Fig. 2.

Effects of dietary betaine on glucose and glycogen metabolism in the liver of mandarin fish. (A) mRNA levels of AMPK and mTOR in the liver; (B) hepatic glycolysis gene expression; (C) hepatic gluconeogenesis gene expression; (D) hepatic glycogen and associated metabolic genes. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6). * indicates significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). gk: glucokinase; pfk: 6-phosphofructokinase; pk: pyruvate kinase; g6pca1: glucose-6-phosphatase; fbp1b: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1b; pepck: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; gsk: glycogen synthase kinase; gp: glycogen phosphorylase.