | 11.vii.2020 | v.2021 | HHB | DK | N | DK |
| Mesopolobusaspilus (Walker, 1835) | Oligotrophusjuniperinus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 3 | 15.v.2017 | v.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Dasineuratrifolii (F. Löw, 1874) | 3 | 11.ix.2016 | ix.2016 | SH | DK | N | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Wachtliellapersicariae (Linnaeus, 1767) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 14.x.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | N | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 17.xii.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 21.xi.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 22.viii.2017 | ix.2017 | KN | DK | - | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 22.xii.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 24.xii.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Mesopolobusdiffinis (Walker, 1834) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 25.x.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Mesopolobusfagi Askew and Lampe, 1998 | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 01.i.2017 | iii.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Mesopolobusfagi Askew and Lampe, 1998 | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 03.x.2014 | x.2014 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Mesopolobusmediterraneus (Mayr, 1903) | Oligotrophusvalerii (Tavares, 1904) | 2 | 26.iv.2019 | vi.2019 | HHB | ES | N | - |
| Mesopolobusnobilis (Walker, 1834) | Contariniaarrhenatheri Kieffer, 1901 | 4B | 25.vi.2020 | v.2021 | HHB | DK | FCH | DK |
| Mesopolobusrhabdophagae (Graham, 1957) | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 14.i.2016 | i.2016 | SH | DK | N | DK |
| Mesopolobussemiclavatus (Ratzeburg, 1848) | Iteomyiamajor (Kieffer, 1889) | 3 | 20.x.2020 | xi.2020 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Mesopolobusteliformis (Walker, 1834) | Stenodiplosis sp. ex Elymusrepens | 2 | 18.vii.2021 | vii.2021 | HHB | DK | FCH | DK |
| Mesopolobus sp. (probably undescribed) | Dasineuragaliicola (F. Löw, 1880) | 4B | 06.vii.2022 | iii.2023 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Pseudocatolaccusnitescens (Walker, 1834) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 1A | 07.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Pseudocatolaccusnitescens (Walker, 1834) | Asphondyliasarothamni (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 26.vii.2017 | viii.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Psilonotusachaeus Walker, 1848 | Semudobiaskuhravae Roskam, 1977 | 2 | 03.xii.2015 | i.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Psilonotusachaeus Walker, 1848 | Semudobia sp. (betulae / tarda) | 2 | 13.iii.2020 | iv.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Psilonotusachaeus Walker, 1848 | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 2 | 17.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Psilonotusachaeus Walker, 1848 | Semudobiatarda Roskam, 1977 | 3 | ultimo.iii.2022 | 04-2022 | SH | HU | - | HU |
| Psilonotusadamas Walker, 1834 | Semudobiatarda Roskam, 1977 | 3 | 12.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | SH | PL | - | PL |
| Psilonotusadamas Walker, 1834 | Semudobia sp. (betulae / tarda) | 2 | 13.iii.2020 | iv.2020 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Systasisencyrtoides Walker, 1834 | Dasineuracrataegi (Winnertz, 1853) | 3 | 08.viii.2017 | viii.2017 | SH | DK | N | - |
| Toxeumafuscicorne Walker, 1833 | Dasineurasaxifragae (Kieffer, 1891) | 4B | 01.vi.2020 | iii.2021 | HHB | DK | FCH | DK |
| Trichomalopsiscf.caricicola (Graham, 1969) | Planetellagranifex (Kieffer, 1898) | 2 | 17.iii.2019 | v.2019 | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Torymidae | ||||||||
| Torymusabbreviatus Boheman, 1834 | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 18.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | KA | DK | - | DK |
| Torymusanthobiae Ruschka, 1921 | Contariniaanthobia (F. Löw, 1877) | 3 | 07.vi.2016 | vi.2026 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Torymusarundinis (Walker, 1833) | Lasiopteraarundinis Schiner, 1854 | NA | 02.iv.2018 | iv.2018 | LKT | DK | - | - |
| Torymusarundinis (Walker, 1833) | Lasiopteraarundinis Schiner, 1854 | 2 | 07.iv.2014 | iv.2014 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusarundinis (Walker, 1833) | Lasiopteraarundinis Schiner, 1854 | 2 | 07.v.2017 | v.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusarundinis (Walker, 1833) | Giraudiellainclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) | 2 | 12.iii.2021 | iv.2021 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusarundinis (Walker, 1833) | Lasiopteraarundinis Schiner, 1854 | 2 | 17.iv.2014 | iv.2014 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymuschloromerus (Walker, 1833) | Geocrypta campanulae (Müller, 1871) | 1A | 11.viii.2022 | viii.2022 | HHB | DK | N | - |
| Torymusconfinis (Walker, 1833) | Dasineuraurticae (Perris, 1840) | 3 | 21.xi.2015 | xii.2015 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymuscultriventris Ratzeburg, 1844 | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 13.ii.2020 | ii.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymuscultriventris Ratzeburg, 1844 | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 20.xi.2015 | xii.2015 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymuscultriventris Ratzeburg, 1844 | Mikiolafagi (Hartig, 1839) | 3 | 22.ii.2020 | iii.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymussp. nrcurtisi Graham & Gijswijt | Kiefferiapericarpiicola (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 23.viii.2018 | viii.2018 | HHB | PL | - | - |
