ABSTRACT
Introduction:
A recent study has demonstrated that social factors have an impact on the condition of dental implants. The present investigation investigated how varied alcohol intake quantities might alter the condition of dental implants and related peri-implant inflammation.
Materials and Methods:
This retrospective research was piloted in a tertiary care center, and implants inserted between 2010 and 2022 were evaluated through a retrospective cohort analysis. Within 3 months following implant implantation, information on alcohol intake was gathered from the health maintenance records and employed as the predictor variable. The implant results as well as peri-implantitis were examined at follow-up visits. Using the logistic regression model, the Wald test analysis analyzed the statistical consequences of each parameter. The findings were translated using an odds ratio that was determined with a 95% confidence level. The data were generated and analyzed using descriptive statistics, with statistical significance defined as P < 0.05.
Results:
At the time of implant placement, the enrolled patients were 59 ± 11.3 years old on average. The median time before peri-implantitis occurred was 31.3 ± 22.2 months. Within the first 2 years following implant implantation, the majority of people experienced peri-implantitis. The incidence of peri-implantitis was the lowest among light and moderate alcoholics (11.5%) and the highest among heavy alcoholics (46.2%). Moderate alcohol use was associated with a 79.1% decrease in peri-implantitis when compared to not drinking (P = 0.0365), whereas light alcohol consumption was connected to a 51.3% decrease (P = 0.026). The incidence of peri-implantitis among heavy drinkers was significantly significant (P = 0.0001).
Conclusion:
According to the findings of the current retrospective cohort analysis, drinking alcohol at mild-to-moderate levels is connected to a reduction in the incidence rate of peri-implantitis compared to heavy drinkers. In contrast, high alcohol consumption was found to be associated with an increase in the prevalence of peri-implantitis among the participants who had dental implants.
KEYWORDS: Alcohol, implant, implant survival, peri-implantitis, retrospective study
INTRODUCTION
Patients who have had dental implants installed frequently experience postoperative complications, the most common of which are peri-implantitis and diseases related to peri-implantitis, which are conditions that affect the oral tissues. Patients who have had dental implants installed frequently experience postoperative complications.[1] One school of thought proposes that the progression of peri-implantitis can be traced back to a wide range of factors, some of which are systemic and others of which are local in nature. A number of factors, including but not limited to diabetes, poor dental hygiene, and the use of tobacco products, can play a role in the development of this illness.[2] Drinking alcohol may be associated with an increased chance of developing a form of periodontitis that is moderately severe. There is some evidence to support this claim. Individuals who drink an excessive amount of alcohol may suffer from poor nutrition or a vitamin shortage, both of which may result in a suboptimal response of the oral tissues to implant treatments. The consumption of alcoholic beverages can cause bone resorption and prevent the development of bone neoformation due to the presence of specific compounds, which are contained in alcoholic beverages. These substances include fusel oil, nitrosamines, and ethanol.[3] This was performed so that we may acquire a deeper comprehension of the subject at hand. It was hypothesized on the basis of previous research that had been carried out that there would be a link that resembled the letter J between the amount of alcohol consumed and the rate at which peri-implantitis would develop. This was based on the fact that there had been previous research that had been carried out. To be more specific, the goals of the current study were to investigate whether or not varying degrees of alcohol consumption had an effect on the prevalence of peri-implantitis among patients and quantify the levels of alcohol consumption that patients had. In addition, the current study aimed to determine whether or not varying degrees of alcohol consumption had an effect on the severity of peri-implantitis among patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical clearance was obtained before the research of the study. Because it was a study designed as retrospective research, patients’ consent was taken from the subjects who were included in this analysis after contacting them from their records. Patients who sought treatment for partial or whole edentulism between 2010 and 2022 were included in the study population. The level of alcohol intake, which may be non-existent, minimal, moderate, or heavy, served as the predictor variable. The weekly units of alcohol consumption were divided into three categories and measured.
