Abstract
造血干细胞移植是治疗儿童各种潜在致命的恶性和非恶性疾病的一种选择,如恶性肿瘤、免疫缺陷综合征、严重再生障碍性贫血和遗传代谢性疾病等。移植期间许多因素会影响患儿的营养状况,包括放化疗、胃肠道疾病、移植物抗宿主病及药物等。而营养不良与接受造血干细胞移植患儿的总生存率下降、并发症发生率升高有关,因此移植后营养支持是该类患儿管理的重要组成部分。但是目前国内缺乏关于造血干细胞移植儿童营养支持的指南或共识,因此该文对造血干细胞患儿的营养支持进展进行综述,旨在为临床提供指导。
Keywords: 造血干细胞移植, 肠内营养, 肠外营养, 儿童
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a therapeutic option for various potentially life-threatening malignant and non-malignant diseases in children, such as malignancies, immunodeficiency syndromes, severe aplastic anemia, and inherited metabolic disorders. During transplantation, many factors can affect the nutritional status of the children, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, gastrointestinal disorders, graft-versus-host disease, and medications. Malnutrition has been associated with decreased overall survival and increased complications in children undergoing HSCT, making nutritional support a crucial component of their management. However, currently, there is a lack of guidelines or consensus on nutritional support for children undergoing HSCT in China. Therefore, this review summarizes the progress in nutritional support for children undergoing HSCT, aiming to provide clinical guidance.
Keywords: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Enteral nutrition, Parenteral nutrition, Child
造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, HSCT)是经过放化疗或者其他免疫抑制预处理,清除受体体内的肿瘤细胞及异常克隆细胞,然后把自体或者异体造血干细胞移植给受体,使受体重建正常造血或正常免疫功能。10.2%~54%接受HSCT的患儿存在营养不良[1-4]。移植后早期,因预处理引起的黏膜炎、胃肠道移植物抗宿主病(graft versus host disease, GVHD)、感染和相关治疗等原因,患儿经口进食能力严重受损。能量摄入减少,加上治疗的分解代谢作用和移植相关的并发症,患儿营养状况迅速恶化,这与患儿接受HSCT后总生存率下降和并发症发生率升高有关[5-7]。对于接受HSCT的患儿来说,营养支持是一个重要的问题,因为相关循证证据较少。移植后早期的营养支持仍存在一些问题,例如能量和蛋白质需求的确定、中性粒细胞减少饮食(neutropenic diet, ND)、肠内营养(enteral nutrition, EN)和肠外营养(parenteral nutrition, PN)的选择、谷氨酰胺的应用、维生素和矿物质的补充等,限制了具体营养支持方案的推广。本文对接受HSCT患儿的营养支持进展进行综述,旨在为临床提供指导。
1. 能量和蛋白质需求的确定
了解儿童的能量和蛋白质需求对确保给予HSCT患儿合适的营养支持非常重要。能量需求取决于患儿的营养状况、年龄和代谢等因素。研究表明HSCT患者的能量需求可以达到预测静息能量消耗的130%~150%[8]。既往前瞻性多中心研究使用间接测热法发现HSCT患儿移植后静息能量消耗下降,移植后14 d降至最低值,30 d恢复至接近基线水平[9]。2022年的前瞻性研究发现,对HSCT患儿采用EN联合PN支持,提供115%静息能量消耗和1.5 g/kg蛋白质可以维持患儿的体重[10]。虽然间接测热法是评估能量需求的金标准,但在临床实践中难以常规应用,在无法进行间接测热法时,可使用能量计算公式,并进行临床监测,评估潜在的喂养过量或者喂养不足。代谢应激时,蛋白质供应减少会对免疫功能产生负面影响,因此蛋白质需求增加,以减少瘦体重的损失并促进组织修复。美国肠外肠内营养学会(American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition)推荐了儿童HSCT期间能量和蛋白质的需求(表1)[11]。此外,应注意营养状况较差的患儿有再喂养综合征的风险,营养支持应缓慢推进。
表1.
