Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources logoLink to Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources
. 2024 Apr 3;9(4):447–451. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2024.2335990

The complete mitochondrial genome of freshwater gammarid Gammarus nipponensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridae)

Joana Joy de la Cruz-Huervana a,b,✉, Norio Miyamoto c, Yuichi Kano d,e, Norio Onikura a, Yoshihisa Kurita a
PMCID: PMC10993753  PMID: 38586505

Abstract

This study presents the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Gammarus nipponensis, a freshwater crustacean found in the western regions of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu in Japan. The entire genome is 16,429 bp in length, encoding a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA genes, as well as the putative control regions. The mitochondrial genome of G. nipponensis is characterized by a high concentration of A and T nucleotides (67.1%). Notably, the mitogenome contains long TATTTTA repeats in the control region 2 at 686 bp long. This newly available genome information will be useful for studying the evolutionary relationships within the genus Gammarus and for understanding diversification among G. nipponensis populations.

Keywords: Complete mitogenome, amphipods, Gammaroidea, phylogeny

Introduction

The genus Gammarus Fabricius 1775, is considered one of the most diverse genera of crustaceans (Väinölä et al. 2008). In Japan, three Gammarus species have been recorded: Gammarus nipponensis Uéno 1940, Gammarus koreanus Uéno 1940 and Gammarus mukudai Tomikawa et al. 2014. Among these, G. nipponensis has the widest distribution, inhabiting western Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu (Tomikawa 2017). These Gammarus species are exclusively found in freshwater habitats which limits dispersal. Moreover, the life cycle of gammarids involves direct development, where the fertilized eggs are brooded until the juvenile stage (Hyne 2011; Bastos-Pereira and Bueno 2016). Given these characteristics, G. nipponensis can be used to examine the effect of habitat fragmentation on the degree of genetic variation within and among their populations.

Previous study on the phylogenetics of G. nipponensis relied on cox1 and 28s rRNA genes (Tomikawa et al. 2014) and the classification and phylogenetic status of genus Gammarus remains problematic (Hou et al. 2007; 2014, Hou and Sket 2016, Macher et al. 2017). As a result, the full mitochondrial genome of G. nipponensis can give useful resources for additional phylogeographic information. Furthermore, this is the first complete mitochondrial genome for genus Gammarus in Japan.

Materials and methods

The specimen of G. nipponensis (Figure 1) was obtained from Kuro River in Asakura, Fukuoka (33°23'56.8"N, 130°48'19.6"E) and immediately preserved in 95% ethanol. The species identification was based on the morphological characters as described in Tomikawa et al. (2014). According to the reference, the accessory flagellum is present on antenna 1, and the posterior margins of peduncular articles 4 and 5 in antenna 2 have 6 and 7 clusters of long setae, respectively.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

Freshly preserved specimen of Gammarus nipponensis (photo credits: J.D. Huervana).

This specimen was stored in Kyushu University and registered in the ffish.asia database (https://ffish.asia/?page=specimen&pid=53448; contact person: Y. Kurita, kurita.yoshihisa.070@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp) under specimen ID number QUYK-10765. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the pereopod muscles using the Quick DNATM Miniprep Plus Kit (Zymo Research, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

The extracted DNA was submitted to Bioengineering Lab. Co., Ltd. (Sagamihara, Japan) for library construction and sequencing. Library preparation was done according to MGIEasy FS DNA Library Prep Set manual, and high-throughput DNA sequencing was performed using the DNBSEQ-G400 system (MGI Tech, Shenzhen, China). Raw reads (25,350,425 pairs of 200 bp) from the sequencing process were filtered using Sickle ver. 1.33 (Joshi and Fass 2011) to remove adapter sequences and reads with quality score less than 30. The resulting high-quality reads were assembled using metamode of SPAdes ver. 3.14.0 (Nurk et al. 2017), then annotated using the MITOS web server (Bernt et al. 2013) and sequentially manually corrected to improve accuracy. Results of the short read assembly revealed the presence of tandem repeats of TATTTTA in the mitochondrial genome of this species. PCR was conducted across the repeats using primers (Gnip CR2F: 5′-GTGATTACAATAACATTTGGCGGC-3′ and Gnip CR2R: 5′-GCTATAAGGCTGACCTCAAGGC-3′) and showed that the length of repeats was approximately 650 bp. Since its precise length could not be determined by Sanger sequencing, the number of repeats was confirmed using MinION sequencer (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) equipped with a FLO-MIN106D flow cell and SQK-RAD004 kit. The long reads were assembled with Flye ver. 2.9.1 (Kolmogorov et al. 2019), then the assembled contig was polished with Pilon ver. 1.22 using the short reads (Walker et al. 2014).

