Abstract
Background
This manuscript is the first contribution of the project, “Matela – uma ilha de biodiversidade” (“Matela - an island of biodiversity”), that aims to restore the native vegetation within the Azorean Protected Area of the Terceira Island Nature Park known as the "Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela" (TER08), situated on Terceira Island, the Azores Archipelago, Portugal. This small fragment of native forest, positioned at a low-medium altitude (300-400 m a.s.l.), is facing some conservation impacts as a consequence of the spread of different invasive exotic plant species, mainly Pittosporumundulatum, Rubusulmifolius and Hedychiumgardnerianum. The database we present encompasses diverse taxonomic groups, including bryophytes, vascular plants, arthropods, birds and mammals. It is derived from intensive sampling campaigns conducted in 2022, but some data from a previous vascular plant survey in 2015 were also included. The objective of this study was to provide an updated inventory of bryophytes, vascular plants, arthropods, birds and mammals within this protected area. In this way we are providing the reference conditions necessary for the monitoring of the impacts of the current ongoing restoration efforts within the project “Matela - an island of biodiversity”. Whenever feasible, the present inventory is juxtaposed with historical data from previous surveys conducted in Matela.
New information
In the realm of bryophytes, our analysis revealed the presence of 75 taxa, comprising 44 mosses and 32 liverworts. Amongst these, 71 were indigenous, while three remained indeterminate and one, Campylopusintroflexus, was identified as invasive. A comparison with previous historical data revealed a decrease in species richness, which was partially counterbalanced by the discovery of 23 new recorded species in the area.
Regarding vascular plants, we distinguished 54 species, comprising 28 indigenous and 26 introduced taxa. Almost 80% of the inventoried species (n = 43) were newly documented in Matela.
The study of arthropods encompassed a total of 103 taxa. Within the realm of soil arthropods, we documented eight indigenous and 25 introduced taxa, witnessing the disappearance of endemic species alongside a substantial increase in introduced ones between 2002 and 2022. Canopy arthropods, totalling 36 indigenous and 18 introduced taxa, exhibited few changes when compared with data from 2002. SLAM traps captured 24 indigenous and 15 introduced arthropod taxa and no historical data are available for comparison.
As for avian species, we noted 12 indigenous birds and one introduced species, confirming the presence of most of the historical recorded native species.
The mammalian census revealed eight introduced species, setting new precedents for Matela, alongside the identification of one endemic species: the Azorean endemic bat Nyctalusazoreum.
Keywords: bryophytes, vascular plants, arthropods, birds, mammals, endemic species, introduced species, historical data, protected areas, Azores
Introduction
The primary threats to biodiversity include biological invasions, climate change and habitat transformation and loss (e.g. Bellard et al. (2022)), all of which with dramatic impacts on native biota and ecosystems, profoundly altering ecological dynamics. The escalating magnitude of these threats has emerged as a paramount concern for scientists and conservation organisations, as highlighted by some seminal works (e.g. Simberloff et al. (2013), Bellard et al. (2016)), particularly on islands (Hanski 2016).
Protected areas play a central role in global commitments to sustainability and biodiversity conservation (Mulongoy and Chape 2004, Gaston et al. 2008). These areas were established to conserve ecosystems of recognised value, encompassing both fauna and flora, including habitats of high rarity and integrity (Mulongoy and Chape 2004, Gaston et al. 2008), harbouring complex communities of native and endemic species, acting as natural buffers against climate change and functioning as genetic reservoirs, fulfilling numerous other roles (e.g. Mulongoy and Chape (2004)). In this sense, several studies have been developed to evaluate the best species distribution models, under current and future climate conditions and to assess the effectiveness of protected areas to represent biodiversity (e.g. Ferreira et al. (2016), Vergílio et al. (2016), Silva et al. (2017), Ferreira et al. (2019)).
There are recommendations from the scientific community and government entities to increase the surface area of protected areas worldwide from 10-12% of the total surface of the planet (Gaston et al. 2008), to close to 50% (Wilson 2016 - Half-Earth Project). For instance, the European Union's Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 aims to transform at least 30% of Europe's land and seas into effectively managed protected areas, complementing the Natura 2000 network areas (European-Commission 2021).
Conserving biodiversity poses distinct challenges in ecologically sensitive regions such as islands (Borges et al. 2018), where endemism rates are high and species often exhibit low abundance or occupy extremely restricted areas. For example, in the Azores Archipelago, native biodiversity is particularly vulnerable to the spread of invasive species (Hortal et al. 2010, Lourenço et al. 2011), habitat fragmentation (Vergílio et al. 2016) or climate change impacts (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016).
Since the 1980s, the Azorean government established protected areas for biodiversity conservation, encompassing terrestrial habitats, coastal zones and mountain areas, as well as a considerable number of protected habitats, such as coastal shrubland, heathlands and Laurissilva forests. The Azores Protected Areas Network includes nine Island Natural Parks (one for each island), with a total of 124 protected areas, comprising 19 Natural Reserves, 11 Natural Monuments, 48 Protected Areas for Habitat or Species Management, 16 Protected Landscape Areas and 30 Protected Areas for Resource Management (Regional-Directorate-for-the-Environment 2020). This accounts for a total of 180,374 hectares of protected areas, equivalent to approximately 21% of the terrestrial area of the Archipelago. Of this, 56,219 hectares are terrestrial, while 124,155 hectares are marine (Regional-Directorate-for-the-Environment 2020).
Specifically, on Terceira Island, the Natural Park currently comprises 20 protected areas, including three Natural Reserves, two Natural Monuments, seven Protected Areas for Habitat or Species Management, one Protected Landscape Area and seven Protected Areas for Resource Management (Regional Legislative Decree No. 11/2011/A; April 20). The protected terrestrial areas cover 8,561.11 hectares, representing 21.37% of the territory (Regional-Directorate-for-the-Environment 2020). In 2011, Matela Forest, located on an ancient lava flow, was designated as a Protected Area for Habitat or Species Management given that its natural values, high biodiversity indices and representation in terms of flora (Regional Legislative Decree No. 11/2011/A; April 20). The vegetation of Matela can be classified as sub-montane forest, usually dominated by Laurusazorica (Azorean Laurel forests) that, in the past, probably covered more than two-thirds of the Azorean islands, from 300 m to 600 a.s.l. (Elias et al. 2016). For example, Matela Forest represents a "hotspot" of species, exhibiting a high specific richness for bryophytes, including globally threatened species, such as the moss Echinodiumrenauldii (Cardot) Broth. (Gabriel 1994) and could serve as a natural refuge to potentially aiding in the recolonisation of neighbouring areas (Gabriel 1994, Lloret and González-Mancebo 2011). On the leaves of laurel trees and fern fronds, it is possible to observe communities of small liverworts, including the species Cololejeuneasintenisii (Steph.) Pócs, equally threatened with extinction according to IUCN Criteria (González Mancebo et al. 2019). In Suppl. material 1, we list 88 species of bryophytes historically recorded for Matela.