| Torymuseglanteriae Mayr, 1874 | Contariniatiliarum (Kieffer, 1890) | 3 | 11.vii.2017 | vii.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusfilipendulae Graham & Gijswijt, 1998 | Dasineuraulmaria (Bremi, 1847) | 3 | 24.x.2016 | xi.2016 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Torymuscf.filipendulae Graham & Gijswijt, 1998*6 | Dasineura sp. A sensu Harris (2010) | 2 | 20.vi.2020 | vii.2020 | HHB | DK | FP | - |
| Torymusfractiosus Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Dasineurarosae (Bremi, 1847) | 3 | 02.ix.2020 | ix.2020 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Torymusfuscicornis (Walker, 1833) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 2 | 03.xii.2015 | i.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusfuscicornis (Walker, 1833) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 3 | 12.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | SH | PL | - | - |
| Torymusfuscicornis (Walker, 1833) | Semudobia sp. (betulae / tarda) | 2 | 13.iii.2020 | iv.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusfuscicornis (Walker, 1833) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | NA | 13.xii.2015 | i.2016 | LKT | DK | - | - |
| Torymusfuscicornis (Walker, 1833) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 2 | 17.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusfuscicornis (Walker, 1833) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 2 | 30.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusgaleobdolonis Graham & Gijswijt, 1998 | Dasineurastrumosa (Bremi, 1847) | 2 | 23.iv.2022 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | - | DK |
| Torymusgalii Boheman, 1834 | Geocryptagalii (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 06.viii.2020 | viii.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusgalii Boheman, 1834 | Geocryptagalii (Loew, 1850) | 1A | 14.viii.2020 | viii.2020 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusheyeri Wachtl, 1883 | Piceacecisabietiperda (Henschel, 1880) | 3 | 13.ii.2016 | v.2016 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Torymusjuniperi (Linnaeus, 1758) | Oligotrophus sp. | 3 | 24.viii.2018 | xii.2018 | SH | PL | - | - |
| Torymusmicrostigma (Walker, 1833) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 10.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | N | |
| Torymusmicrostigma (Walker, 1833) | Putoniellapruni (Kaltenbach, 1872) | 4B | 13.vi.2021 | iv.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusnitidulus (Walker, 1833) | Semudobiatarda Roskam, 1977 | 2 | 03.xii.2015 | i.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusnitidulus (Walker, 1833) | Semudobiabetulae (Winnertz, 1853) | 3 | 12.iii.2019 | iii.2019 | SH | PL | - | - |
| Torymussp. nrpartitus Graham & Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagadubiosa Kieffer, 1913 | 2 | 17.vii.2014 | NA | HHB | DK | FH | DK |
| Torymus sp. nr T.partitus/T.wachtliellae | Dasineuralotharingiae (Kieffer, 1888) | 2 | 26.ix.2015 | x.2015 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Torymuspersicariae Mayr, 1874 | Wachtliellapersicariae (Linnaeus, 1767) | 2 | 09.viii.2022 | viii.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Torymuspersicariae Mayr, 1874 | Wachtliellapersicariae (Linnaeus, 1767) | 3 | 12.viii.2017 | viii.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymuspersicariae Mayr, 1874 | Wachtliellapersicariae (Linnaeus, 1767) | 2 | 14.vii.2022 | vii.2022 | HHB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 03.2021 | iv.2021 | PB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | NA | 01.iv.2020 | iv.2020 | KH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 06.i.2019 | i.2019 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 13.iii.2015 | iv.2015 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | NA | 14.iv.2020 | iv.2020 | KH | DK | N | - |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 17.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 17.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 18.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrosariae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 3 | 18.xii.2015 | i.2016 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrubi (Schrank, 1781) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 09.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrubi (Schrank, 1781) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 10.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrubi (Schrank, 1781) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 11.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrubi (Schrank, 1781) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 11.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrubi (Schrank, 1781) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 15.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrubi (Schrank, 1781) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 17.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusrubi (Schrank, 1781) | Lasiopterarubi (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 18.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | KA | DK | - | - |
| Torymusruschkai (Hoffmeyer, 1929) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 14.x.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusruschkai (Hoffmeyer, 1929) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 17.xii.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusruschkai (Hoffmeyer, 1929) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 22.xii.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusruschkai (Hoffmeyer, 1929) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 25.x.2016 | i.2016 | MB | DK | - | - |
| Torymusruschkai (Hoffmeyer, 1929) | Rhopalomyiaartemisiae (Bouché, 1834) | 2 | 31.viii.2016 | NA | MB | DK | - | - |
| Torymussalicis Graham, 1994 | Iteomyiamajor (Kieffer, 1889) | 3 | 20.x.2020 | xi.2020 | SH | DK | FH | DK |
| Torymustanaceticola Ruschka, 1921 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 03.v.2016 | v.2016 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Torymustanaceticola Ruschka, 1921 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 11.ix.2016 | ix.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymustanaceticola Ruschka, 1921 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 20.viii.2017 | ix.2017 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymustanaceticola Ruschka, 1921 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 20.x.2016 | xi.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymustanaceticola Ruschka, 1921 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 22.viii.2017 | ix.2017 | KN | DK | - | - |
| Torymustanaceticola Ruschka, 1921 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 24.ix.2016 | x.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymustanaceticola Ruschka, 1921 | Rhopalomyiatanaceticola (Karsch, 1879) | 3 | 30.ix.2020 | xii.2020 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymustipulariarum Zetterstedt, 1838 | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 08.iii.2021 | iv.2021 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymustipulariarum Zetterstedt, 1838 | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | 3 | 17.xii.2015 | i.2016 | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymustipulariarum Zetterstedt, 1838 | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | NA | 19.xi.2017 | xii.2017 | LKT | DK | - | - |
| Torymusveronicae Ruschka, 1921 | Jaapiellaveronicae (Vallot, 1827) | 1A | 13.xii.2015 | xii.2015 | LKT | DK | - | - |
| Torymuswachtliellae Graham and Gijswijt, 1998 | Dasineurarosae (Bremi, 1847) | 3 | 13.viii.2022 | viii.2022 | SH | DK | - | DK |
| Torymus sp. A | Contariniatiliarum (Kieffer, 1890) | 5 | 04.vii.2020 | NA | BWP | DK | - | - |
| Torymus sp. B | Dasineuraurticae (Perris, 1840) | 5 | 08.x.2016 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymus sp. C | Geocryptagalii (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 06.viii.2020 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymus sp. C | Geocryptagalii (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 30.vi.2016 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymus sp. D | Rabdophagarosaria (Loew, 1850) | 5 | 29.iii.2019 | NA | SH | DK | - | - |
| Torymus sp. E | Rabdophagasalicis (Schrank, 1803) | 5 | 23.x.2021 | NA | BK | DK | - | - |
Of the 267 reported host-parasitoid interactions, more than half (i.e. 159) represent new host-parasitoid interaction records. Of these, 51 records make up the first host interaction for the involved parasitoid species. With 30 first host records, our method 4 (breeding out parasitoids from gall midge larvae transferred to soil to hibernate and later emerge) was particularly productive in yielding insights into the fundamental biology of the studied parasitoid species. Of the new interaction records, 28 constitute the first parasitoid record of the involved gall midge host.
Several (i.e. 85) of the records represents the first reported occurrence of the focal species in the relevant country, of which the majority (i.e. 69) refer to Denmark (Table 1).
The examined specimens are currently kept in the private collections of PNB, RRA and SH, but it is intended to place voucher specimens of the Chalcidoidea in the Natural History Museum (London) and of Ceraphronidae and Platygastridae in the Natural History Museum of Denmark (Copenhagen). The occurrence data have been uploaded to GBIF: https://doi.org/10.15468/45crz3.
Discussion
Biotic interactions between species is an essential component of biodiversity (Gaüzère et al. 2022), but this element remains elusive as long as basic natural history knowledge on host-parasitoid relationships is incomplete or absent. Our results clearly demonstrate how incomplete our knowledge of gall midge – parasitoid interactions is. They also show that parasitoid specimens may be obtained in reasonable quantities using simple methods. These could easily be applied in school teaching and citizen science. The identification work, in contrast, requires highly specialised knowledge and remains a severe bottleneck.
With few exceptions, our host gall midge collection had low levels of replication, with most species being represented by a single collection. Thus, we expect that more species of parasitoid per gall midge species – and, conversely, more hosts per hymenopteran parasitoid - would have resulted, had our sampling allowed collection of larger quantities of hosts from more geographically dispersed sites and – in particular for gall midge species with more than one generation per year – more dispersed over the year and also between years. Previous analyses have shown plant galling Diptera, including Cecidomyiidae, to be generally associated with a low number of parasitoids per host species (Hawkins 1994). However, detailed studies of parasitoid complexes associated with individual gall midge species or groups of species using a single host plant, have demonstrated that the parasitoid communities typically consist of a dozen or more species (e.g. Tscharntke et al. (1991), Roskam (2013)). Better coverage per host species would also establish primary host-parasitoid relationships with greater certainty.