The read coverage depth obtained for the assembled mitogenome generated in DNBSEQ short reads was about 400x, with the lowest coverage depth (1x) at the repetitive region of CR2 (Figure S1). Improved coverage depth (∼1000x) in CR2 was achieved from Oxford Nanopore long reads, and the alignment in CR2 (Figure S2) suggests the reliability of the final assembly. Read coverage depth and circular map of the mitochondrial genome was visualized using the integrative genomics viewer (Thorvaldsdóttir et al. 2013) and Proksee server at https://proksee.ca/projects (Grant et al. 2023), respectively. The annotated sequence was submitted to NCBI GenBank with accession number OR268765.2.

Phylogenetic analysis was performed using nucleotide sequences from 13 protein-coding genes (PCG), encompassing all species within Gammaroidea (Taxonomy ID: 44329) available in the NCBI database. Two Lysianassidira species, Alicella gigantea Chevreux 1899 and Eurythenes maldoror D’Udekem d’Acoz and Havermans 2015, were selected as outgroups due to their sister relationship with Gammaroidea (Macher et al. 2023). The nucleotide sequences of each gene were aligned using the “auto” strategy in MAFFT ver. 7 (Katoh et al. 2019) and manually trimmed the ends. Phylogenetic trees were then generated using maximum likelihood method with the concatenated dataset, employing 10,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates in IQ-TREE ver. 1.6.12 (Nguyen et al. 2015). To determine the best-fit substitution model, ModelFinder in IQ-TREE was employed under the Bayesian Information Criterion (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017). The selected model was GTR + F + I + G4.

Results

The mitochondrial genome of G. nipponensis is 16,429 bp in length and contains 13 PCG (cox1-3, nad1-6, nad4L, CytB, atp6 and atp8), two ribosomal RNAs (16S and 12S), 22 transfer RNAs (two for Leu and Ser and one for each amino acid) and two putative control regions (CR) (Figure 2). The CR in G. nipponensis are found in two positions: CR1 – located after the 12S gene and CR2 – situated between tRNA-Tyr and tRNA-Ile, with a combined length of about 2200 bp. Interestingly, the mitochondrial genome of G. nipponensis contained 98 TATTTTA repeats in CR2. Among the genes, nine of the 13 PCG and 14 of the 22 tRNAs are encoded by the forward (+) strand, while the remaining genes are encoded by the reverse (-) strand.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

Mitochondrial genome map of Gammarus nipponensis showing the arrangement of PCGs, tRNAs, rRNAs and putative control regions.

Nucleotide composition of the G. nipponensis mitogenome is AT-rich at 67.1% (A:31.7%, C:21.8%, G:11.1%, T:35.4%) and the overall AT-skew and GC-skew are −0.055 and −0.325, respectively. The PCGs make up 11,010 bp (67.13%) and encode 3659 amino acids.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the mitochondrial genome sequence assembled in this study is positioned within the superfamily Gammaroidea with close affinity to Gammarus pisinnus (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the sequence alignment of 13 protein-coding genes of Gammarus nipponensis and amphipods under superfamily Gammaroidea. Numbers on each node indicate the bootstrap support (%) values and scale bar signifies nucleotide sequence difference. Alicella gigantea and Eurythenes maldoror are used as outgroup. The following sequences were used: OR233279, OR233282, OR233281, OR233275, OR233276, OR233270, OR233272 (Macher et al. 2023); KY197961 (Macher et al. 2017); BK05230, BK059231, BK059229, BK059228, BK059232, BK059234, BK059223, OK173838, OK173840, BK059235, BK059233, BK059224 (Mamos et al. 2021); MG779536 (Cormier et al. 2018); OR268765 (this study); MK354236 (Sun et al. 2020); KX341963, KX341966, KX341967, KX341964, KX341965, KX341968, KX341962 (Romanova et al. 2016a); MT047459 (Romanova et al. 2021); KP161875 (Romanova et al. 2016b); KM287572 (Romanova et al. 2016c); KF690638 (Rivarola-Duarte et al. 2014); MZ029704 (Li et al. 2021); JN704067 (Krebes and Bastrop 2012); MK644228 (Bojko 2020), MT270126 (Lee et al. 2020), MF766257 (unpublished) and MK215211 (Li et al. 2019).