For those visiting the area, it is impressive to observe the presence of large specimens of Azores juniper (Juniperusbrevifolia (Hochst. ex Seub.) Antoine subsp. brevifolia), the only endemic gymnosperm species in the Azores and one of the most important in structuring native forests. A preliminary dendrochronological analysis (Elias, unpublished data) suggests that these trees are likely over 150 years old (see Suppl. material 2 for the listing of the 42 species of vascular plants already referenced for Matela).
Based on historical data (2002 sampling - see Pozsgai et al. (2024) - and other sources), it is worth highlighting the presence of a significant number of endemic arthropod species (about 23 species; Suppl. material 3), including eight species of spiders, which represent 60% of the known endemic species on Terceira Island (Canariphantesacoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992); Savigniorrhipisacoreensis Wunderlich, 1992; Emblynaacoreensis Wunderlich, 1992; Gibbaraneaoccidentalis Wunderlich, 1989; Lasaeolaoceanica Simon, 1883; Leucognathaacoreensis Wunderlich, 1992; Pardosaacorensis Simon, 1883; Rugathodesacoreensis Wunderlich, 1992) with the first three being classified as vulnerable by IUCN Criteria. Amongst the beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera), four relatively rare endemic species mentioned in literature stand out, all classified as endangered by IUCN, namely: Athousazoricus Platia & Gudenzi, 2002; Atlantocisgillerforsi Israelson, 1986; Drouetiusborgesiborgesi Machado, 2009; and Pseudechinosomanodosum Hustache, 1936.
Amongst mammals, the endemic bat Nyctalusazoreum (Thomas, 1901) can be observed in Matela, a diurnal insectivorous species considered Vulnerable by the IUCN. Nine species of native birds are reported for the area, including the endemic subspecies of goldcrest, Regulusregulusinermis (Murphy & Chapin, 1929) and the Azores chaffinch, Fringillacoelebsmoreletti (Pucheran, 1859) (see Suppl. material 4).
Unfortunately, in recent years, Matela has been invaded by a high number of introduced species, possibly due to its low-altitude location, proximity to pasturelands and being a small fragment of natural vegetation with a high perimeter/area ratio, intersected by communication routes (Borges et al. 2006). These conditions may have severe consequences at the local scale, as well as for Azorean biodiversity conservation (Borges et al. 2005).
General description
Purpose
The main objectives of this study were: (i) provide an updated inventory of bryophytes, vascular plants, arthropods, birds and mammals within this protected area; ii) when possible, to provide some comparisons with historical data on surveys of Matela.
Project description
Title
Multitaxa Inventory of Matela (Terceira, Azores, Portugal) - Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species.
Personnel
Fieldwork (site selection and experimental setting): Rosalina Gabriel (Bryophytes); Rui B. Elias (Vascular Plants); Paulo A. V. Borges (Arthropods) & Mariana Sousa (Vertebrates).
Fieldwork (authorisation): Azorean Minister of Environment (Lic 46/2022/DRAAC) and Azorean Minister of Science and Technology (CCPI 28/2022/DRCT).
Fieldwork (sample collection): Bryophytes (Mariana Sousa, Bruna Martins & Rosalina Gabriel); Vascular Plants (Mariana Sousa, Joana Romão, Joana Roxo, Bruna Martins & Rui B. Elias); Arthropods (Mariana Sousa & Paulo A.V. Borges); Vertebrates (Mariana Sousa, Bruna Martins & Lucas Lamelas-López).
Parataxonomists: Bryophytes (Mariana Sousa); Vascular Plants (Joana Romão, Joana Roxo & Mariana Sousa); Arthropods (Mariana Sousa & Abrão Leite); Vertebrates (Bruna Martins & Mariana Sousa).
Taxonomist: Rosalina Gabriel (Bryophytes); Rui B. Elias (Vascular Plants); Paulo A. V. Borges (Arthropods) & Mariana Sousa (Vertebrates).
Voucher specimen management: Bryophytes (Mariana Sousa & Rosalina Gabriel); Arthropods (Mariana Sousa & Abrão Leite).
Database management: Mariana Sousa, Rosalina Gabriel, Paulo A. V. Borges & Rui B. Elias.
Darwin Core databases management: Lucas Lamelas-López, Rosalina Gabriel & Paulo A. V. Borges.
Study area description
Matela (Latitude: 38°41'59"N, Longitude: 27°15'40"W) is located at low-medium altitude (300-400 m a.s.l.) inland of Terceira Island (Fig. 1), the third largest island of the Azorean Archipelago (about 400 km2). Matela is included in the Natural Park of Terceira Island and is considered a Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species (Regional Legislative Decree nº 11/2011/A, of 20 April 2011). It has a total area of 220,530 m2 and, although the main habitat comprises natural forests, mainly dominated by Ericaazorica Hochst. ex Seub. or Laurusazorica (Seub.) Franco, it also includes small patches of Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. and Japanese cedar (Cryptomeriajaponica D.Don) plantations and semi-natural pastures (Elias et al. 2016).
Location of Matela (Credit: Enésima Pereira).
Figure 1a.
Location of Azores in North Atlantic.
Figure 1b.
The nine Azorean Islands (COR -Corvo; FLO - Flores; FAI - Faial; PIC - Pico; SJG - São Jorge; GRA - Graciosa; TER -Terceira; SMG - São Miguel; SMR - Santa Maria). Terceira is marked in black.
Figure 1c.
The Island of Terceira with all the protected areas and location of Matela protected area (TER08).