Previous analyses of the parasitoid communities associated with gall midges have found idiobionts to dominate over koinobionts by a factor two to four (Hawkins 1994, table 4.1). Our results seem to suggest a more even balance between koinobionts and idiobionts. For example, Platygastridae, which attack eggs and young larvae of gall midges (Askew 1975), are exclusively endoparasitic and koinobiont and stand out as one of the two most speciose parasitoid families, only outnumbered by Eulophidae. At the opposite end of the continuum is Torymidae subfamily Toryminae, in which the majority of species are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of insect inhabitants of plant galls, mainly attacking third instar larvae or pupae of gall midges. Pteromalidae, Eulophidae and Eurytomidae appear to take a position intermediate between these two extremes (Yukawa et al. 2021).
Torymidae were mainly obtained by our rearing method 3, i.e. extraction of mature parasitoid larvae or pupae by dissecting galls and rearing adults in gelatine capsules. In contrast, Platygastridae were mainly obtained through our method 4, i.e. breeding adult parasitoids from soil, to which host larvae had been transferred earlier. These patterns were to be expected from the life history of the parasitoids and their gall midge hosts. For Eulophidae and Pteromalidae, the two methods were about equally productive. These results suggest that more complete knowledge of parasitoid faunas of Cecidomyiidae are best obtained by a combination of rearing methods. The advantage of the first mentioned method is that it is targeted and establishes host-parasitoid relationships with greater certainty, while its disadvantage is that endoparasitoids are overlooked. Our method 2, i.e. rearing parasitoids directly from galls, the method used by far the most frequently in the past, involves the risk of obtaining parasitoids associated not with gall midges, but with other insects inhabiting the galled plant parts. Additionally, this method targets gall midge species that pupate in the galls. The main advantage of method 4 is that it is suitable for obtaining the mainly koinobiont parasitoids of gall midges leaving the galls as larvae to pupate in the soil, which is the most common condition amongst temperate Cecidomyiidae. If midge larvae are transferred to soil individually, rather than by placing inhabited plant parts on the soil surface for larvae to move voluntarily, this method is as accurate in establishing host-parasitoid relationships as is method 3. The fact that most of the first host records for parasitoid species and first parasitoid records for gall midge hosts were obtained using method 4, i.e. transfer of larvae to soil, is because this method has rarely been applied in the past. It suggests that this method is indispensable for obtaining primary life history data for koinobiont parasitoid species and for filling the knowledge gap of gall midge–parasitoid interaction networks.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary data table
Hans Henrik Bruun, Simon Haarder, Peter Neerup Buhl, Richard R. Askew
Data type
Host-parasitoid interactions
Brief description
Records of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with European gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae).
File: oo_997102.xlsx
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to persons sharing material they collected: Asta Malakauskienė, Alexandru Pintilioaie, Belinda Andersen, Birgit Knudsen, Brian Willum Petersen, Emil Førby, Johan Svedholm, Ken Alminde, Klavs Nielsen, Kresten Hansen, Linda Kjær-Thomsen, Martin Bjerg, Netta Dorchin, Peder Brøgger, Peter Bonde Jensen. We thank the Natural History Museum of Denmark for access to specialised photographic equipment (Visonary Digital Systems). Jessica Awad and Alex Gumovsky are thanked for helpful review feedback.
Footnotes
Agrees with paratypes from Rostherne and Wychwood (Graham 1969).
Compared with Aprostocetus emesa det. Marcus Graham in making identification.
Males run to M. decipiens Graham in Graham (1969), but M. decipiens Graham has been synonymised under M. penetrans by Mitroiu (2010); Graham described only the male of M. decipiens.
With the reservation that the single female has less slender antennae than expected for P. oeclus.
Agrees with specimens mentioned in Askew and Harris (2007), which were identified by Marcus Graham.
Determination queried because mesoscutal sculpture and gaster shape differ from paratype and specimens reared from Dasineura ulmariae from Fredricia; probably an aberrant specimen.
The legs of the single specimen are darker than Al Khatib et al. (2014) describes for E. tremulae, but otherwise it agrees quite well with the original description.
Specimen in poor condition.
Certainly not Synopeasinerme, which emerged from the same collection in 2022.
Author contributions
Hans Henrik Bruun: Conceptualisation, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft; Simon Haarder: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing; Peter Neerup Buhl: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing; Richard R. Askew: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing;
Conflicts of interest
No conflict of interest to declare
Disclaimer: This article is (co-)authored by any of the Editors-in-Chief, Managing Editors or their deputies in this journal.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary data table
Hans Henrik Bruun, Simon Haarder, Peter Neerup Buhl, Richard R. Askew
Data type
Host-parasitoid interactions
Brief description
Records of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with European gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae).
File: oo_997102.xlsx