Discussion and conclusion

Mitochondrial genes of G. nipponensis are encoded similar to the putative ancestral pancrustacean ground pattern, however, there are differences in the order of tRNAs (Ser, Glu, Arg and Gly) and the occurrence of dual CR. Translocation of tRNAs is commonly observed in gammarids (Krebes and Bastrop 2012; Cormier et al. 2018; Mamos et al. 2021). Two CRs are also reported in G. roeselii, but these regions displayed nearly identical sequences unlike in our study species (Cormier et al. 2018). Another interesting feature of G. nipponensis mitogenome is the presence of tandem repeats within the CR. Although tandem repeats are also found in Gammarus duebeni, these are less abundant comprising six imperfect tandem repeats at 84 to 97 bp long, in contrast to those in G. nipponensis (Krebes and Bastrop 2012). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that G. nipponensis is closely related to G. pisinnus both of which are native to East Asia (Sun et al. 2020). Previous studies (Sun et al. 2020; Mamos et al. 2021; Macher et al. 2023) have highlighted the need for additional information on mitogenome sequences of gammarids for their more detailed phylogenetic relationship. Thus, the complete mitogenome of G. nipponensis contributes to such investigations. Also, the information from this study may lead to the development of improved tools for phylogenetic analysis among the populations of G. nipponensis.

Supplementary Material

Supplemental Material
TMDN_A_2335990_SM9284.docx (1.6MB, docx)

Funding Statement

This study was funded by KAKENHI Grant Number [JP21H05181] and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan.

Authors’ contributions

This research project was designed by KY and NO, with contributions from all authors. Data collection, analyses and interpretation were performed by NM, JDH, KY and YK. The initial draft of the manuscript was prepared by JDH, and all authors provided comments on its earlier versions. Funding for the project was acquired by KY and NO. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.

Ethical approval

The freshwater gammarid utilized in this study is not included in the list of protected animals, thus no permits for their collection and use are required.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Data availability statement

The genome sequence data corresponding to this study are available in GenBank at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov with accession number: OR268765.2. The associated BioProject, SRAs and Bio-Sample number are PRJNA999456, SRR25443940, SRR26250192 and SAMN36734956, respectively. The sequence read SRR25443940 corresponds to DNBSEQ data, while SRR26250192 corresponds to Oxford Nanopore data.

