ABSTRACT
The proper treatment of diseases has greatly benefited from dental technological advancements. The dentist may view, precisely measure, and create models of both hard and soft tissue using 3D printing. The most cutting-edge technique in dentistry is 3D printing; but it also lacks the user-training trainee. In this paper, we will demonstrate how it is employed in various dental procedures.
KEYWORDS: 3D printing, application of 3D printing, dentistry
INTRODUCTION
Three-dimensional printing has been utilized in the fields of dentistry and medical for a very long time. A more productive and economical workflow using cutting-edge technologies is being developed for three-dimensional imaging and modeling in dentistry. This method’s applicability is growing in a number of dental specialties, including prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, prosthetics, and the creation of surgical guides or physical models for implant placement.[1] The utilization of numerous materials, including those most frequently used in dentistry, such as metal, resin, and plastic, is essential to the technique’s effectiveness. With the recent development of this cutting-edge technology, it is now utilized in a number of surgical procedures, including ridge augmentation, sinus lift, implant fixtures, preparation of a personalized scaffold with or without stem cell therapy, educational models, and drug delivery technology. The ability to reproduce dental models in high resolution and precision using 3D printing technology is becoming more and more practical [Table 1].[1,2]
Table 1.
| Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|---|
| Time-saving technique | High cost of processing |
| Allows to design and print of more complex designs easily. | Limited material |
| Rapid prototyping | Need specialized training |
| Limiting material wastage | |
| Ease of access | |
| Environmental friendly | |
| Used in advanced health care |
3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES
Stereolithography (SLA)
Hall is credited with discovering this 3D printing technique in 1984. For curing the polymeric resin in this system, UV lasers and photosensitive liquid resin are both used. Each layer of resin is successively dried and cured before being fused with the previous layer to create the object’s final solid model.[2]
Selective laser sintering (SLS)
At the University of Texas, this method was created. These methods use a scanning laser to fuse tiny particles while gradually constructing the structures. When the first powder bed had completely sintered, the printer laid down the second bed of powder, and the scanning laser had sintered the third layer. Gaining method’s benefits.[3]
Powder binder printer
The model is printed using a customized inkjet head in this kind of printer. In this method, liquid droplets penetrate and successively layer together to form a single, uniform layer of powder. The printer gradually builds up the powder bed until it lays down the complete model.[3]
Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
Schott Crump was the person who created it. This method makes use of thermoplastic resin that is extruded through a 3D printer nozzle. Immediately after the material is extruded from the nozzle, it usually hardens in less than a second. A device that regulates temperature controls the heating and extrusion of material. A processor aids in the distribution and control of extruded material across the platform.[3]
APPLICATION OF 3D PRINTING
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
The creation of 3D-printed models utilizing computed tomography scans is aided by three-dimensional imaging, and these 3D-printed models may be useful for planning preoperative diagnosis and therapy as well as practicing mock operations. A 3D-printed allogenic bone transplant can successfully be used in reconstructive surgeries that may call for bone grafting. These grafts have the advantages of not requiring ethical deliberation, being customized for each patient, and having no donor site morbidity. Additionally, the implication of 3D-printed models could facilitate the creation of specialized surgical guides for the precise and accurate insertion of dental implants.[4,5]
Endodontics
The creation of 3D-printed models for complex root canal morphology visualization and surgical guides for guided apicectomy surgery have made learning in this discipline more practical and simple.[5]
Orthodontics
3D printing has been evolved in different processes of orthodontic treatment—digital cephalometric and analysis, patient-specific brackets, anchoring appliances, lingual retainers, and impression trays that have been fabricated by 3D printing technology. It has extended application in treatment planning for better visualization of prognosis.[6]
Periodontics
In periodontology, 3D-printed guides are being used for aesthetic gingival repair. For gingivectomy and smile planning, persistent, explicit, thorough guides are used. Research is still being done on the application of 3D printing technology in regenerative periodontology.[7]
Prosthodontics
3D technology has an impact on every step of the full mouth prosthetic rehabilitation. A patient’s dental arches can be electronically recorded utilizing optical imprints and intra-oral scanners, greatly reducing chair side time. Dental labs use CAD/CAM technology to produce surgical guides, wax models for prosthetic designs, wax replicas for stone replicas, removable dyes, and laminate try-ins. Intra-oral scanners enable solitary imaging and the production of digitally improved fixed prostheses. Researchers found that technologically produced dies and temporary repairs had less peripheral and intrinsic errors when they were compared to traditional dies.[8]