接受HSCT患儿的能量和蛋白质需求
年龄 | 能量 (kcal/d) | 蛋白质 [g/(kg·d)] |
---|---|---|
0~12个月 | BMR×(1.6~1.8) | 3 |
>1~6岁 | BMR×(1.6~1.8) | 2.5~3 |
7~10岁 | BMR×(1.4~1.6) | 2.4 |
11~14岁 | BMR×(1.4~1.6) | 2 |
15~18岁 | BMR×(1.5~1.6) | 1.8 |
注:[BMR]基础代谢率。
2. 营养支持
营养支持的目标是提高治疗效果,减少并发症,优化生存和生活质量。应对HSCT受者在入院时进行营养风险筛查和营养评估,以确定是否存在或者即将发生营养不良,并应定期监测营养状况。
2.1. 膳食支持
2.1.1. 口服膳食补充剂
营养支持包括营养咨询、口服膳食补充剂、EN和PN支持。应鼓励患儿口服耐受良好的蛋白质及能量丰富的食物和液体。营养师应对每个接受HSCT的患儿进行评估。当饮食摄入量连续3~5 d小于目标能量的70%~80%时需要考虑引入口服膳食补充剂。选择制剂种类时应考虑患儿的年龄、制剂味道、营养途径和数量,以及营养和分解代谢状态、胃肠道功能、血糖、血脂、全身炎症、合并症(肝、肾、胰腺异常等)和社会经济状况等因素。当口服摄入量连续2~3 d达目标能量的70%~80%时,可以逐步减少口服膳食补充剂直至其他食物总能量完全达到目标量[8]。
2.1.2. ND
目前关于接受HSCT患儿是否应采用ND存在争议。ND的概念是基于理论考虑而不是临床试验数据,其认为食物含有致病菌,免疫功能低下的患者容易发生食源性感染。但研究显示ND并未显现出改善感染率和总生存率的优势[12-14]。这可能是因为ND限制了部分食物,影响了肠道微生物群的稳态,而后者与GVHD、血液感染和总生存率有关[15-16]。
Taggart等[13]研究表明基于食品安全的自由饮食和ND对HSCT患儿移植后100 d内的血流感染发生率、诺如病毒感染率、全肠外营养使用时间、病死率的影响无明显差异。食品的安全处理包括充分清洗新鲜水果和蔬菜,将生肉与其他食物分开存放,并采用标准化的冷藏,该饮食方案包含的食物种类更多,有助于向正常饮食过渡。欧洲血液和骨髓移植学会(European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, EBMT)儿科疾病工作组建议用安全食品处理取代ND[17]。欧洲临床营养与代谢学会(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, ESPEN)对同种异体移植术后30 d以上成人患者是否采用ND尚无推荐意见,建议采用安全食品处理[18-19]。总之,关于接受HSCT的患儿是否应采用ND目前存在争议,基于食品安全的自由饮食可能是一个更为合理的选择。
2.2. EN支持
HSCT患儿由于免疫抑制和黏膜损伤,常合并感染,尤其是细菌性血流感染。中心静脉导管相关感染和细菌从肠道转移至血流是HSCT患儿细菌感染的两个主要来源[20]。研究表明,与PN支持相比,EN支持可以降低HSCT患儿血流感染的风险[21],这可能是因为儿童HSCT后肠道微生物群受到破坏[16,22]。PN支持可导致致病菌增加,有益菌减少,增加感染风险[23]。而EN支持的患儿在接受HSCT后30 d,肠道菌群结构和功能迅速恢复,从而降低全身感染风险[15,24],其机制可能是EN支持时肠道中存在更多的营养物质,通过肠道微生物群产生短链脂肪酸,增加跨膜结合蛋白的表达和IgA的产生,纠正肠道菌群失调,保持肠道屏障功能和紧密连接,减少肠道细菌易位的发生[25-27]。此外,EN支持对急性移植物抗宿主病(acute graft versus host disease, aGVHD)有潜在益处,与aGVHD的发生率降低有关,同时也利于血小板植入[28-31]。然而,关于EN和PN在HSCT儿童中性粒细胞植入、口腔黏膜炎发生率、住院时间的影响,研究结果并不一致,不能得出确定结论[21,28-29,32]。
EBMT和ESPEN提供的国际指南均推荐EN作为接受同种异体HSCT成人患者的首选营养支持方案[18,20]。在儿童HSCT患者中,EN也已被证明是可行和安全的一线治疗方案[28,33]。然而,管饲治疗在临床中并没有得到推广,主要因为在严重的口腔黏膜炎、胃肠道受损、血小板降低及凝血功能异常等情况下,侵入性的管饲操作有一定风险,另外由于HSCT患儿常有中心静脉置管,家长倾向于选择PN而不愿接受管饲。
巴西儿童HSCT营养共识中建议出现以下情况时需要考虑管饲或造口喂养:无法经口喂养(1级和2级的口腔黏膜炎);食物摄入不足(经口摄入量低于需求量的70%~80%持续3~5 d,或已经存在营养不良的患儿食物摄入量低于基础能量需求);存在高度营养不良风险,预期移植后可能出现严重营养不良或者不能经口进食[8]。延迟营养治疗可能由于血小板减少、凝血功能异常等导致难以置入喂养管,因此应掌握管饲适应证,并和家长进行良好沟通,对于高风险患儿提前预置喂养管,从而使患儿受益于早期管饲,减少PN使用。何时脱离EN必须考虑疾病治疗阶段、是否存在GVHD、临床症状和当前营养状况。当连续2~3 d口服摄入量达到目标能量的70%~80%时,可以开始逐渐减停EN[8]。
2.3. PN支持
2021年ESPEN肿瘤患者营养实践指南建议对于HSCT成人患者如果口服营养不足,建议首选EN而非PN,除非有严重的黏膜炎、难治性呕吐、肠梗阻、严重吸收不良、长期腹泻或有症状的胃肠道GVHD[18]。巴西儿童HSCT营养共识建议对于HSCT儿童患者,如果胃肠道完全或部分不可用,或出现严重血小板减少经输注血小板仍不能改善,或考虑到营养状况和预计移植时间,在5 d内难以通过EN达到营养需求时需给予PN[8]。虽然PN可帮助纠正蛋白质-能量营养不良、恢复免疫功能,增强抗肿瘤治疗的耐受性,但全肠外营养患儿出现肝窦阻塞综合征和aGVHD的比例更高[31]。应严格把握PN适应证,避免不必要的使用。
HSCT患儿移植后6个月内常出现甘油三酯、总胆固醇水平升高及高密度脂蛋白水平降低[34]。而HSCT患儿常用药物如环孢素、皮质类固醇、他克莫司和西罗莫司均能导致甘油三酯升高。所以,在PN液中选择合适的脂肪乳剂非常重要。含有鱼油的脂质乳剂比传统的纯豆油乳剂具有一定优势,包含较低的ω-6和较高的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸、较高的α-生育酚及较低的植物甾醇含量。研究表明,HSCT患儿短期使用不同的脂肪乳剂不会引起显著的炎症变化,当PN使用超过21 d时,含有鱼油的脂肪乳剂则有助于调节炎症反应[35-37]。因此,长期使用PN时,推荐选择含鱼油的脂肪乳剂。
3. 谷氨酰胺的应用
谷氨酰胺是肠黏膜细胞和免疫细胞的主要能量来源,被认为是上皮修复的保护剂。HSCT患者的血浆谷氨酰胺从预处理至移植后第7天显著下降,在21 d时恢复至预处理水平[38]。理论上口服或者静脉补充谷氨酰胺可以预防黏膜炎,但其在HSCT患儿中的应用存在争议。
既往一项研究提示口服谷氨酰胺可减轻HSCT患儿口腔黏膜炎严重程度[39],成人患者的研究也支持该结论[40]。但一项前瞻性随机双盲对照研究显示静脉补充谷氨酰胺未降低HSCT患儿的口腔和肠道黏膜炎发生率和严重程度[41]。韩国一项纳入91例成人患者的回顾性研究评估含谷氨酰胺的PN对HSCT患者临床结局的影响,结果表明,谷氨酰胺组与无谷氨酰胺组相比,临床感染率和100 d病死率均较低[42]。由于缺乏一致的临床证据,癌症支持疗法多国学会和国际口腔肿瘤学会于2020年发布的肿瘤治疗继发黏膜炎管理的临床实践指南中不建议在HSCT患者中静脉注射谷氨酰胺预防口腔黏膜炎[43]。2021年ESPEN肿瘤患者营养实践指南中亦不推荐在HSCT患者中使用谷氨酰胺[18]。所以,目前的指南和临床证据均不支持对HSCT患儿静脉使用谷氨酰胺预防口腔黏膜炎。而口服谷氨酰胺可能是一种可行的选择,但目前缺乏剂量和疗程的共识和指南推荐,需进一步行临床随机对照研究探讨[8,44]。
4. 维生素和矿物质的补充
维生素和矿物质,尤其是维生素D、钙、维生素B1、锌和维生素K缺乏在HSCT患儿中较常见,常与腹泻、呕吐、摄入不足和吸收不良相关。目前尚无针对HSCT患儿的维生素和矿物质需要量的共识或指南推荐。
4.1. 维生素D和钙
儿童接受HSCT后会出现明显的骨质流失和维生素D缺乏[45-46]。移植期间维生素D充足的患者免疫恢复更快,生存率更高[46]。但维生素D缺乏对中性粒细胞或血小板植入、HSCT后感染、HSCT住院时间、移植失败、GVHD、100 d和1年生存率或原发性恶性肿瘤复发无影响[46-48]。HSCT患儿按照常规剂量补充维生素D是不足的[49]。一次性大剂量维生素D治疗是一种安全有效的选择,可能比常规剂量更快地达到足够的水平[25(OH)D>30 ng/mL][50-53]。但需要更大规模的前瞻性研究来确定维生素D治疗的剂型、剂量及对HSCT结局的影响。建议对儿童HSCT移植前和移植后第100天时常规检测维生素D,并补充钙,以预防骨质流失[8,54]。
4.2. 维生素B1
HSCT患儿如缺乏维生素B1,可能会患上韦尼克脑病,但多为病例报道,缺乏流行病学数据[55-57]。韦尼克脑病的发生与近期营养状况、长期使用利尿剂和糖皮质激素等有关。如发生韦尼克脑病,立即给予维生素B1,甚至大剂量治疗(100 mg/次,静脉滴注,每天2次,连续5 d),症状多在3 d至2周得到缓解或者完全消失[55-57]。但治疗剂量仍需进一步研究,而是否需要预防性补充维生素B1也尚无定论。
4.3. 锌
HSCT患儿因为摄入减少和腹泻易出现锌缺乏。据报道锌缺乏发生率可达40%,锌缺乏的患儿在移植后90 d内细菌感染的风险高于锌水平正常的患儿[58]。年龄越小、诊断原发疾病至移植时间间隔越短的患儿,锌水平可能越低。然而,目前关于HSCT前补锌是否能够减少移植后细菌感染尚无定论[58]。但对于慢性腹泻的HSCT患儿,建议补锌。
4.4. 维生素K
维生素K缺乏会增加HSCT期间出血的风险,常见原因包括药物拮抗、肝功能损伤、吸收不良、厌食和营养摄入不足。31%的患儿在移植前缺乏维生素K[59]。对于移植后有维生素K缺乏高风险的患儿,如未接受含维生素K的PN,应口服维生素K。
综上所述,对于HSCT患儿,如果不能满足100%的饮食参考摄入量要求,则应开具不含铁的多种维生素矿物质补充剂。排除铁是因为患儿常需频繁输血可能造成铁超载[60]。目前HSCT患儿维生素和矿物质的补充量应遵循健康人群的膳食参考摄入量建议,并根据患儿临床表现、辅助检查结果及时调整。
5. 总结与展望
对于HSCT患儿,胃肠道功能正常的情况下,经口进食和EN优于PN。ND没有显示比安全食品处理方法更有效。谷氨酰胺用于预防黏膜炎尚有争议,不建议常规使用。维生素和矿物质缺乏需要关注,应注意监测和补充。未来还需要多中心随机对照研究,以便完善HSCT儿童的营养支持方案,这将有助于为临床提供更具指导性和证据支持的管理策略。
利益冲突声明
所有作者声明无利益冲突。
作者贡献
张婷负责资料收集、文章撰写;江米足负责论文修改、审阅。
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