Skip to main content
NCBI home page
ERJ Open Research logoLink to ERJ Open Research
. 2024 Apr 22;10(2):00886-2023. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00886-2023

ERS International Congress 2023: highlights from the Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly

Clara Bianquis 1, Sebastian Leiva Agüero 2, Chloé Cantero 3, Alejandro Golfe Bonmatí 4, Jessica González 5,6, Xinxin Hu 7,8, Thomas Lacoste-Palasset 9,10, Alana Livesey 11, Raquel Guillamat Prats 12, Grgur Salai 13, Dominic L Sykes 14, Sile Toland 15, Cristiano van Zeller 16, Pedro Viegas 17, Ana Luisa Vieira 18, Stavroula Zaneli 19, Christian Karagiannidis 20, Christoph Fisser 21,✉
PMCID: PMC11033729  PMID: 38651090

Abstract

Early career members of Assembly 2 (Respiratory Intensive Care) attended the 2023 European Respiratory Society International Congress in Milan, Italy. The conference covered acute and chronic respiratory failure. Sessions of interest to our assembly members and to those interested in respiratory critical care are summarised in this article and include the latest updates in respiratory intensive care, in particular acute respiratory distress syndrome and mechanical ventilation.

Shareable abstract

The latest updates in respiratory intensive care, in particular ARDS and mechanical ventilation, presented at #ERSCongress 2023 in Milan, are summarised by the early career members of @ERSAssembly2 (Respiratory Intensive Care) https://bit.ly/3GvBzFy

Introduction

Respiratory failure is the principal cause of intensive care admission and leads to chronic impairment. Early career members of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) Assembly 2 (Respiratory Intensive Care) here summarise the latest updates in respiratory intensive care that were presented by international experts at the ERS International Congress 2023 in Milan, Italy.

This work builds on information provided during the ERS Congress 2022 [1] and from the Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation Conference 2022 [2].

The sessions covered advances in mechanical ventilation, addressing the place of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and positive airway pressure both in acute and chronic respiratory care. Also discussed were updates from the Global Consensus Conference on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a summary of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recommendations on the management of complex pleural diseases and factors linked to the quality of survival after intensive care unit (ICU) admissions for ARDS.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome: update and future treatment

L. Ware (Nashville, TN, USA) presented the new proposed global definition of ARDS, focusing on different criteria and limitations on the Berlin definition [3], adding some minor modifications. The new definition of ARDS includes patients who require high-flow nasal oxygen at >30 L·min−1 and using peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2)/inspiratory oxygen fraction (FIO2) as a noninvasive alternative to arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)/FIO2 for the oxygenation criteria [4, 5]. The global expert committee recommended the use of ultrasound as an alternative to radiographic imaging for diagnosing alveolar infiltrates [6].

C. Karagiannidis (Cologne, Germany) presented the new European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines for ARDS and focused on nonpharmaceutical treatments of ARDS (figure 1). Future randomised trials are needed to assess whether noninvasive respiratory support techniques (i.e. HFNC, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or NIV) reduce mortality or intubation rate [7]. NIV should be carefully applied in ARDS patients because it can lead to patient self-inflicted lung injury [8]. High-pressure lung recruitment manoeuvres are currently not recommended in ARDS patients [9–12].

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Open in a new tab

Figure summarising the changes in the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine recommendations concerning the clinical definition and therapeutic management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The left-hand column shows the 2017 recommendations and the right-hand column the changes established or not in 2023, with the additions concerning the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. HFNC: high-flow nasal cannula; SpO2: peripheral oxygen saturation; FIO2: inspiratory oxygen fraction; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ECCO2R: extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal.

D. McAuley (Belfast, UK) highlighted the importance of identifying the two main phenotypes in ARDS, i.e. hyper-inflammatory (high interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1) or hypo-inflammatory (low bicarbonate, protein C and systolic blood pressure), in order to personalise medical treatments in critical care [13, 14]. According to a retrospective analysis, hyper-inflammatory phenotypes may benefit from simvastatin administration [15].

L. Heunks (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) concluded the session by presenting the WEAN-SAFE study [16]. The 90-day mortality rate was nearly 30% in patients who received mechanical ventilation for at least 2 days. The modifiable factors for weaning success were the level of sedation and the delay in weaning initiation.

Take-home messages

  • The Global Consensus Conference on ARDS recommended an update to the Berlin definition criteria by adding ultrasound, SpO2/FIO2 ratio and the use of high-flow nasal oxygen in the diagnosis of ARDS patients.

  • Future studies focusing on sub-phenotypes among ARDS patients are needed to develop individual-targeted treatments.

  • Weaning success rates may be improved by optimising the sedation levels and avoiding weaning delay.

Noninvasive and invasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory diseases

M. Witzenrath (Berlin, Germany) discussed therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction in ventilator-induced lung injury. Adrenomedullin reduced endothelial permeability in mice models [17] and adrenomedullin-targeting antibody (Adrecizumab) has been tested in phase 2a trials [18]. New therapies targeting C5a and vilobelimab reduced endothelial dysfunction in mice models and improved outcomes in ventilated COVID-19 patients, respectively [19]. The roles of Tie-2 [20], transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) [21] and basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like 1 (B-MAL) [22] in developing ventilator-induced lung injury have been explored in vivo and are future potential therapeutic targets.

L. Piquilloud (Lausanne, Switzerland) provided an evidence-based medicine update for ARDS. New recommendations by expert consensus suggested broadening the ARDS diagnostic criteria to include non-intubated patients, lung ultrasound findings and modified criteria for resource-variable settings [4]. The updated European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines recommended the use of controlled tidal volumes (4–8 mL·kg−1) and prone positioning but recommended against routine use of neuromuscular blockers [7].

C. Karagiannidis (Cologne, Germany) specified that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) should be managed in experienced centres using the EOLIA (ECMO to Rescue Lung Injury in Severe ARDS) trial method and criteria [10] for an acceptable outcome [23]. Prone positioning should be applied in ECMO patients [24] whereas use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal is not recommended [11] and the use of corticosteroid is of uncertain usefulness and should be studied further [25].

L. Heunks (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) set out steps to optimise weaning from mechanical ventilation. First, it is necessary to quantify effort to limit the adverse effects of high or low drive using occlusion pressure [26]. When weaning eligibility criteria are achieved, a zero assist spontaneous breathing test (t-tube trial) [27] should be performed with the lowest possible level of sedation and without delay [16]. But, more importantly, the underlying cause of weaning failure must be identified and treated accordingly.

Take-home messages

  • Controlled tidal volumes and prone positioning are recommended for patients with severe ARDS.

  • Use of neuromuscular blockers and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal are not recommended for patients with severe ARDS.

Hot topics: noninvasive high-flow nasal therapy or positive pressure ventilation in acute and chronic respiratory care

L. Pisani (Bologna, Italy) emphasised that HFNC therapy is widely employed in acute respiratory failure. This therapy increases expiratory airway resistance, thus extending respiratory cycles [28]. Additionally it decreases carbon dioxide re-breathing by dead-space washout and applies positive nasopharyngeal pressure [29], which collectively yield improved clinical outcomes. Physiological studies have revealed that a greater prong/nare area ratio of the cannula and maintaining mouth closure during therapy can enhance nasopharyngeal pressure [30–32].

C. Crimi (Catania, Italy) elucidated the various physiological and clinical benefits of CPAP and NIV in the treatment of acute respiratory failure [33, 34]. Emerging evidence suggests that NIV strategies, compared to standard oxygen therapy, are significantly associated with a reduced risk of death in de novo acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure [35]. A thorough physical examination (assessing respiratory effort) and vigilant monitoring are crucial for optimising treatment, mitigating the risk of treatment failure and patient self-inflicted lung injury, and avoiding delays in intubation [36, 37].

R. D'Cruz (London, UK) discussed flow treatment in chronic respiratory care. High-flow treatment has long been studied in patients with airways disease [38], reducing arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) in patients with chronic hypercapnia [39]. Furthermore, in patients with COPD, treatment with 8 h·day−1 HFNC demonstrated a reduction in exacerbation frequency and symptoms [40–42]. Emerging evidence suggests palliative HFNC treatment may be of use for refractory breathlessness [43] because it is well tolerated in end-of-life patients [44].

W. Windisch (Witten, Germany) summarised pressure treatment in chronic respiratory disease. Long-term high-intensity NIV confers improvements in lung function, gas exchange and symptoms, and is better tolerated than standard NIV [45, 46]. Further studies have shown that long-term NIV improves survival and quality of life in patients with COPD [47–49]. Current ERS guidance recommends long-term NIV for patients with stable hypercapnia, suggesting pressures be titrated to normalise PaCO2 [50].

Take-home messages

  • Flow and pressure treatment have proven beneficial in the acute and chronic setting.

  • Further clinical trials are required to elucidate which modality is optimal for selected patients.

Hot topics in intensive care medicine

A. Ceccato (Barcelona, Spain) showed from a multicentre national cohort [51] using a k-prototype algorithm that ARDS patients can be clustered into two groups (cluster 1 having less organ failure and higher PaO2/FIO2 ratio than cluster 2) that have differing prognoses [52].

Duarte Herrera et al. [53] presented the results of transcriptomic profiling of ARDS survivors in a prospective cohort. Latent class analysis identified a persistent weakness group with 22 genes differentially expressed at admission.

Soipetkasem et al. [54] showed in a prospective cohort of 80 patients intubated for acute respiratory failure that a predicted change in transpulmonary pressure ≤20 cmH2O was independently associated with more ventilator-free days.

Wiest et al. [55] showed that pulmonary superinfections were more frequent and with more aspergillosis in patients treated with veno-venous ECMO for COVID-19 than for influenza.

E.H.T Lim (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) presented the results of a worldwide randomised controlled trial of vilobelimab showing a significant reduction of 28-day all-cause mortality in intubated ARDS COVID-19 patients [19].

Jayasimhan et al. [56] discussed the influence of an elevated dead-space and ventilatory ratio as independent predictors of mortality in patients with ARDS, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies.

González et al. [57] showed the evolution of pulmonary sequelae, symptoms and quality of life throughout the 2 years after a critical COVID-19 episode, highlighting a long-term negative impact of invasive mechanical ventilation.

Prével et al. [58] illustrated the different compositions of both bacteriobiota and lung mycobiota among patients with influenza, COVID-19 and bacteria-related ARDS by analysing endotracheal aspirates of 28 patients.

Gaffier et al. [59] shared the data of a monocentric retrospective study evaluating nebulised tranexamic acid in patients requiring ICU for haemoptysis without immediate arterioembolisation, showing no reduction in bleeding recurrence.

Take-home message

  • Clustering, transcriptomics and bacteriobiota are promising new tools for exploring the heterogeneity of ARDS patients for future research.

Mini symposium: rise of the machines – advances in home mechanical ventilation

Windisch et al. [60] highlighted that the Severe Respiratory Insufficiency questionnaire is a valuable tool for assessing the quality of life in COPD patients receiving NIV. Exacerbation history, presence of anaemia, autonomy level and participation in rehabilitation programmes affect quality-of-life scores [61, 62]. HFNC is an interesting treatment option in patients with chronic respiratory failure owing to its respiratory physiological effects, but more trials are needed to recommend it as a first-line treatment, especially in hypercapnic patients owing to the absence of a significant reduction in hypercapnia [63].

P. Murphy (London, UK) focused his presentation on the description of auto-titrating NIV and the use of these algorithms and devices in the management of patients with chronic respiratory failure. He raised the question of whether there might be more effective modes than the spontaneous-timed mode, which might not always be able to meet the respiratory demands during the different sleep cycles. He introduced auto-expiratory positive airway pressure and auto-inspiratory positive airway pressure modes, which can sense and respond to obstructive events in the upper airway and hypoventilation, respectively. Theses modes improve quality of sleep, gas exchange and compliance [40, 64–66]. NIV can be an adjunct to respiratory rehabilitation and physical activity, particularly during because it improves endurance exercise capacity and recovery after physical activity [67]. Small portable devices are a good option for this indication.

M. Duiverman (Groningen, the Netherlands) highlighted the challenges and evidence of telemonitoring in patients on home mechanical ventilation. Telemonitoring may not necessarily prevent acute COPD exacerbations but could potentially shorten their duration [68]. The challenges associated with telemonitoring are the increased time required by nursing staff in the management around telemonitoring and trying to assure its cost-effectiveness by saving hospitalisation days [69, 70]. Nevertheless, telemonitoring increases patient empowerment, enables patient- and family-centred care, and facilitates knowledge sharing between healthcare providers and across healthcare systems [71–73]. Home initiation of NIV with telemonitoring is feasible and noninferior regarding efficiency in comparison to in-hospital initiation [74].

Take-home messages

  • Long-term NIV for chronic hypercapnic COPD patients is standard of care, improves long-term survival and improves quality of life.

  • HFNC improves respiratory mechanics but has a small effect on PaCO2 reduction; its role in chronic respiratory diseases still needs to be defined.

  • Auto-NIV modes enhance physiological control of sleep disordered breathing and improve NIV tolerance and compliance.

  • Home initiation of NIV with telemonitoring is feasible and noninferior regarding efficiency in comparison to in-hospital initiation.

Quality of survival

S. Eggmann (Bern, Switzerland) discussed the best strategy for rehabilitation in the ICU, presenting data from the TEAM trial. High-intensity rehabilitation did not reduce mortality nor hospital stay and had more adverse events than the usual intensity group [75]. Importantly, no rehabilitation is not an option. The optimal strategy is reviewed in figure 2 and should include close monitoring of patients, a stepwise increment in intensity using individualised, short and frequent sessions, prioritising out-of-bed and functional exercises [76].

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Open in a new tab

Recommendations for rehabilitation during post-critical care admission regarding frequency, intensity, duration and type of sessions of rehabilitation.

D. Langer (Leuven, Belgium) demonstrated how inspiratory muscle training facilitates weaning from mechanical ventilation. In the only randomised trial with a sham arm, inspiratory muscle training improved weaning rates from 47% to 71% [77]. Presenting unpublished data from the IMTCO study [78], high-intensity inspiratory muscle training did not improve weaning above lower intensity. In both groups, muscle activation was similar, suggesting pre-existing low respiratory compliance can be sufficient to generate enough workload [79].

M. Vitacca (Pavia, Italy) explored the multiple dimensions of post-ICU disability [80–83], post-intensive care syndrome, which leads to long-term impairments [84], and the high level of disability in weaning centre patients. The need to evaluate patients in these centres with a variety of tools was stressed [85, 86] as well as the importance of multidimensional [65] and volitional assessments [87] (such as spirometry and muscle strength) and preventive actions [88].

C. Rochester (New Haven, CT, USA) discussed implications [89] and prevention [90] of post-intensive care syndrome. Evidence supporting improvement of outcomes with rehabilitation programmes is scarce [91] even though several programmes have been tested. To optimise rehabilitation, at-risk patients [92] and patients’ rehabilitation needs [92] must be identified, in association with optimised early post-hospital care [93]. A multidisciplinary team is necessary to implement these post-ICU rehabilitation programmes [94, 95].

Take-home messages

  • Post-ICU disability has multiple dimensions, which must be evaluated using several tools and assessments to improve rehabilitation outcomes.

  • Rehabilitation from critical illness should be individualised to patients’ needs because the workload intensity that may lead to overload without adding extra benefit varies between patients.

  • Inspiratory muscle training improves weaning from mechanical ventilation, although the optimal regimen has not yet been established.

COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment summary

Respiratory-related mortality remains up to 30% higher than pre-pandemic levels in Spain, as evidenced by Soriano and co-workers [96, 97]. Vaccination strategies could be impacted by the findings of Hazan et al. [98], who demonstrated improved immune response and reduced infection risk with mid-morning COVID-19 vaccination in a trial of 1.5 million patients.

Novel ambulatory diagnosis of COVID-19 was proposed by S. Grassin Delyle (Montigny le Bretonneux, France) using real-time mass spectrometry breath analysis. Volatile organic compound signatures alongside clinical data accurately identified COVID-19 cases with 98% sensitivity and 74% specificity [99]. Semenova et al. [100] presented liquid chromatography of matched serum and bronchoalveolar liquid to create disease-specific signatures to differentiate COVID-19 from other causes of pneumonia, as well as showing unique protein profiles on the first day of intubation that were sustained for 45 days after intubation.

E. Duijvelaar (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) demonstrated disruption of protein expression in COVID-19 infection; this more accurately predicted critical illness progression than clinical data. Imatinib reversed dysregulated protein pathways in COVID-19-induced critical illness [101].

Lindö et al. [102] identified decreased IL-33 concentrations and elevated plasma levels of soluble ST2 receptor in lung tissue of COVID-19 fatalities versus controls; particularly prominent changes were found in areas of diffuse alveolar damage.

A novel prophylactic treatment of influenza infection, including a Toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist nasal spray, was presented by F. Mercuri (Melbourne, Australia). This treatment induced increased expression of antiviral immune genes and a reduced infection duration [103]. Frent et al. [104] showed in a small trial that vagal nerve stimulation resulted in fewer ICU admissions and low mortality in COVID-19 patients, hypothesising an anti-inflammatory response reducing critical illness.

O. Elneima (Leicester, UK) presented PHOSP-COVID trial outcomes showing more than 60% of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 have ongoing symptoms and physical impairment at 1 year [105]. This correlates with the findings presented by Cruz et al. [106] showing T-cell exhaustion and altered cytokine profiles in patients with persisting respiratory symptoms, and objective decline in the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide <80%, at 1 year after infection.

Take-home messages

  • Proteomics may hold the key to developments in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment targets.

  • There is objective evidence of immune dysfunction in long-COVID patients.

Mini symposium: complex pleural disease – management in the critically ill patient

M. Nardini (London, UK) discussed pneumothorax in critically ill patients. Pneumothorax in these patients is most commonly a result of a surgical or intensive care procedure [107]. Chest computed tomography is the most sensitive imaging method for pneumothorax detection [108]. Thoracic ultrasound also has a very important role in detecting pneumothorax in the critically ill, because it can be performed at the bedside [109]. Treatment options include watchful waiting, tube thoracostomy and surgery. Furthermore, the role of endobronchial valves as a treatment option for patients with persistent air leaks was highlighted [110]. Finally, the question regarding the need for dedicated guidelines for management of pneumothorax in critically ill patients was raised.

D. Sanchez (Barcelona, Spain) discussed the management of complex pleural effusion in critically ill patients. He highlighted the rising incidence of pleural infection. He further addressed the role of thoracic ultrasound, which is superior to chest radiography or computed tomography for the diagnosis of complex pleural effusion [111]. Furthermore, management strategies based on early antibiotic administration and early complex pleural effusion evacuation were discussed. Additionally, the role of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy was highlighted, as well as surgical modalities and alternative options for those not fit for surgery.

M. Nosotti (Milan, Italy) discussed chylothorax and bronchopleural fistula. Chylothorax is a condition with a high morbidity. Traumatic chylothorax is mainly caused by surgery (90%), whereas nontraumatic causes include malignancy and nonmalignant diseases [112]. Conservative management should be the first-line treatment. Interventional management includes surgical ligation and embolisation [113, 114].

Bronchopleural fistula can occur post lobectomy/pneumonectomy and post lung transplant. Other causes include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and chest trauma. Symptoms can be acute, e.g. tension pneumothorax, or subacute, e.g. symptoms of empyema. A computed tomography scan and/or bronchoscopy is necessary for diagnosis. A chest drain is generally required for management. Other options include surgery and stenting or occluder devices, depending on patient suitability, the size and timing postoperatively [115].

Take-home message

  • There are many complex pleural diseases that can be encountered in critically unwell patients and a multidisciplinary management approach is necessary to achieve the most optimal outcome.

Footnotes

Provenance: Commissioned article, peer reviewed.

Conflict of interest: C. Bianquis declares support for attending meetings and travel to the ERS 2023 congress from Vitalaire.

Conflict of interest: T. Lacoste-Palasset declares support for attending meetings and travel to the ERS 2023 congress from Oxyvie.

Conflict of interest: A.L. Vieira declares support for attending meetings and travel to the ERS 2023 congress from Vivisol.

Conflict of interest: S. Leiva Agüero, C. Cantero, A. Golfe Bonmatí, J. González, X. Hu, A. Livesey, R. Guillamat Prats, G. Salai, D.L. Sykes, S. Toland, C. van Zeller, P. Viegas, S. Zaneli, C. Karagiannidis and C. Fisser have no conflict of interest to declare regarding this article.