References

  1. Bastos-Pereira R, Bueno AA.. 2016. Reproductive biology and egg production of Hyalella longistila (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae), a Freshwater amphipod in Southeastern Brazil. J Crustacean Biol. 36(5):724–730. doi: 10.1163/1937240X-00002465. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bernt M, Donath A, Jühling F, Externbrink F, Florentz C, Fritzsch G, Pütz J, Middendorf M, Stadler PF.. 2013. MITOS: improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 69(2):313–319. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bojko J. 2020. The mitochondrial genome of UK (non-native) Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) informs upon Dikerogammarus evolution, invasions and associated microparasites. Hydrobiologia. 847(1):229–242. doi: 10.1007/s10750-019-04084-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chevreux E. 1899. Sur deux espèces géantes d‘amphipodes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse Alice. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France. 24:152–158. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.24435. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cormier A, Wattier R, Teixeira M, Rigaud T, Cordaux R.. 2018. The complete mitochondrial genome of Gammarus roeselii (Crustacea, Amphipoda): insights into　mitogenome plasticity and evolution. Hydrobiologia. 825(1):197–210. doi: 10.1007/s10750-018-3578-z. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  6. D’acoz C d, Havermans C.. 2015. Contribution to the systematics of the genus Eurythenes S.I. Smith in Scudder, 1882 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea: Eurytheneidae). Zootaxa. 3971(1):1–80. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3971.1.1. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  7. Grant JR, Enns E, Marinier E, Mandal A, Herman EK, Chen CY, Graham M, Van Domselaar G, Stothard P.. 2023. Proksee: in-depth characterization and visualization of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 51gkad326. (W1):W484–W492. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad326. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Hou Z, Fu J, Li S.. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of the genus Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 45(2):596–611. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hou Z, Sket B.. 2016. A review of Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the family extent, its evolutionary history, and taxonomic redefinition of genera. Zool J Linn Soc. 176(2):323–348. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12318. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hou Z, Sket B, Li S.. 2014. Phylogenetic analyses of Gammaridae crustacean reveal different diversification patterns among sister lineages in the Tethyan region. Cladistics. 30(4):352–365. doi: 10.1111/cla.12055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hyne RV. 2011. Review of the reproductive biology of amphipods and their endocrine regulation: identification of mechanistic pathways for reproductive toxicants. Environ Toxicol Chem. 30(12):2647–2657. doi: 10.1002/etc.673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Joshi N, Fass J.. 2011. Sickle: a sliding-window, adaptive, quality-based trimming tool for FastQ files. [Google Scholar]
  13. Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TK, Von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS.. 2017. ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat Methods. 14(6):587–589. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Katoh K, Rozewicki J, Yamada KD.. 2019. MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Brief Bioinform. 20(4):1160–1166. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbx108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kolmogorov M, Yuan J, Lin Y, Pevzner PA.. 2019. Assembly of long, error-prone reads using repeat graphs. Nat Biotechnol. 37(5):540–546. doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0072-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Krebes L, Bastrop R.. 2012. The mitogenome of Gammarus duebeni (Crustacea: Amphipoda): A new gene order and non-neutral sequence evolution of tandem repeats in the control region. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genom Proteom. 7(2):201–211. doi: 10.1016/j.cbd.2012.02.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lee CW, Tomikawa K, Min GS.. 2020. The complete mitochondrial genome of Jesogammarus (Jesogammarus) hinumensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Anisogammaridae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B Resour. 5(3):2436–2437. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1775520. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Li JY, Song ZL, Yan GY, He LS.. 2019. The complete mitochondrial genome of the largest amphipod, Alicella gigantea: insight into its phylogenetic relationships and deep sea adaptive characters. Int J Biol Macromol. 141:570–577. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Li J, Zhou J, Chen S, Shen H, Peng Y, Zhang K, Huang W, Liang X, Liu B, Zhang C.. 2021. Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Gammarus lacustris (G.O. Sars, 1863) (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) and its phylogenetic position within Amphipoda. Mitochondrial DNA Part B Resour. 6(9):2501–2502. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1958083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Macher JN, Leese F, Weigand AM, Rozenberg A.. 2017. The complete mitochondrial genome of a cryptic amphipod species from the Gammarus fossarum complex. Mitochondrial DNA Part B Resour. 