Table 1.

Modulation of specific microbiota taxa in cancer immunotherapy.

Gut microbiota taxa	Model	Immunotherapy	Cancer	Major findings	Author/Year	Ref
Akkermansia muciniphila	Human and mice	Anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1	NSCLC, RCC	(a) Induced DCs to secret IL‐12 (b) Increased accumulation of CXCR3+ CD4+ T cells in the TME	Routy et al., 2018	[47]
Ruminococcaceae	Human	Anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1	GI cancer	Associated with distinct bacterial pathways including fermentation to SCFAs, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, vitamin and starch biosynthesis	Peng et al., 2020	[48]
	Human	Anti‐CD19 CAR‐T	B cell lymphoma and leukemia	Improve antitumor effects of CAR‐T cell infusion	Smith et al., 2018	[53]
Ruminococcus	Human	Anti‐CD19 CAR‐T	B cell lymphoma and leukemia	(a) Associated with day 100 complete response (b) Possible mechanism: Increased metabolic pathway like for peptidoglycan biosynthesis	Smith et al., 2022	[54]
Faecalibacterium	human	Anti‐PD‐1 and Anti‐CTLA‐4	Melanoma	(a) Increased metabolic pathway like amino acid biosynthesis (b) Increased antigen presentation, and improved CD8+ T cells function in the periphery and the TME	Gopalakrishnan et al., 2018	[46]
	Human	Anti‐CD19 CAR‐T	B cell lymphoma and leukemia	(a) Associated with day 100 complete response (b) Possible mechanism: Increased metabolic pathway like for peptidoglycan biosynthesis	Smith et al., 2022	[54]
Bifidobacterium	Mice	Anti‐PD‐1	Melanoma	(a) Oral gavage of Bifidobacterium alone had the same clinical outcome as ICI therapy (b) Combination treatment of Bifidobacterium supplement and ICI therapy could nearly abolish tumor growth (c) elicited DC maturation, thus improved effector function of tumor‐specific CD8+ T cell	Sivan et al., 2015	[43]
Bifidobacterium longum	Human	Anti‐PD‐1	Melanoma	(a) Decreased frequency of Tregs (b) Increased frequency of DCs and enhance TH1 immune responses	Matson et al., 2018	[44]
Prevotella	Human	Anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1	GI cancer	(a) Associated with distinct bacterial pathways including fermentation to SCFAs, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, vitamin and starch biosynthesis	Peng et al., 2020	[48]
Lachnospiraceae	Human	Anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1	GI cancer	Associated with distinct bacterial pathways including fermentation to SCFAs, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, vitamin and starch biosynthesis	Peng et al., 2020	[48]
Lachnospiraceae Collinsella aerofaciens	Human	Anti‐CD19 CAR‐T	B cell malignancies	Improve antitumor effects of CAR‐T cell infusion	Smith et al., 2018	[53]
	Human	Anti‐PD‐1	Melanoma	(a) Decreased frequency of Tregs (b) Increased frequency of DCs and enhance TH1 immune responses	Matson et al., 2018	[44]
Enterococcus faecium	Human	Anti‐PD‐1	Melanoma	(a) Decreased frequency of Tregs (b) Increased frequency of DCs and enhance TH1 immune responses	Matson et al., 2018	[44]
Oscillospiraceae	Human	Anti‐CD19 CAR‐T	B cell malignancies	Improve antitumor effects of CAR T cell infusion	Smith et al., 2018	[53]

Abbreviations: CAR‐T, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell; CTLA‐4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4; DC, dendritic cell; GI cancer, gastrointestinal cancer; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; NSCLC, nonsmall cell lung cancer; PD‐1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD‐L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; RCC, renal cell cancer; SCFAs, short‐chain fatty acids; TME, tumor microenvironment.