Comparison of Different Antibiotic Medications on Microorganisms: An Original Research

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

The onset and maintenance of disease can be significantly influenced by the colonization of the mouth cavity by pathogenic microorganisms or by an imbalance of the physiological microbiome. Hence, in the current study, various commonly used antibiotics have been tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Materials and Methods:

The current research was performed as an in vitro study. The commonly used antibiotics Augmentin (CV), Ceftriaxone-Cephalosporin (CF), and Linezolid were tested for the microorganisms, lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli. The “Radius of Zone of Inhibition (mm)- RZI” after 24 and 48 h were tested by the agar-well diffusion method.

Results:

For E. coli, the antibiotics tested were CV (5 μl and 2.5 μl), CF (5 μl and 2.5 μl), and Linezolid (5 μl and 2.5 μl). The results showed that the radius of the zone of inhibition was consistent for each antibiotic concentration, with a range of 0.8–1.4 mm at both time points. For Lactobacillus, the antibiotics tested were CV (5 μl and 2.5 μl), CF (5 μl and 2.5 μl), and Linezolid (5 μl and 2.5 μl). The results showed that the radius of the zone of inhibition varied between antibiotics and concentrations, with a range of 0.5–1.8 mm at both time points.

Conclusion:

This study highlights antibiotics’ antibacterial action against E. coli and Lactobacillus. The data imply that antibiotic efficacy varied by organism and drug concentration. These organisms’ antibiotic resistance mechanisms and new antibiotic resistance methods need more study.

INTRODUCTION

Microorganisms are minuscule, visually undetectable living things. They can be found as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa, among other things. While certain microorganisms are useful and used in a variety of businesses, others can seriously illen people, animals, and plants. Drugs called antibiotics are used to treat bacterial illnesses; they function by eradicating or preventing bacterial growth. However, excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics has resulted in the bacterial development of antibiotic resistance, making infection treatment challenging.[1,2] E. coli is a species of bacteria that is frequently discovered in both human and animal intestines. While the majority of E. coli strains are benign, a small number can result in serious foodborne diseases such as fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Contrarily, Lactobacillus is a category of advantageous bacteria found in the gut and is employed in the creation of a variety of fermented foods, including yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut. In addition to being present in the air, soil, and decomposing organic materials, Aspergillus Niger is a kind of fungus that is frequently utilized in the synthesis of citric acid.[3,4,5] The overuse and abuse of antibiotics have led to an important worldwide health issue called antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest current challenges to food security, development, and global health, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).[3] Antibiotic-resistant infections have considerably increased in frequency in recent years, which has resulted in lengthier hospital stays, higher healthcare expenses, and higher fatality rates. In conclusion, bacteria like E. coli, Lactobacillus, and Aspergillus Niger have a big impact on the economy and public health. However, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in antibiotic resistance, a serious threat to global health. It is essential to utilize antibiotics correctly, prepare backup plans like probiotics, and fund research to create new antibiotics and antimicrobial agents in order to tackle antibiotic resistance. By doing this, we can ensure that bacterial infections are effectively treated and advance the general health and wellness of the world.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The current research was performed as an in vitro study. Various commonly used antibiotics, including Augmentin (CV), Ceftriaxone-Cephalosporin (CF), and Linezolid, were tested for the microorganisms, lactobacillus, and E. coli. The “Radius of Zone of Inhibition (mm)- RZI” after 24 and 48 h was tested by the agar-well diffusion method. Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as gram-negative bacteria like E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were tested against a variety of other bacteria using the agar-well diffusion method. Betadine was regarded as a reliable source. After the bacterial strains were cultured in sterile “Mueller Hinton Broth” for 18 h at a temperature of 37°C overnight, the “Diameter of the Inhibition Zone)” was measured in millimeters around each well to assess the efficacy of the antibacterial treatment. An experiment was put to the test three times.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the results of the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics against two organisms, E. coli and Lactobacillus. The table provides information on the antibiotic concentration used and the radius of the zone of inhibition, which is a measure of the effectiveness of the antibiotic in inhibiting bacterial growth. The measurements were taken at two time points: 24 and 48 h. For E. coli, the antibiotics tested were CV (5 and 2.5 μl), CF (5 and 2.5 μl), and Linezolid (5 and 2.5 μl). The results showed that the radius of the zone of inhibition was consistent for each antibiotic concentration, with a range of 0.8–1.4 mm at both time points. For Lactobacillus, the antibiotics tested were CV (5 and 2.5 μl), CF (5 and 2.5 μl), and Linezolid (5 and 2.5 μl). The results showed that the radius of the zone of inhibition varied between antibiotics and concentrations, with a range of 0.5–1.8 mm at both time points [Figures 1 and 2].