RESULTS
Dentists inserted 1,756 implants into the jaws of 371 individuals between 2010 and 2022. Within the population that was studied, there were 1,003 implants and 209 different patients who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All participants in the study were male and had an average age of 59 ± 11.3 years at the time the implants were inserted. The average amount of time that passed between the implantation and the development of peri-implantitis was 31.3 ± 22.2 months, and 301 implants (or 30%) were affected by the condition. Within the first 2 years after implantation, peri-implantitis manifested itself in 63 out of 1,003 implants (about 61%). There was no correlation between age and the condition of the implant (P = 0.5575). The levels of alcohol consumption of 1,003 implants were used to categorize them into different groups. Table 1 provides a concise summary of these findings. An association between drinking alcohol and the development of peri-implantitis was found by researchers after taking into account age; this correlation was the same as the one found earlier. It was discovered that moderate alcohol use was related to a 47% reduction in the incidence of peri-implantitis, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.0325). It was discovered that there was a statistically significant connection between drinking alcohol in moderation and having a lower incidence of peri-implantitis (P = 0.0221). The likelihood of having peri-implantitis was cut down by around 76%. In contrast to the findings that were previously addressed, it was shown that excessive drinking was associated with a statistically significant increase in the incidence of peri-implantitis twice (P = 0.0001). Table 2 provides a concise summary of these findings.
Table 1.
Association of peri-implantitis and three levels of alcohol consumption as compared to no consumption
| Level | Odds | 95% clearance using Wald’s | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heavy | 2.963 | 1.736-5.069 | <0.0001 |
| Mild | 0.521 | 0.305-0.925 | 0.0226 |
| Moderate | 0.269 | 0.063-0.858 | 0.0365 |
Table 2.
Association of peri-implantitis and three levels of alcohol consumption as compared to no consumption as controlled for age
| Level | Odds | 95% clearance using Wald’s | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heavy | 2.789 | 1.98-4.821 | 0.0001 |
| Mild | 0.589 | 0.311-0.94 | 0.0325 |
| Moderate | 0.222 | 0.069-0.821 | 0.0221 |
DISCUSSION
The purpose of the current retrospective cohort study was for the researchers to determine whether or not alcohol consumption had an effect on peri-implant tissues. It was hypothesized that there would be a correlation in the shape of a J between the consumption of alcohol and the development of peri-implantitis.[4] When compared to drinking alcohol to an extreme degree or not at all, the findings of a recent study found that drinking alcohol at low to moderate levels was associated with higher bone mineral density. Neither drinking alcohol to an extreme degree nor not drinking alcohol at all was found to be associated with higher bone mineral density. It was hypothesized that this was due to the fact that drinking alcohol at low to moderate amounts encourages osteoblast growth. In addition, excessive consumption will result in exceptionally high levels of acetaldehyde, which will limit the activity of osteoblasts while concurrently promoting the activity of osteoclasts. This is because acetaldehyde inhibits the activity of osteoblasts.[5,6] In addition, it has been hypothesized that drinking an excessive quantity of alcohol can diminish the levels of “Osteoprotegerin (OPG),” which is a crucial regulator in the process of osteoclastogenesis. This is supported by the fact that drinking an excessive amount of alcohol can cause osteoporosis.[7] Osteoclast production will be encouraged, which will lead to increased bone resorption, if the ratio of OPG to “receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand” (RANKL), which is a major ligand for osteoclast development, is decreased. RANKL is a crucial ligand for osteoclast development. According to the findings of other studies, drinking alcohol in quantities ranging from light to moderately heavy can increase both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the current retrospective cohort investigation found that light to moderate alcohol use was associated with a defense against the development of peri-implantitis. Also, the result that drinking excessive amounts of alcohol raised the chance of getting peri-implantitis by almost three times has significant therapeutic implications for the selection of dental implant candidates. Even though these findings should not encourage physicians to alcohol use among their patients, they do suggest that implant fitting should be discouraged for heavy drinkers until such time as they change their drinking habits. This does not imply, however, that doctors should advocate alcohol use. To validate the results of this study, it is recommended to conduct additional research.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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