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Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery logoLink to Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
. 2023 Dec 3;37(12):982–985. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2023.12.011

婴幼儿先天性喉软化症的诊疗新进展

New progress in diagnosis and treatment of congenital laryngomalacia in infants

Pingfan LIU 1, Zongtong LIN 1, Ling SHEN 1,*, Zhongjie YANG 1
PMCID: PMC10985691  PMID: 38114317

Abstract

Congenital laryngomalacia is the most common disease causing laryngeal stridor in infants. The pathogenesis has not yet been clearly concluded. It may be related to abnormal development of laryngeal cartilage anatomical structure, neuromuscular dysfunction, gastroesophageal and laryngeal reflux disease, etc. The typical manifestations of the disease are inspiratory laryngeal stridor and feeding difficulties, which can be divided into mild, moderate and severe according to the severity of symptoms. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms, signs and endoscopy, among which endoscopy is an important diagnostic basis. The treatment of laryngomalacia depends on the severity of symptoms. Mild and some moderate congenital laryngomalacia children can be relieved by conservative treatment, and severe and some moderate congenital laryngomalacia children should be treated by surgery. Supraglottic plasty is the main surgical method, which can effectively improve the symptoms of laryngeal stridor, dyspnea, feeding difficulties and growth retardation in most children, and the surgical effect is good.

Keywords: laryngomalacia, electronic nasopharyngoscope, supraglottic plasty, treatment


先天性喉软化症是一种先天性喉部发育异常,指在吸气相时,声门上区的软组织向声门区塌陷,从而导致喉部气流受阻,其主要表现是吸气性喉喘鸣和上气道梗阻[1],是新生儿和婴幼儿喉喘鸣最常见的疾病,引起喉喘鸣的发生率高达75.0%[2]。以往的流行病学调查认为男性发病率约为女性的2倍[3],近年国外的研究显示男女发病率相当,低出生体重儿发病率较高[4]。现将先天性喉软化症的病因和发病机制、临床表现、诊治研究进展综述如下。

1. 病因与发病机制

先天性喉软化症的发生及发病机制尚无明确结论,可能与多种因素有关,目前学界主要认为包括喉软骨解剖结构形态异常、神经肌肉功能紊乱、胃食管及咽喉反流疾病。喉软骨的解剖结构形态异常包括了会厌过长或者软化,杓状软骨黏膜、杓会厌皱襞、小角软骨和楔状软骨黏膜等声门上结构于吸气时向声门塌陷[5]。但也有研究显示,部分有喉软化症状的患儿喉软骨的结构形态未见异常[6]。神经肌肉发育异常学说认为,神经肌肉的发育异常可能造成声门上区的感觉神经和运动神经产生功能障碍及协调紊乱,进而使喉部肌肉运动发生异常,同时导致声门上结构的扩张作用减弱。反流性疾病包括胃食管反流和咽喉反流,是喉软化症的常见病因,近60%~88%喉软化症患儿伴有反流性疾病[7-10]。反流性疾病引起喉软化症的机制是,声门上区的结构塌陷造成上呼吸道堵塞,导致了吸气时胸腔负压增大、胃内容物反流至咽喉部,刺激声门上区域并引起黏膜水肿,加重上呼吸道阻塞并形成恶性循环。

2. 临床症状及分度、分型

先天性喉软化症平均起病年龄为出生后2周内[1]。典型症状为吸气性喉喘鸣,进食、哭闹及仰卧位时加重。大多数患儿症状轻微,12~24个月可逐渐缓解[11],约50%的患儿存在喂养困难,表现为进食呛咳、吃奶缓慢、反复呕吐,甚至误吸,伴生长发育缓慢等[1]。主要体征包括吸气性三凹征和生长发育落后,重度患儿可出现漏斗胸。

国际小儿耳鼻喉科协会(International Pediatric ORL Group,IPOG)于2016年针对先天性喉软化症制定了专家共识,按照各种症状的严重程度,分为轻、中、重度。轻度患儿仅表现为吸气性喉喘鸣,不伴有其他症状,影像学未发现其他继发性气道病变;中度患儿表现为吸气性喉喘鸣同时,伴有进食呛咳、反流等喂养困难症状,但不伴有生长及发育迟缓;重度患儿表现为严重吸气性喉喘鸣,同时合并以下情况之一:呼吸困难及发绀、生长发育迟缓、睡眠呼吸障碍、肺动脉高压或肺心病等[12]

3. 诊断

先天性喉软化症的诊断,需结合临床症状、体格检查和内镜辅助检查。内镜检查包括直接喉镜、纤维或电子鼻咽喉镜检查,准确率可达79%~88%[13-14]。通过喉镜检查,可以直接观察喉软化症的特征性改变,包括杓状软骨黏膜脱垂、杓会厌皱襞短缩、“Ω”形会厌和会厌后移情况[15]。喉镜检查时,在喉入口处置一金属吸引器,会厌和杓状软骨被负压吸引而向喉腔内脱垂,称为Narcy征阳性,是诊断喉软化症的直接证据[16]。由于部分喉软化症患儿如早产儿,常合并有气管或支气管软化、声门下狭窄等其他气道畸形[2]。对于喉气道CT扫描怀疑气道畸形的患儿,支气管内镜检查有助于喉软化症的诊断和鉴别诊断。