Table 1.

Antibacterial activity

Organism	Concentrations	RZI (24 h)	RZI (48 h)
E. coli	CV 5 μl	1.4 mm	1.4 mm
	CV 2.5 μl	1.3 mm	1.3 mm
	CF 5 μl	1 mm	1 mm
	CF 2.5 μl	0.8 mm	0.8 mm
	Linezolid 2.5 μl	-	-
	Linezolid 5 μl	-	-
Lactobacillus	CV 5 μl	0.7 mm	0.7 mm
	CV 2.5 μl	0.7 mm	0.7 mm
	CF 5 μl	1.8 mm	1.8 mm
	CV 2.5 μl	1.5 mm	1.5 mm
	Linezolid 5 μl	1.5 mm	1.5 mm
	Linezolid 2.5 μl	0.5 mm	0.5 mm

CV-Augmentin (Amox CV), CF-Ceftriaxone - Cephalosporin

Figure 1.

E. Coli two plates, C1 and C2

Figure 2.

Lactobacillus two plates, C1 and C3

DISCUSSION

Although antibiotics are frequently used to treat bacterial illnesses, the advent of germs that are resistant to antibiotics poses a serious threat to public health.[6] This study assessed the antibacterial efficacy of various antibiotics against the microorganisms Lactobacillus and E. coli. The radius of the zone of inhibition, a measurement of how well the antibiotic inhibits bacterial growth, and the antibiotic concentration that was applied are both listed in Table 1. The measurements were made after 24 and 48 h. For E. coli, the antibiotics tested were CV, CF, and Linezolid. The results showed that the radius of the zone of inhibition was consistent for each antibiotic concentration, with a range of 0.8 mm to 1.4 mm at both time points. This is consistent with previous studies that have reported the effectiveness of these antibiotics against E. coli.[7] For Lactobacillus, the antibiotics tested were CV, CF, and Linezolid. The results showed that the radius of the zone of inhibition varied between antibiotics and concentrations, with a range of 0.5–1.8 mm at both time points. This is consistent with previous studies that have reported variations in the susceptibility of Lactobacillus to different antibiotics.[8,9,10] Figures 1 and 2 show the zones of inhibition for E. coli and Lactobacillus, respectively. The data suggest that the effectiveness of the antibiotics against the two organisms differed, with some antibiotics being more effective against E. coli than Lactobacillus and vice versa. Based on the bacteria’s resistance to various antibiotics, these findings emphasize the significance of choosing the right antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial illnesses. In summary, antibiotics can be effective in the treatment of various oral infections, but their use should be judicious and based on appropriate indications. The choice of antibiotic should be based on the type and severity of the infection, and the risk of antibiotic resistance should be considered. It is important for dental practitioners to stay up-to-date with current guidelines and recommendations for the use of antibiotics in oral infections. The study was in vitro in nature and hence has to be conducted in a clinical set-up to corroborate the current study findings.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the results of this study provide important insights into the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics against E. coli and Lactobacillus. The data suggest that the effectiveness of the antibiotics varied depending on the organism and the antibiotic concentration used. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in these organisms and develop new strategies for combating it.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.