Pediatric dentistry
Since intra-oral scanners were introduced, 3D printing has become more well-liked in pediatric dentistry as a kid-friendly practice tool. Customized, kid-friendly, painless, and thorough pediatric dentistry practices are made possible by 3D printing, which is advancing pediatric dentistry into the next era. The traditional band and loop method has been around for a while, but there are numerous drawbacks that make it a laborious process. The novel digital design of the 3D-printed band and loop space maintainer case study is accurate, rapid, and trustworthy.[9,10]
OTHER DENTAL APPLICATION
Customized instruments and appliances
The production of specialized versions of commonplace tools used in everyday practice, such as band fabrication and bracket placement tools, might likewise be done via 3D printing. Additionally, it could be utilized to create specialized safety devices for patients who require general anesthesia to avoid dental trauma and material aspiration during intubation.[6]
Digital model
Virtual treatment planning is provided by digital patient models, directing the likely course of treatment and prognosis. The whole sets of appliances are then digitally designed to the desired specifications and made using 3D printing technology.[3,4,11]
Future prospective
The use of 3D printing is very new, and each area of dentistry has benefited from its integration. Future opportunities for its application in the field include custom-designed scaffold-based regeneration, bio-print revealed lost tissue planted inside the illness, and 3D printed revealed that custom implants whose design, form, and length may be created from scratch. At the moment, it is primarily utilized for surgical planning, indirect implant preparation, or aligners for orthodontic treatment. 3D printing has the potential to update other facets of dentistry as technology develops, reaching new heights every day. As more advanced biocompatible printed materials are created daily, it can be used in the preparation of crowns. Dentistry could change as a result of current work on 3D-printed intra-canal drugs with better healing capacity or the development of a periapical growth factor delivery system.[11]
CONCLUSION
The use of 3D printing in dentistry has significantly changed how patients are treated. It permits the creation of a geometric form from digitalized patient data using a range of materials. With the rising usage of intra-oral scanning systems, high resolution printing resin, printing models for restorative dentistry, and lost wax process patterns are practically used in orthodontics. Even though 3D printing is currently becoming more affordable, there are still significant costs associated with running the machines, purchasing the ingredients, and maintaining them.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
- 1.Kaur N, Grover D, Kaur G. Future dental device3-dimensional printing approach in dentistry. IP Int J Maxillofac Imaging. 2021;7:37–47. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Singi S, Sibal A, Patel A. 3D Printing in dentistry: A paradigm shift from fiction to reality. J Res Med Dent Sci. 2022;10:47–52. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Jayaraj A, Jayakrishnan SS, Shetty KP, Nillan K, Shetty RR, Govind SL. 3D printing in dentistry: A new dimension of vision. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2019;5:165–9. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Dawood A, Marti Marti B, Sauret-Jackson V, Darwood A. 3D printing in dentistry. Br Dent J. 2015;219:521–9. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.914. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Jawahar A, Maragathavalli G. Applications of 3D printing in dentistry–A review. J Pharm Sci Res. 2019;11:1670–5. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Tyagi R, Kalra N, Khatri A, Kulood MK, Garg N. Three-dimensional printing: Fine-tuning of the face of pediatric dentistry. SRM J Res Dent Sci. 2022;13:25–31. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Hassan SA, Bhateja S. 3- Dimensional printing in dentistry -A review. Int J Maxillofac Imaging. 2019;5:77–80. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Christensen GJ. Impressions are changing: Deciding on conventional, digital or digital plus in-office milling. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140:1301–4. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Rana V, Srivastava N, Kaushik N, Kapoor S. 3D space management in mixed dentition. J Posit Sch. 2022;6:4207–10. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Pawar BA. Maintenance of space by innovative three-dimensional-printed band and loop space maintainer. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2019;37:205–8. doi: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_9_19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Zoabi A, Redenski I, Oren D, Kasem A, Zigron A, Daoud S, et al. 3D Printing and virtual surgical planning in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Clin Med. 2022;11:2385. doi: 10.3390/jcm11092385. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