Figure 1d.
The location of Matela with an arrow locating the main sampling area.
Design description
The sampling protocol was carried out in 2022 and it is based on GIMS - A Global Island Monitoring Scheme protocols (Borges et al. 2018) (see more details below).
The historical data were obtained from herbarium and other unpublished data and through a bibliographic revision (from 1970 to date) (see list of main sources in Suppl. material 5). Particularly for the bryophytes, data come from the study of Gabriel and Bates (2005). More detailed data from arthropods sampled in 2020 can be consulted in Pozsgai et al. (2024).
Funding
FCT-UIDB/00329/2020-2024 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00329/2020); Azores DRCT Pluriannual Funding (M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&D/010/2021-2024); Viridia – Conservation In Action Contract “Matela – uma ilha de biodiversidade”.
Sampling methods
Study extent
Most sampling was performed in 2022 on the “Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela”, located on Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal). This area is the unique available small fragment of native forest located at a low-medium altitude (300-400 m a.s.l.). Unfortunately, this small fragment was recently invaded by exotic invasive plant species.
Sampling description
The sampling protocol is based on GIMS - A Global Island Monitoring Scheme protocols (Borges et al. 2018).
For bryophytes, in the summer of 2022, three quadrats of 2 m × 2 m were sampled in three habitats: native forest, grassland and a former eucalyptus plantation; in each quadrat, three samples (microplots) of 10 cm × 5 cm were collected per substrate type, tottaling 71 samples with bryophytes. For vascular plants, inventories were made in 72 sub-plots measuring 5 m × 5 m, in addition to a list of all observed species. Sampling mostly occurred in the autumn of 2022, but some data from a previous vascular plant survey in spring 2015 were also included.
For sampling arthropods, in the summer of 2022, the BALA methodology was used (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2018): 30 pitfall traps were set to sample soil arthropods and the canopy of the dominant tree species (Juniperusbervifolia, Ericaazorica, Laurusazorica, Pittosporumundulatum) was beaten to collect plant-associated arthropods (10 samples per tree species); in addition to this protocol, one flight interception trap (SLAM - Sea, Land, Air, Malaise traps) (Fig. 2) was also used to sample flying arthropods or arthropods with great dispersal capacity. This SLAM trap has been operating since 2019 (see Borges et al. (2022a)), but the sample used for the current study was the sample from the summer of 2022.
Figure 2.
SLAM trap (Sea, Land, Air, Malaise trap) (Credit: Paulo A. V. Borges).
The bird census was carried out at 25 observation points, always between 07:00 and 11:00 am during the summer and autumn 2022, applying the listening point method and other observations. The mammal inventory was carried out using camera traps at 30 sampling points also during the summer and autumn 2022. All the details of the sites can be consulted in the event table in GBIF (Sousa et al. 2024).
Quality control
All collected specimens were identified or revised by a taxonomical expert.
Step description
For Bryophytes, the final validation was made by Rosalina Gabriel. For Vascular Plants, the final validation was made by Rui B. Elias. For arthropods, the final validation was made by Paulo A. V. Borges. For Birds and Mammals, the identification was made by Mariana Sousa.
The nomenclature and colonisation status of species follows the most updated information available in the AZORESBIOPORTAL (https://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/). For arthropods, this information is also available in the last published checklist (Borges et al. 2022b).
Geographic coverage
Description
The study was conducted on the Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela, Terceira Island, Azores, (Portugal).
Coordinates
38.700538 and 38.69533 Latitude; -27.26478 and -2725338 Longitude.
Taxonomic coverage
Description
We have covered several taxonomic groups, namely mosses and liverworts (Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta), vascular plants (Magnoliophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta), arthropods (Arthropoda) and vertebrates (Chordata).
Taxa included
| Rank | Scientific Name | Common Name |
|---|---|---|
| phylum | Bryophyta | Mosses |
| phylum | Marchantiophyta | Liverworts |
| phylum | Lycopodiophyta | Ferns and alies |
| phylum | Pteridophyta | Ferns |
| phylum | Pinophyta | Conifers |
| phylum | Magnoliophyta | Flowering plants |
| phylum | Arthropoda | Arthropods |
| phylum | Chordata | Birds and mammals |
Temporal coverage
Notes
01-07-2015 - 15-11-2022
Collection data
Collection name
AZU_Section Bryophytes; AZU_Section Vascular Plants; Dalberto Teixeira Pombo (Arthropods)
Collection identifier
AZU (Bryophytes and Vascular Plants); DTP (Arthropods)
Specimen preservation method
Dry (Bryophytes and Vascular Plants); Ethanol 96% (Arthropods).
Curatorial unit
Curator: Rosalina Gabriel (Bryophytes); Rui B. Elias (Vascular Plants); Paulo A. V. Borges (Arthropods).
Usage licence
Usage licence
Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)
Data resources
Data package title
Biodiversity inventory of the Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela (Terceira, Azores, Portugal)
Resource link
Alternative identifiers
http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=matela_project; https://www.gbif.org/dataset/30ff08cc-4913-4564-a84c-734b040b9380
Number of data sets
2
Data set 1.
Data set name
Event Table
Data format
Darwin Core Archive format
Character set
UTF-8
Download URL
Data format version
1.5
Description
The dataset was published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (Sousa et al. 2024). The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset that has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 269 records (eventID). This GBIF IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit, Version 2.5.6) archives the data and, thus, serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the Portuguese GBIF Portal IPT (Sousa et al. 2024).
Data set 1.
| Column label | Column description |
|---|---|
| eventID | Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. |
| locationID | Identifier of the location. |
| stateProvince | Name of the region of the sampling site (Azores). |
| islandGroup | Name of archipelago (Azores). |
| island | Name of the island (Terceira). |
| country | Country of the sampling site (Portugal). |
| countryCode | ISO code of the country of the sampling site (PT). |
| municipality | Municipality of the sampling sites (Angra do Heroísmo). |
| minimumElevationInMetres | The lower limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in metres. |
| decimalLongitude | Approximate centre point decimal longitude of the field site in GPS coordinates. |
| decimalLatitude | Approximate centre point decimal latitude of the field site in GPS coordinates. |
| geodeticDatum | The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS), upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. |
| coordinateUncertaintyInMetres | Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot. |
| coordinatePrecision | Precision of the coordinates. |
| georeferenceSources | A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources. |
| locality | Name of the locality. |
| habitat | The habitat of the sample. |
| day | Day of the event. |
| month | Month of the event. |
| year | Year of the event. |
| eventDate | Date or date range the record was collected. |
| sampleSizeValue | The numeric amount of time spent in each sampling. |
| sampleSizeUnit | The unit of the sample size value. |
| verbatimEventDate | The verbatim original representation of the date and time information for an Event. In this case, we use the season and year. |
| samplingProtocol | The sampling protocol used to capture the species. |
Data set 2.