2(1):17–18. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1275844. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Macher JN, Šidagytė-Copilas E, Copilaș-Ciocianu D.. 2023. Comparative mitogenomics of native European and alien Ponto-Caspian amphipods. NB. 87:27–44. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.87.105941. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mamos T, Grabowski M, Rewicz T, Bojko J, Strapagiel D, Burzyński A.. 2021. Mitochondrial genomes, phylogenetic associations, and SNP recovery for the key invasive Ponto-Caspian amphipods in Europe. Int J Mol Sci. 22(19):10300. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910300. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, Von Haeseler A, Minh BQ.. 2015. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mole Bio Evol. 32(1):268–274. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu300. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Nurk S, Meleshko D, Korobeynikov A, Pevzner PA.. 2017. metaSPAdes: a new versatile metagenomic assembler. Genome Res. 27(5):824–834. doi: 10.1101/gr213959.116. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Rivarola-Duarte L, Otto C, Jühling F, Schreiber S, Bedulina D, Jakob L, Gurkov A, Axenov-Gribanov D, Sahyoun AH, Lucassen M, et al. 2014. A first glimpse at the genome of the Baikalian amphipod Eulimnogammarus verrucosus. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 322(3):177–189. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Romanova EV, Aleoshin VV, Kamaltynov RM, Mikhailov KV, Logacheva MD, Sirotinina EA, Gornov AY, Anikin AS, Sherbakov DY.. 2016a. Evolution of mitochondrial genomes in Baikalian amphipods. BMC Genomics. 17(Suppl 14):1016. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-3357-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Romanova EV, Mikhailov KV, Logacheva MD, Kamaltynov RM, Aleoshin VV, Sherbakov DY.. 2016b. The complete mitochondrial genome of a deep-water Baikalian amphipoda Brachyuropus grewingkii (Dybowsky, 1874). Mitochondrial DNA Part A DNA Mapp Seq Anal. 27(6):4158–4159. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2014.1003891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Romanova EV, Mikhailov KV, Logacheva MD, Kamaltynov RM, Aleoshin VV, Sherbakov DY.. 2016c. The complete mitochondrial genome of Baikalian amphipoda Eulimnogammarus vittatus Dybowsky, 1874. Mitochondrial DNA Part A DNA Mapp Seq Anal. 27(3):1795–1797. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2014.963817. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Romanova EV, Bukin YS, Mikhailov KV, Logacheva MD, Aleoshin VV, Sherbakov DY.. 2021. The mitochondrial genome of a freshwater pelagic amphipod Macrohectopus branickii is among the longest in Metazoa. Genes. 12(12):2030. doi: 10.3390/genes12122030. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Sun S, Wu Y, Ge X, Jakovlić I, Zhu J, Mahboob S, Al-Ghanim KA, Al-Misned F, Fu H.. 2020. Disentangling the interplay of positive and negative selection forces that shaped mitochondrial genomes of Gammarus pisinnus and Gammarus lacustris. R Soc Open Sci. 7(1):190669. doi: 10.1098/rsos.190669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Thorvaldsdóttir H, Robinson JT, Mesirov JP.. 2013. Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV): high-performance genomics data visualization and exploration. Brief Bioinform. 14(2):178–192. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbs017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Tomikawa K. 2017. Species diversity and phylogeny of freshwater and terrestrial gammaridean amphipods (Crustacea) in Japan. In: Motokawa M, Kajihara H, editors. Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo, p. 249–266. doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_9. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  33. Tomikawa K, Soh HY, Kobayashi N, Yamaguchi A.. 2014. Taxonomic relationship between two Gammarus species, G. nipponensis and G. sobaegensis (Amphipoda: Gammaridae), with description of a new species. Zootaxa. 3873(5):451–476. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Uéno M. 1940. Some freshwater amphipods from Manchoukuo, Corea and Japan. Bull Biogeogr Soc of Japan. 10:63–85. [Google Scholar]
  35. Väinölä R, Witt JD, Grabowski M, Bradbury JH, Jazdzewski K, Sket B.. 2008. Global diversity of amphipods (Amphipoda; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia. 595(1):241–255. doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-9020-6. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  36. Walker BJ, Abeel T, Shea T, Priest M, Abouelliel A, Sakthikumar S, Cuomo CA, Zeng Q, Wortman J, Young SK, et al. 2014. Pilon: an integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement. PLOS One. 9(11):e112963. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112963. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplemental Material
TMDN_A_2335990_SM9284.docx (1.6MB, docx)

Data Availability Statement

The genome sequence data corresponding to this study are available in GenBank at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov with accession number: OR268765.2. The associated BioProject, SRAs and Bio-Sample number are PRJNA999456, SRR25443940, SRR26250192 and SAMN36734956, respectively. The sequence read SRR25443940 corresponds to DNBSEQ data, while SRR26250192 corresponds to Oxford Nanopore data.

Articles from Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES