Figure 1.

The role of gut microbiota in cancer immunotherapy. Through manipulation of commensals in cancer patients by diet interventions, fecal microbial transplant, prebiotics, probiotics and bacteria consortia, host antitumor immunity can be enhanced by dominance of “beneficial” bacteria in gut lumen and their metabolites. Increased effector T cells and induction of Tregs can be seen in GALT, which leads to improved clinical outcomes of cancer immunotherapy with lower incidence of immune‐related adverse events. FMT, fecal microbiota transplant; GALT, gut‐associated lymphoid tissue; GZMB, granzyme B; IFN‐γ, interferon‐γ; IL‐10, interleukin‐10; PFN, perforin; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α; Treg, regulatory T cell.