Data set name
Occurrence Table
Data format
Darwin Core Archive format
Character set
UTF-8
Download URL
Data format version
1.5
Description
The dataset was published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (Sousa et al. 2024). The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as an occurrence table that has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 1801 records (occurrenceID). This GBIF IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit, Version 2.5.6) archives the data and, thus, serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the Portuguese GBIF Portal IPT (Sousa et al. 2024).
Data set 2.
| Column label | Column description |
|---|---|
| eventID | Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. |
| type | Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard. |
| licence | Reference to the licence under which the record is published. |
| institutionID | The identity of the institution publishing the data. |
| collectionID | The identity of the collection publishing the data. |
| institutionCode | The code of the institution publishing the data. |
| collectionCode | The code of the collection where the specimens are conserved. |
| basisOfRecord | The nature of the data record. |
| occurrenceID | Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier. |
| organismQuantity | A number or enumeration value for the quantity of organisms. |
| organismQuantityType | The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms. For bryophytes, we used the Braun Blanquet Scale. |
| sex | The sex and quantity of the individuals captured. |
| lifeStage | The life stage of the organisms captured. |
| establishmentMeans | The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: 'native', 'introduced', 'endemic', "indeterminate". |
| dynamicProperties | Additional information about the process of the establishment of the species. |
| recordedBy | A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who performed the sampling in the field. |
| identifiedBy | A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who assigned the Taxon to the subject. |
| dateIdentified | The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon. |
| kingdom | Kingdom name. |
| phylum | Phylum name. |
| class | Class name. |
| order | Order name. |
| family | Family name. |
| genus | Genus name. |
| scientificName | Species name. |
| specificEpithet | Specific epithet. |
| infraspecificEpithet | Infraspecific epithet. |
| scientificNameAuthorship | Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record. |
| taxonRank | Lowest taxonomic rank of the record. |
| identificationRemarks | Information about arthropod morphospecies identification (code in Dalberto Teixeira Pombo Collection). |
Additional information
Results
Overall two kindgoms, six phyla, 14 classes, 58 orders and 254 taxa are listed. A total of 46 species are endemic distributed as follows: bryophytes - 4; vascular plants - 15; arthropods - 17; vertebrates - 10.
In the community of bryophytes, we recorded a total of 75 taxa, comprising 43 mosses and 32 liverworts. Amongst these, 71 were indigenous, while three remained indeterminate and one, Campylopusintroflexus, was identified as invasive (Table 1). The most frenquent species in the plots were the liverworts Frullaniaacicularis Hentschel & von Konrat (n = 26) and Heteroscyphusdenticulatus (Mitt.) Schiffn. (n = 26). A temporal comparison with previous data (Suppl. material 1) unveiled a decrease in richness, offset by the addition of 23 new species to the area.
Table 1.
Inventory of bryophytes collected in 2022 on the Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela, (Natural Park of Terceira Island, Azores), including taxonomical information (Phylum, Class, Order and Species names), colonisation status (C.S.) (END - endemic from Azores; NAT - native non-endemic; INT - introduced species; IND - indeterminate origin) and number of plots where the species occurs (Plots). (Note: In the Occurrence Table, we used the Braun Blanquet Scale to determine the species abundance).
| Phylum | Class | Order | Species | C.S. | Plots |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Bryales | Bryumruderale Crundw. & Nyholm | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Bryales | Ptychostomumbornholmense (Wink. & R.Ruthe) Holyoak & N.Pedersen | IND | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Bryales | Plagiomniumundulatum (Hedw.) T.J.Kop. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Dicranumflagellare Hedw. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Dicranumscottianum Turner | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Ceratodonpurpureus (Hedw.) Brid. subsp. purpureus | NAT | 2 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Fissidensasplenioides Hedw. | NAT | 5 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Fissidensserrulatus Brid. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Fissidenstaxifolius Hedw. | NAT | 4 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Campylopusflexuosus (Hedw.) Brid. | NAT | 17 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Campylopusintroflexus (Hedw.) Brid. | INT | 3 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Campylopuspilifer Brid. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Campylopuspyriformis (Schultz) Brid. | NAT | 4 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Leucobryumglaucum (Hedw.) Ångstr. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Dicranales | Leucobryumjuniperoideum (Brid.) Müll.Hal. | NAT | 12 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Grimmiales | Grimmialisae De Not. | NAT | 6 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Grimmiales | Ptychomitriumnigrescens (Kunze) Wijk & Margad. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Grimmiales | Ptychomitriumpolyphyllum (Dicks. ex Sw.) Bruch & Schimp. | NAT | 3 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hookeriales | Tetrastichiumvirens (Cardot) S.P.Churchill | NAT | 11 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Isotheciumprolixum (Mitt.) M.Stech, Sim-Sim, Tangney & D.Quandt | NAT | 12 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Pseudotaxiphyllumlaetevirens (Dixon & Luisier ex F.Koppe & Düll) Hedenäs | NAT | 2 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Brachytheciastrumvelutinum (Hedw.) Ignatov & Huttunen | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Brachythecium sp. | IND | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Brachytheciumrutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Brachytheciumsalebrosum (Hoffm. ex F.Weber & D.Mohr) Schimp. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Kindbergiapraelonga (Hedw.) Ochyra | NAT | 20 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Pseudoscleropodiumpurum (Hedw.) M.Fleisch. | NAT | 5 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Rhynchostegiellaazorica Hedenäs & Vanderp. | END | 2 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Rhynchostegiumconfertum (Dicks.) Schimp. | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Sciuro-hypnum populeum (Hedw.) Ignatov & Huttunen | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Echinodiumrenauldii (Cardot) Broth. | END | 2 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | HypnumcupressiformeHedw.varcupressiforme | NAT | 18 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Hypnumuncinulatum Jur. | NAT | 18 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Heterocladiumflaccidum (Schimp.) A.J.E.Sm. | NAT | 7 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Andoaberthelotiana (Mont.) Ochyra | NAT | 13 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Myuriumhochstetteri (Schimp.) Kindb. | NAT | 2 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Exsertothecaintermedia (Brid.) S.Olsson, Enroth & D.Quandt | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Thamnobryumalopecurum (Hedw.) Gangulee | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Thamnobryummaderense (Kindb.) Hedenäs | NAT | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Thamnobryumrudolphianum Mastracci | END | 1 |
| Bryophyta | Bryopsida | Hypnales | Thuidiumtamariscinum (Hedw.) Schimp. | NAT | 10 |
| Bryophyta | Polytrichopsida | Polytrichales | Atrichumundulatum (Hedw.) P.Beauv. | NAT | 3 |
| Bryophyta | Polytrichopsida | Polytrichales | Polytrichumcommune Hedw. | NAT | 2 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Fuscocephaloziopsiscrassifolia (Lindenb. & Gottsche) Váňa & L.Söderstr. | NAT | 1 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Odontoschismasphagni (Dicks.) Dumort. | NAT | 4 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Geocalyxgraveolens (Schrad.) Nees | NAT | 1 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Telaraneaeuropaea J.J.Engel & G.L.Merr. | NAT | 4 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Heteroscyphusdenticulatus (Mitt.) Schiffn. | NAT | 26 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Lophocolea sp. | IND | 2 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Lophocoleafragrans (Moris & De Not.) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees | NAT | 8 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Lophocoleaheterophylla (Schrad.) Dumort. | NAT | 2 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Plagiochilabifaria (Sw.) Lindenb. | NAT | 3 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Plagiochilaexigua (Taylor) Taylor | NAT | 3 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Saccogynaviticulosa (L.) Dumort. | NAT | 21 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Scapaniagracilis Lindb. | NAT | 3 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniales | Scapanianemorea (L.) Grolle | NAT | 6 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Jungermanniopsida | Acrobolbusazoricus (Grolle & Perss.) Briscoe | END | 3 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Metzgeriales | Metzgeriafurcata (L.) Corda | NAT | 1 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Frullaniaacicularis Hentschel & von Konrat | NAT | 26 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Frullaniamicrophylla (Gottsche) Pearson | NAT | 7 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Frullaniateneriffae (F.Weber) Nees | NAT | 1 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Cololejeuneasintenisii (Steph.) Pócs | NAT | 6 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Harpalejeuneamolleri (Steph.) Grolle | NAT | 8 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Lejeuneacavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb. | NAT | 8 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Lejeuneaeckloniana Lindenb. | NAT | 5 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Lejeuneaflavasubsp.moorei (Lindb.) R.M.Schust. | NAT | 1 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Lejeuneahibernica Bischl., H.A.Mill. & Bonner ex Grolle | NAT | 1 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Lejeunealamacerina (Steph.) Schiffn. | NAT | 18 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Lejeuneapatens Lindb. | NAT | 1 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Marchesiniamackaii (Hook.) Gray | NAT | 9 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Myriocoleopsisminutissima (Sm.) R.L.Zhu, Y.Yu & Pócs | NAT | 1 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Porellacanariensis (F.Weber) Underw. | NAT | 2 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Porellaobtusata (Taylor) Trevis. | NAT | 3 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Radulacarringtonii J.B.Jack | NAT | 11 |
| Marchantiophyta | Jungermanniopsida | Porellales | Radulawichurae Steph. | NAT | 3 |
Concerning vascular plants, we identified 54 species, with 28 being indigenous and 26 introduced (Table 2). The most frequent species in plots were the endemic fern Dryopterisazorica (Christ) Alston (n = 64) and the endemic tree Laurusazorica (Seub.) Franco (n = 63). However, several exotic invasive species are also very frequent, namely Pittosporumundulatum Vent. (n = 54), Rubusulmifolius Schott (n = 49) and Hedychiumgardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker-Gawl. (n = 43). Of the 54, a remarkable 43 were newly recorded for Matela (see historical records in Suppl. material 2).
Table 2.
Inventory of vascular plants collected between 2015 and 2022, on the Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela, (Natural Park of Terceira Island, Azores), including taxonomical information (Kindgom, Phylum, Class, Order and Species names), colonisation status (END - endemic from Azores; NAT - native non-endemic; INT - introduced species; IND - indeterminate origin) and number of plots where the species occurs (Plots). (Note: In the Occurrence Table, we used the Braun Blanquet Scale to determine the species abundance).