先天性喉软化症的分型,一般采用OLNEY分型法[17],根据喉镜检查下的喉软骨形态分为4型:Ⅰ型为后塌型,杓状软骨黏膜肥厚脱垂;Ⅱ型为侧塌型,杓会厌皱襞短缩;Ⅲ型为前塌型,会厌后移或软化塌陷;Ⅳ型为混合型,同时存在有以上多种形态。

其他可用于诊断喉软化症的辅助检查,有学者提出使用喉部超声检查评价喉结构的解剖和动态运动,对喉软化症诊断的准确率可达79%[18],且大多数新生儿对其耐受良好,但不如内镜检查直观。喉气道CT扫描及三维重建能评估患儿喉腔及气道的结构,对重症患儿有助于排除声门下、气管、支气管等病变[19]。也有研究认为,喉软化症患儿血清25羟基维生素D水平较正常同龄儿童显著降低,维生素D缺乏可能是喉软化症的病因之一,血清25羟基维生素D水平检测可用于喉软化症的诊断[20-21]。因为喉软化症患儿常合并反流性疾病、睡眠呼吸障碍,所以24 h pH监测、多导睡眠监测有助于进一步评估病情[22]

4. 治疗

4.1. 保守治疗

对于轻度喉软化症患儿,可给予随访观察,不进行干预。若不伴有喂养问题,经补充维生素D和钙剂等常规治疗预后良好[19];对于合并反流性疾病的患儿,需给予抑酸治疗,如质子泵抑制剂和组胺受体拮抗剂[1]。其余以对症支持治疗以主,包括直立喂养、营养支持、睡眠侧卧、维持血氧、必要时抗感染等[23]。80%以上的患儿可在2岁之内自行缓解[24-25]。随访期间,需重点观察患儿有无呼吸困难加重、生长发育迟滞、继发心肺方面的并发症。

4.2. 手术治疗

喉软化症的手术治疗取决于症状的严重程度,12%~15%的患儿需要手术治疗[26],主要针对重度的喉软化症及部分中度经保守治疗效果欠佳或症状仍持续加重的患儿[27]。喉软化症的传统手术治疗方式是气管切开,但该方法对患儿创伤较大,术后恢复也相对缓慢[28]。目前临床上广泛使用的首选手术方式是声门上成形术:通过将声门上塌陷的软组织切除,重建声门上解剖结构,开放喉部入口,从而达到解除吸气时声门上软组织塌陷和气道梗阻的目的。手术适应证为[29]:①吸气性呼吸困难、严重的喉喘鸣、吸气性三凹征及活动后发绀;②严重的喂养困难,且伴有生长发育迟缓;③合并有漏斗胸、肺心病及肺动脉高压、反复肺部感染等。施行声门上成形术之前,需全面详细地评估患儿的呼吸困难情况、喂养情况、营养状态、心肺功能、神经系统发育情况。声门上成形术目前临床上较为常用的手术器械有低温等离子刀、喉动力系统、喉显微器械、CO2激光等。低温等离子消融法因具有微创、术中出血少、术后疼痛轻及恢复快等优点,临床应用广泛[20-32]。声门上成型的疗效已得到大量学者研究证实,可以有效地改善绝大多数喉软化症患儿喉部喘鸣、吸气性呼吸困难、喂养困难及生长发育迟缓等症状,成功率达70%~95%[33-36]

自1984年Lane等描述了第1例声门上成形术,至今经历了40年的发展,手术安全、有效,并发症包括水肿、出血、感染、误吸及声门上狭窄,发生率低于10% [37]。尽管声门上成形术通常是双侧同时进行的,但也有研究比较了单侧和双侧声门上成形的优缺点,并发现单侧声门上成形后声门上狭窄的风险降低[38]。手术失败最常见的原因为咽喉反流导致的喉气管狭窄,因此术后建议常规使用质子泵抑制剂如奥美拉唑进行抗反流治疗[39]。此外,伴有多种合并症或神经系统疾病,对术后疗效有较大影响,可能术后需要进一步干预,包括再次手术或行气管切开术[37, 40]。对于术后呼吸道梗阻症状仍较明显的患儿,可选择无创正压通气治疗,降低再次插管甚至气管切开的风险。仇书要等[41]报道2例重度喉软化症患儿声门上成形术后采用无创正压通气治疗6个月,疗效良好。Petersson等[42]认为手术的年龄对疗效也有重要影响,大多数患儿接受手术的年龄为出生后3.8~5.5个月[1],Hoff等[43]认为手术年龄≤2个月再手术率明显增高,年龄越小手术失败率越高。有研究证明早产史也是手术失败的危险因素[36],手术失败率是足月儿的近5倍[44]

综上所述,先天性喉软化症是导致婴幼儿喉喘鸣最常见的疾病,诊断需结合临床病史及辅助检查,尤其要重视内镜评估。轻度及部分中度患儿采用对症支持治疗,随访观察,可在2岁内痊愈;部分中度及重度患儿应首选声门上成形术,手术成功率高,并发症低。

Funding Statement

福州市临床重点专科建设项目经费资助(No:20220304)

Footnotes

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

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