| Phylum | Class | Order | Species | C.E. | N |
| Lycopodiophyta | Selaginellopsida | Selaginellales | Selaginellakraussiana (Kunze) A.Braun | NAT | 28 |
| Magnoliophyta | Liliopsida | Alismatales | Zantedeschiaaethiopica Spreng. | INT | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Liliopsida | Asparagales | Ruscusaculeatus L. | INT | 9 |
| Magnoliophyta | Liliopsida | Liliales | Smilaxaspera L. | INT | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Liliopsida | Zingiberales | Hedychiumgardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker-Gawl. | INT | 43 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Apiales | Hederaazorica Carrière | END | 6 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Apiales | Pittosporumundulatum Vent. | INT | 54 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Aquifoliales | Ilexazorica Gand. | END | 3 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Asterales | Erigeroncanadensis L. | INT | 3 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Asterales | Roldanapetasitis (Sims) H.Rob. & Brettell | INT | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Caryophyllales | Persicariacapitata (Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don) H.Gross | INT | 4 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Caryophyllales | Phytolaccaamericana L. | INT | 4 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Ericales | Callunavulgaris (L.) Hull | NAT | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Ericales | Ericaazorica Hochst. ex Seub. | END | 46 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Ericales | Lysimachiaarvensis(L.)U.Manns & Anderb.subsp.arvensis | INT | 2 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Ericales | Lysimachiaazorica Hornem. ex Hook. | END | 30 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Ericales | Myrsineretusa Aiton | END | 5 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Ericales | Vacciniumcylindraceum Sm. | END | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Fabales | Lotuspedunculatus Cav. | INT | 2 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Fabales | Morellafaya (Aiton) Wilbur | NAT | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Fabales | Quercusrobur L. | INT | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Fabales | Trifoliumrepens L. | INT | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Gentianales | Rubiaagostinhoi Dansereau & P.Silva | END | 2 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Gentianales | Vincadifformis Pourr. | INT | 2 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Lamiales | Digitalispurpurea L. | INT | 4 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Lamiales | Hallerialucida L. | INT | 12 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Lamiales | Marrubiumvulgare L. | INT | 2 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Lamiales | Menthasuaveolens Ehrh. | INT | 5 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Lamiales | Picconiaazorica (Tutin) Knobl. | END | 9 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Lamiales | Plantagolanceolata L. | INT | 2 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Laurales | Laurusazorica (Seub.) Franco | END | 63 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Myrtales | Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. | INT | 4 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Myrtales | Psidiumcattleyanum Sabine | INT | 1 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Rosales | Fragariavesca L. | NAT | 3 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Rosales | Frangulaazorica Grubov | END | 4 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Rosales | Rubusulmifolius Schott | INT | 49 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Saxifragales | Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy | NAT | 4 |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Solanales | Solanummauritianum Scop. | INT | 2 |
| Pinophyta | Pinopsida | Pinales | Cryptomeriajaponica D.Don | INT | 6 |
| Pinophyta | Pinopsida | Pinales | Juniperusbrevifolia(Hochst. ex Seub.)Antoinesubsp.brevifolia | END | 2 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Cyatheales | Sphaeropteriscooperi (F. Muell.) R.M.Tryon | INT | 4 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Hymenophyllales | Hymenophyllumtunbrigense (L.) Sm. | NAT | 11 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Hymenophyllales | Vandenboschiaspeciosa (Willd.) G.Kunkel | NAT | 1 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Aspleniumazoricum (Milde) Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst. | END | 7 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Aspleniumscolopendrium L. | NAT | 25 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Doodiacaudata (Cav.) R.Br. | INT | 2 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Dryopterisaemula (Aiton) Kuntze | NAT | 14 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Dryopterisaffinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk. | NAT | 10 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Dryopterisazorica (Christ) Alston | END | 64 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Dryopteriscrispifolia Rasbach, Reichst. & Vida | END | 2 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Polypodiummacaronesicumsubsp.azoricum (Vasc.) Rumsey, Carine & Robba | END | 16 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Pteridiumaquilinum (L.) Kuhn | NAT | 23 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Pterisincompleta Cav. | NAT | 11 |
| Pteridophyta | Polypodiopsida | Polypodiales | Struthiopterisspicant (L.) Weis | NAT | 6 |
The study of arthropods encompassed a total of 103 taxa (Table 3). The most abundant species were the introduced Stelidotageminata (Say, 1825) (Insecta, Coleoptera; n = 935) and the native Lasiusgrandis Forel, 1909 (Insecta, Hymenoptera; n = 263). Within the community of soil arthropods, we documented eight indigenous and 25 introduced taxa, witnessing the disappearance of endemic species alongside a substantial increase in introduced ones between 2002 and 2022 (see Suppl. material 3). Canopy arthropods, totalling 36 indigenous and 18 introduced taxa, exhibited a similar trend in the increase of introduced species but not in the loss of endemic species. SLAM traps captured 24 indigenous and 15 introduced arthropod taxa.
Table 3.
Arthropod inventory collected in 2022, on the Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela, (Natural Park of Terceira Island, Azores), including taxonomical information (Kindgom, Phylum, Class, Order and Species names), colonisation status (C.S.) (END - endemic from Azores; NAT - native non-endemic; INT - introduced species; IND - indeterminate origin) and overall abundance data (N) (Note: only taxa identified at species level are included).
| Phylum | Class | Order | Species | C.S. | N |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Cheiracanthiumerraticum (Walckenaer, 1802) | INT | 58 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Clubionaterrestris Westring, 1851 | INT | 4 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Cryptachaeablattea (Urquhart, 1886) | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Dysderacrocata C.L.Koch, 1838 | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Emblynaacoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 | END | 65 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Entelecaraschmitzi Kulczynski, 1905 | NAT | 6 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Erigoneatra Blackwall, 1833 | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gibbaraneaoccidentalis Wunderlich, 1989 | END | 18 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lathysdentichelis (Simon, 1883) | NAT | 177 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Leucognathaacoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 | END | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Macaroeriscata (Blackwall, 1867) | NAT | 32 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Macaroerisdiligens (Blackwall, 1867) | NAT | 13 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Mangoraacalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Metellinamerianae (Scopoli, 1763) | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Nigmapuella (Simon, 1870) | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Palliduphantesschmitzi (Kulczynski, 1899) | NAT | 50 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Pelecopsisparallela (Wider, 1834) | INT | 18 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Porrhoclubionadecora (Blackwall, 1859) | NAT | 61 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Rugathodesacoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 | END | 3 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Savigniorrhipisacoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 | END | 17 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Steatodanobilis (Thorell, 1875) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Tenuiphantesmiguelensis (Wunderlich, 1992) | NAT | 5 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Tenuiphantestenuis (Blackwall, 1852) | INT | 29 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Theridionmusivivum Schmidt, 1956 | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Xysticuscor Canestrini, 1873 | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Zygiellax-notata (Clerck, 1757) | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Opiliones | Homalenotuscoriaceus (Simon, 1879) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Opiliones | Leiobunumblackwalli Meade, 1861 | NAT | 41 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Pseudoscorpiones | Chthoniusischnocheles (Hermann, 1804) | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Arachnida | Pseudoscorpiones | Ephippiochthoniustetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Chilopoda | Lithobiomorpha | Lithobiuspilicornispilicornis Newport, 1844 | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Diplopoda | Julida | Blaniulusguttulatus (Fabricius, 1798) | INT | 161 |
| Arthropoda | Diplopoda | Julida | Brachyiuluspusillus (Leach, 1814) | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Diplopoda | Julida | Cylindroiulus propinquus (Porat, 1870) | INT | 15 |
| Arthropoda | Diplopoda | Julida | Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais, 1847) | INT | 79 |
| Arthropoda | Diplopoda | Julida | Ommatoiulusmoreleti (Lucas, 1860) | INT | 7 |
| Arthropoda | Diplopoda | Polydesmida | Oxidusgracilis (C.L. Koch, 1847) | INT | 260 |
| Arthropoda | Diplopoda | Polydesmida | Polydesmuscoriaceus Porat, 1870 | INT | 94 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Archaeognatha | Diltasaxicola (Womersley, 1930) | NAT | 4 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Blattodea | Zethasimonyi (Krauss, 1892) | NAT | 71 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Aleocharabipustulata (Linnaeus, 1760) | IND | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Anaspisproteus Wollaston, 1854 | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Anotylusnitidifrons (Wollaston, 1871) | IND | 11 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Athetaaeneicollis (Sharp, 1869) | IND | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Brachypeplusmauli Gardner & Classey, 1962 | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Calacallessubcarinatus (Israelson, 1984) | END | 3 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Catopscoracinus Kellner, 1846 | NAT | 4 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Cercyonhaemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1775) | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Coccotrypescarpophagus (Hornung, 1842) | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Cryptamorphadesjardinsii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) | INT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Dryopsalgiricus (Lucas, 1846) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Epitrixhirtipennis (Melsheimer, 1847) | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Epuraeabiguttata (Thunberg, 1784) | INT | 4 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Longitarsuskutscherai (Rye, 1872) | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Ocypusaethiops (Waltl, 1835) | IND | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Ocysharpaloides (Audinet-Serville, 1821) | NAT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Phenolialimbatatibialis (Boheman, 1851) | INT | 5 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Phloeonomuspunctipennis C.G.Thomson, 1867 | IND | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Popilliajaponica Newman, 1838 | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Pseudophloeophagustenaxborgesi Stüben, 2022 | END | 31 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Rugilusorbiculatus (Paykull, 1789) | IND | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Sericoderuslateralis (Gyllenhal, 1827) | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Stelidotageminata (Say, 1825) | INT | 935 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Coleoptera | Tachyporusnitidulus (Fabricius, 1781) | IND | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Dermaptera | Forficulaauricularia Linnaeus, 1758 | INT | 3 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Campyloneuravirgula (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Cinarajuniperi (De Geer, 1773) | NAT | 7 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Cixiusazoterceirae Remane & Asche, 1979 | END | 23 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Cyphopterumadcendens (Herrich-Schäffer, 1835) | NAT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Kleidocerysericae (Horváth, 1909) | NAT | 9 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Megamelodesquadrimaculatus (Signoret, 1865) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Piezodoruslituratus (Fabricius, 1794) | NAT | 6 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Pinalitusoromii J. Ribes, 1992 | END | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Saldulapalustris (Douglas, 1874) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Siphantaacuta (Walker, 1851) | INT | 3 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Strophingiaharteni Hodkinson, 1981 | END | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hemiptera | Triozalaurisilvae Hodkinson, 1990 | NAT | 9 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hymenoptera | Bombusterrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) | NAT | 2 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hymenoptera | Lasiusgrandis Forel, 1909 | NAT | 263 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Hymenoptera | Tetramoriumcaldarium (Roger, 1857) | INT | 7 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Argyresthiaatlanticella Rebel, 1940 | END | 26 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Ascotisfortunataazorica Pinker, 1971 | END | 4 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Autographagamma (Linnaeus, 1758) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Cyclophoraazorensis (Prout, 1920) | END | 20 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Scopariacoecimaculalis Warren, 1905 | END | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Neuroptera | Hemerobiusazoricus Tjeder, 1948 | END | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Phasmida | Carausiusmorosus (Sinéty, 1901) | INT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Psocodea | Atlantopsocusadustus (Hagen, 1865) | NAT | 5 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Psocodea | Ectopsocusbriggsi McLachlan, 1899 | INT | 17 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Psocodea | Ectopsocusstrauchi Enderlein, 1906 | NAT | 6 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Psocodea | Elipsocusazoricus Meinander, 1975 | END | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Psocodea | Elipsocusbrincki Badonnel, 1963 | END | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Psocodea | Trichopsocusclarus (Banks, 1908) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Psocodea | Valenzuelaflavidus (Stephens, 1836) | NAT | 1 |
| Arthropoda | Insecta | Thysanoptera | Heliothripshaemorrhoidalis (Bouché, 1833) | INT | 5 |
In relation to Chordata, avian species totalled 12 indigenous and one introduced bird, indicating an inrease in the overall taxa count for the area (Table 4 and Suppl. material 4). The most abundant bird species were the endemic Passeriformes Turdusmerulaazorensis Hartert, E, 1905 (n = 134) and Fringillacoelebsmoreletti Pucheran, 1859 (n = 128). Finally, the mammalian species included eight introduced species, marking new records for Matela, the most abundant being Rattusrattus (Linnaeus, 1758) (n = 223) and one endemic species, the Azorean endemic bat Nyctalusazoreum (n = 3).
Table 4.
Inventory of birds and mammals collected in 2022 on the Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela, (Natural Park of Terceira Island, Azores), including taxonomical information (Kindgom, Phylum, Class, Order and Species names), colonisation status (C.S.) (END - endemic from Azores; NAT - native non-endemic; INT - introduced species; IND - indeterminate origin) and overall abundance data (N).
| Phylum | Class | Order | Species | C.S. | N |
| Chordata | Aves | Accipitriformes | Buteobuteorothschildi Swann, 1919 | END | 6 |
| Chordata | Aves | Charadriiformes | Larusmichahellisatlantis Dwight, 1922 | END | 4 |
| Chordata | Aves | Columbiformes | Columbapalumbusazorica Hartert, E, 1905 | END | 92 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Erithacusrubecula (Linnaeus, 1758) | NAT | 17 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Fringillacoelebsmoreletti Pucheran, 1859 | END | 128 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Motacillacinereapatriciae Vaurie, 1957 | END | 24 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Oenantheoenantheleucorhoa (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | NAT | 19 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Passerdomesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) | INT | 16 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Regulusregulusinermis Murphy & Chapin, 1929 | END | 6 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Serinuscanaria (Linnaeus, 1758) | NAT | 13 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Sturnusvulgarisgranti Hartert, E, 1903 | END | 12 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Sylviaatricapillagularis Alexander, 1898 | END | 14 |
| Chordata | Aves | Passeriformes | Turdusmerulaazorensis Hartert, E, 1905 | END | 134 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Artiodactyla | Bostaurus Linnaeus, 1758 | INT | 2 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Canislupusfamiliaris (Linnaeus, 1758) | INT | 4 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Feliscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | INT | 1 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Mustelafuro Linnaeus, 1758 | INT | 3 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Carnivora | Mustelanivalis Linnaeus, 1766 | INT | 15 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Chiroptera | Nyctalusazoreum (Thomas, 1901) | END | 3 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Lagomorpha | Oryctolaguscunniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) | INT | 6 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Rodentia | Musmusculus Linnaeus, 1758 | INT | 32 |
| Chordata | Mammalia | Rodentia | Rattusrattus (Linnaeus, 1758) | INT | 223 |
Despite Matela harbouring numerous native and endemic species, thereby maintaining a highly notable natural heritage, it has recently fallen object to the invasion of introduced exotic species, some of them also invasive. Of high concern is the spread of Pittosporumundulatum Vent. (n = 54), Rubusulmifolius Schott (n = 49) and Hedychiumgardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker-Gawl.
The number of recorded species has substantially increased across almost all groups for which historical data allow comparisons. However, we were not able to confirm the presence of some epigean endemic arthropods that were sampled in 2002, namely three spider species (Canariphantesacoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992); Lasaeolaoceanica Simon, 1883; Pardosaacorensis Simon, 1883) and several beetle species, namely Athousazoricus Platia & Gudenzi, 2002; Atlantocisgillerforsi Israelson, 1986; Drouetiusborgesiborgesi Machado, 2009; and Pseudechinosomanodosum Hustache, 1936.
The genuine impact of the exotic potentially invasive species on native communities remains not fully clarified; nevertheless, the imperative to address this pressing issue for nature conservation in the Azores is unequivocal. Within the project “Matela – uma ilha de biodiversidade” (“Matela - an island of biodiversity”), we aim to contribute to the restoration of this important fragment of native forest and we will maintain the monitoring of the several taxonomic groups during the next years using the same protocols.
Supplementary Material
List of bryophytes historically documented in Matela (Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta and Anthocerotophyta)
Mariana Sousa & Rosalina Gabriel
Data type
Occurrences
Brief description
Detailed list of bryophytes found in Matela, based on a revision of historical literature, including grey literature.
File: oo_1005698.docx
List of Vascular Plants historically recorded in Matela (Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta)
Mariana Sousa & Rui Bento Elias
Data type
Occurrences
Brief description
Detailed list of vascular plants found in Matela, based on a revision of historical literature, including grey literature.
File: oo_1005700.docx
List of arthropods historically documented in Matela (Arthropoda)
Mariana Sousa & Paulo A.V. Borges
Data type
Occurrences
Brief description
Detailed list of arthropods found in Matela, based on a revision of historical literature, including grey literature.
File: oo_1005706.docx
List of vertebrates historically documented in Matela
Mariana Sousa
Data type
Occurrence
Brief description
Detailed list of vertebrate found in Matela, based on a revision of historical literature, including grey literature.
File: oo_1005707.docx
List of historical literature sources mentioning Matela
Mariana Sousa
Data type
Literature list
Brief description
List of historical literature sources mentioning Matela and that include species records.
File: oo_1005711.docx
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the project MATELA - Uma Ilha de Biodiversidade funded by VIRIDIA. LLL is funded by the project FCT-UIDP/00329/2020-2024. PAVB, RBE and RG were also funded by the projects Azores DRCT Pluriannual Funding (M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&D/010/2021-2024) and FCT-UIDB/00329/2020-2024 (DOI 10.54499/UIDB/00329/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00329/2020), Thematic Line 1 – integrated ecological assessment of environmental change on biodiversity).
Funding Statement
This study was supported by the project MATELA - Uma Ilha de Biodiversidade funded by VIRIDIA. S.L. is funded by the Azorean Government Ph.D. grant numbers M3.1.a/F/012/2022. LLL is funded by the project FCT-UIDP/00329/2020-2024. PAVB was also supported by the projects Azores DRCT Pluriannual Funding (M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&D/010/2021-2024) and FCT-UIDB/00329/2020-2024 (DOI 10.54499/UIDB/00329/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00329/2020), Thematic Line 1 – integrated ecological assessment of environmental change on biodiversity).
Author contributions
MAS: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation; Darwin Core dataset preparation; Formal analysis and interpretation; Manuscript writing.
LLL: Darwin Core dataset preparation; Manuscript writing.
RBE: Conceptualisation; Methodology; Research (fieldwork).
RG: Conceptualisation; Methodology; Research (field and laboratory work); Resources.
PAVB: Conceptualisation; Methodology; Research (field and laboratory work); Resources; Darwin Core dataset revision, GBIF IPT management.
All the authors participated in data interpretation and manuscript revision.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
List of bryophytes historically documented in Matela (Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta and Anthocerotophyta)
Mariana Sousa & Rosalina Gabriel
Data type
Occurrences
Brief description
Detailed list of bryophytes found in Matela, based on a revision of historical literature, including grey literature.
File: oo_1005698.docx
List of Vascular Plants historically recorded in Matela (Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta)
Mariana Sousa & Rui Bento Elias
Data type
Occurrences
Brief description
Detailed list of vascular plants found in Matela, based on a revision of historical literature, including grey literature.
File: oo_1005700.docx
List of arthropods historically documented in Matela (Arthropoda)
Mariana Sousa & Paulo A.V. Borges
Data type
Occurrences
Brief description
Detailed list of arthropods found in Matela, based on a revision of historical literature, including grey literature.
File: oo_1005706.docx
List of vertebrates historically documented in Matela
Mariana Sousa
Data type
Occurrence
Brief description
Detailed list of vertebrate found in Matela, based on a revision of historical literature, including grey literature.
File: oo_1005707.docx
List of historical literature sources mentioning Matela
Mariana Sousa
Data type
Literature list
Brief description
List of historical literature sources mentioning Matela and that include species records.
File: oo_1005711.docx