References

  • 1.Valentin S, Lopez Padilla D, Nolasco S, et al. ERS International Congress 2022: highlights from the Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9: 00532-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00532-2022 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Viegas P, Ageno E, Corsi G, et al. Highlights from the Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation 2022 Conference. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9: 00467-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00467-2022 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA 2012; 307: 2526–2533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Matthay MA, Arabi Y, Arroliga AC, et al. A new global definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209: 37–47. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202303-0558WS [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Wick KD, Matthay MA, Ware LB. Pulse oximetry for the diagnosis and management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2022; 10: 1086–1098. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00058-3 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Bitker L, Talmor D, Richard JC. Imaging the acute respiratory distress syndrome: past, present and future. Intensive Care Med 2022; 48: 995–1008. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06809-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Grasselli G, Calfee CS, Camporota L, et al. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49: 727–759. doi: 10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Brochard L, Slutsky A, Pesenti A. Mechanical ventilation to minimize progression of lung injury in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195: 438–442. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201605-1081CP [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Barbaro RP, MacLaren G, Boonstra PS, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19: evolving outcomes from the international Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Lancet 2021; 398: 1230–1238. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01960-7 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Combes A, Hajage D, Capellier G, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2018; 378: 1965–1975. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800385 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.McNamee JJ, Gillies MA, Barrett NA, et al. Effect of lower tidal volume ventilation facilitated by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal vs standard care ventilation on 90-day mortality in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: the REST randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021; 326: 1013–1023. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.13374 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Karagiannidis C, Bein T, Welte T. ECMO during the COVID-19 pandemic: moving from rescue therapy to more reasonable indications. Eur Respir J 2022; 59: 2103262. doi: 10.1183/13993003.03262-2021 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Sinha P, Delucchi KL, McAuley DF, et al. Development and validation of parsimonious algorithms to classify acute respiratory distress syndrome phenotypes: a secondary analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8: 247–257. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30369-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Calfee CS, Delucchi K, Parsons PE, et al. Subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome: latent class analysis of data from two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 611–620. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70097-9 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Calfee CS, Delucchi KL, Sinha P, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes and differential response to simvastatin: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6: 691–698. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30177-2 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Pham T, Heunks L, Bellani G, et al. Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2023; 11: 465–476. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00449-0 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Müller HC, Witzenrath M, Tschernig T, et al. Adrenomedullin attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury in mice. Thorax 2010; 65: 1077–1084. doi: 10.1136/thx.2010.135996 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Laterre PF, Pickkers P, Marx G, et al. Safety and tolerability of non-neutralizing adrenomedullin antibody adrecizumab (HAM8101) in septic shock patients: the AdrenOSS-2 phase 2a biomarker-guided trial. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47: 1284–1294. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06537-5 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Vlaar APJ, Witzenrath M, van Paassen P, et al. Anti-C5a antibody (vilobelimab) therapy for critically ill, invasively mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 (PANAMO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med 2022; 10: 1137–1146. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00297-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.David S, Kümpers P, van Slyke P, et al. Mending leaky blood vessels: the angiopoietin-Tie2 pathway in sepsis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345: 2–6. doi: 10.1124/jpet.112.201061 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Michalick L, Erfinanda L, Weichelt U, et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 and serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 are critical mediators of lung injury in overventilated mice in vivo. Anesthesiology 2017; 126: 300–311. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001443 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Felten M, Ferencik S, Teixeira Alves LG, et al. Ventilator-induced lung injury is modulated by the circadian clock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207: 1464–1474. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202202-0320OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Lebreton G, Schmidt M, Ponnaiah M, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation network organisation and clinical outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greater Paris, France: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9: 851–862. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00096-5 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Kimmoun A, Roche S, Bridey C, et al. Prolonged prone positioning under VV-ECMO is safe and improves oxygenation and respiratory compliance. Ann Intensive Care 2015; 5: 35. doi: 10.1186/s13613-015-0078-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Ling RR, Ramanathan K, Sim JJL, et al. Evolving outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2022; 26: 147. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04011-2 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.de Vries HJ, Tuinman PR, Jonkman AH, et al. Performance of noninvasive airway occlusion maneuvers to assess lung stress and diaphragm effort in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Anesthesiology 2023; 138: 274–288. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004467 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Thille AW, Gacouin A, Coudroy R, et al. Spontaneous-breathing trials with pressure-support ventilation or a T-piece. N Engl J Med 2022; 387: 1843–1854. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2209041 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Pinkham M, Tatkov S. Effect of flow and cannula size on generated pressure during nasal high flow. Crit Care 2020; 24: 248. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02980-w [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Tatkov S, Rees M, Gulley A, et al. Asymmetrical nasal high flow ventilation improves clearance of CO2 from the anatomical dead space and increases positive airway pressure. J Appl Physiol 2023; 134: 365–377. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Mündel T, Feng S, Tatkov S, et al. Mechanisms of nasal high flow on ventilation during wakefulness and sleep. J Appl Physiol 2013; 114: 1058–1065. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Pellegrini M, Hedenstierna G, Roneus A, et al. The diaphragm acts as a brake during expiration to prevent lung collapse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195: 1608–1616. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201605-0992OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Pinkham MI, Domanski U, Franke KJ, et al. Effect of respiratory rate and size of cannula on pressure and dead-space clearance during nasal high flow in patients with COPD and acute respiratory failure. J Appl Physiol 2022; 132: 553–563. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, et al. Official ERS/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 2017; 50: 1602426. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02426-2016 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Antonescu-Turcu A, Parthasarathy S. CPAP and bi-level PAP therapy: new and established roles. Respir Care 2010; 55: 1216–1229. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Ferreyro BL, Angriman F, Scales DC. Noninvasive oxygenation strategies for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure – reply. JAMA 2020; 324: 1906–1907. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.18602 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Crimi C, Murphy P, Patout M, et al. Lessons from COVID-19 in the management of acute respiratory failure. Breathe 2023; 19: 230035. doi: 10.1183/20734735.0035-2023 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Tonelli R, Fantini R, Tabbì L, et al. Early inspiratory effort assessment by esophageal manometry predicts noninvasive ventilation outcome in de novo respiratory failure. A pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202: 558–567. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201912-2512OC [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Rea H, McAuley S, Jayaram L, et al. The clinical utility of long-term humidification therapy in chronic airway disease. Respir Med 2010; 104: 525–533. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.12.016 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Fraser JF, Spooner AJ, Dunster KR, et al. Nasal high flow oxygen therapy in patients with COPD reduces respiratory rate and tissue carbon dioxide while increasing tidal and end-expiratory lung volumes: a randomised crossover trial. Thorax 2016; 71: 759–761. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207962 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Nagata K, Horie T, Chohnabayashi N, et al. Home high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for stable hypercapnic COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206: 1326–1335. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202201-0199OC [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Storgaard LH, Hockey HU, Laursen BS, et al. Long-term effects of oxygen-enriched high-flow nasal cannula treatment in COPD patients with chronic hypoxemic respiratory failure. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13: 1195–1205. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S159666 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Nagata K, Kikuchi T, Horie T, et al. Domiciliary high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for patients with stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A multicenter randomized crossover trial. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 15: 432–439. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201706-425OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Hui D, Mahler DA, Larsson L, et al. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for exertional dyspnea in patients with cancer: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Oncologist 2021; 26: e1470–e1479. doi: 10.1002/onco.13624 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Weinreich UM, Storgaard LH. A real-life study of combined treatment with long-term non-invasive ventilation and high flow nasal cannula in patients with end-stage chronic obstructive lung disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 4485. doi: 10.3390/jcm12134485 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Dreher M, Storre JH, Schmoor C, et al. High-intensity versus low-intensity non-invasive ventilation in patients with stable hypercapnic COPD: a randomised crossover trial. Thorax 2010; 65: 303–308. doi: 10.1136/thx.2009.124263 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Windisch W, Kostić S, Dreher M, et al. Outcome of patients with stable COPD receiving controlled noninvasive positive pressure ventilation aimed at a maximal reduction of PaCO2. Chest 2005; 128: 657–662. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.2.657 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Murphy PB, Rehal S, Arbane G, et al. Effect of home noninvasive ventilation with oxygen therapy vs oxygen therapy alone on hospital readmission or death after an acute COPD exacerbation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017; 317: 2177–2186. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.4451 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Windisch W. Impact of home mechanical ventilation on health-related quality of life. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 1328–1336. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00066407 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Köhnlein T, Windisch W, Köhler D, et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 698–705. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70153-5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Ergan B, Oczkowski S, Rochwerg B, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines on long-term home non-invasive ventilation for management of COPD. Eur Respir J 2019; 54: 1901003. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01003-2019 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Torres A, Motos A, Ceccato A, et al. Methodology of a large multicenter observational study of patients with COVID-19 in Spanish intensive care units. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58: 22–31. doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.03.010 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Ceccato A, Forne C, Bos L, et al. Clustering ARDS patients through the first few days of ICU admission. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA782. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA782 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Duarte Herrera ID, Miravete-Lagunes K, López-Martínez C, et al. Transcriptome profiling of persistent ICU-acquired weakness in a cohort of ARDS survivors. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA783. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA783 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Soipetkasem P, Junhasavasdikul D, Sutherasan Y, et al. The association between respiratory effort parameters during the first 48 hours with clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective observational study. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA784. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA784 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Wiest C, Philipp A, Foltan M, et al. Differences in nosocomial infections in patients on VV-ECMO for COVID-19 and influenza. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA785. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA785 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Jayasimhan D, Chieng J, Kolbe J, et al. Dead-space ventilation indices and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2023; 51: 1363–1372. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005921 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.González J, Zuil M, Benítez ID, et al. Long-term outcomes in critical COVID-19 survivors: a 2-year longitudinal cohort. Arch Bronconeumol 2023; 59: 691–697. doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2023.08.006 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Prével R, Imbert S, Enaud R, et al. Lung microbiota compositions differ between influenza, COVID-19 and bacteria-related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA789. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA789 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Gaffier M, Beaudoin A, Lanoy E, et al. Tranexamic acid to treat hemoptysis in real life (ATHENE study). Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA790. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA790 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Windisch W, Freidel K, Schucher B, et al. The Severe Respiratory Insufficiency (SRI) Questionnaire: a specific measure of health-related quality of life in patients receiving home mechanical ventilation. J Clin Epidemiol 2003; 56: 752–759. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00088-X [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Schwarz SB, Mathes T, Majorski DS, et al. Living conditions and autonomy levels in COPD patients receiving non-invasive ventilation: impact on health related quality of life. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21: 255. doi: 10.1186/s12890-021-01621-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Wollsching-Strobel M, Schwarz SB, Mathes T, et al. Anemia severely reduces health-related quality of life in COPD patients receiving long-term home non-invasive ventilation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16: 2963–2971. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S328404 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Vega Pittao ML, Schifino G, Pisani L, et al. Home high-flow therapy in patients with chronic respiratory diseases: physiological rationale and clinical results. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 2663. doi: 10.3390/jcm12072663 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Nilius G, Katamadze N, Domanski U, et al. Non-invasive ventilation with intelligent volume-assured pressure support versus pressure-controlled ventilation: effects on the respiratory event rate and sleep quality in COPD with chronic hypercapnia. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12: 1039–1045. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S126970 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Schwitzer E, Jensen KS, Brinkman L, et al. Survival ≠ recovery: a narrative review of post-intensive care syndrome. CHEST Crit Care 2023; 1: 100003. doi: 10.1016/j.chstcc.2023.100003 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Ekkernkamp E, Kabitz HJ, Walker DJ, et al. Minute ventilation during spontaneous breathing, high-intensity noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and intelligent volume assured pressure support in hypercapnic COPD. COPD 2014; 11: 52–58. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2013.829437 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Ekkernkamp E, Storre JH, Windisch W, et al. Impact of intelligent volume-assured pressure support on sleep quality in stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a randomized, crossover study. Respiration 2014; 88: 270–276. doi: 10.1159/000364946 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Murphy PB, Arbane G, Ramsay M, et al. Safety and efficacy of auto-titrating noninvasive ventilation in COPD and obstructive sleep apnoea overlap syndrome. Eur Respir J 2015; 46: 548–551. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00205714 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, et al. Early therapy improves outcomes of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 1298–1303. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200310-1443OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Vogiatzis I, Chynkiamis N, Armstrong M, et al. Intermittent use of portable NIV increases exercise tolerance in COPD: a randomised, cross-over trial. J Clin Med 2019; 8: 94. doi: 10.3390/jcm8010094 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Masefield S, Vitacca M, Dreher M, et al. Attitudes and preferences of home mechanical ventilation users from four European countries: an ERS/ELF survey. ERJ Open Res 2017; 3: 00015-2017. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00015-2017 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.van den Biggelaar RJM, Hazenberg A, Cobben NAM, et al. A randomized trial of initiation of chronic noninvasive mechanical ventilation at home vs in-hospital in patients with neuromuscular disease and thoracic cage disorder: the Dutch Homerun Trial. Chest 2020; 158: 2493–2501. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.007 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Vitacca M, Bianchi L, Guerra A, et al. Tele-assistance in chronic respiratory failure patients: a randomised clinical trial. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 411–418. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00005608 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Duiverman ML, Vonk JM, Bladder G, et al. Home initiation of chronic non-invasive ventilation in COPD patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2020; 75: 244–252. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213303 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Hodgson CL, Bailey M, Bellomo R, et al. Early active mobilization during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2022; 387: 1747–1758. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2209083 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Wang YT, Lang JK, Haines KJ, et al. Physical rehabilitation in the ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2022; 50: 375–388. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005285 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Martin AD, Smith BK, Davenport PD, et al. Inspiratory muscle strength training improves weaning outcome in failure to wean patients: a randomized trial. Crit Care 2011; 15: R84. doi: 10.1186/cc10081 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Charususin N, Gosselink R, Decramer M, et al. Inspiratory muscle training protocol for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (IMTCO study): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2013; 3: e003101. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003101 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Poddighe D, Hollebeke MV, Clerckx B, et al. Inspiratory effort and activation of extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscles in a difficult to wean (DTW) patient during different breathing conditions. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, PA3389. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.PA3389 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Agård AS, Lomborg K, Tønnesen E, et al. Rehabilitation activities, out-patient visits and employment in patients and partners the first year after ICU: a descriptive study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2014; 30: 101–110. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2013.11.001 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Needham DM, Feldman DR, Kho ME. The functional costs of ICU survivorship. Collaborating to improve post-ICU disability. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 962–964. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201012-2042ED [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.Unroe M, Kahn JM, Carson SS, et al. One-year trajectories of care and resource utilization for recipients of prolonged mechanical ventilation: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153: 167–175. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00007 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Jutte JE, Erb CT, Jackson JC. Physical, cognitive, and psychological disability following critical illness: what is the risk? Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 36: 943–958. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1566002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84.Voiriot G, Oualha M, Pierre A, et al. Chronic critical illness and post-intensive care syndrome: from pathophysiology to clinical challenges. Ann Intensive Care 2023; 12: 58. doi: 10.1186/s13613-022-01038-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.Major ME, Kwakman R, Kho ME, et al. Surviving critical illness: what is next? An expert consensus statement on physical rehabilitation after hospital discharge. Crit Care 2016; 20: 354. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1508-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86.Vitacca M, Paneroni M, Peroni R, et al. Effects of a multidisciplinary care program on disability, autonomy, and nursing needs in subjects recovering from acute respiratory failure in a chronic ventilator facility. Respir Care 2014; 59: 1863–1871. doi: 10.4187/respcare.03030 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87.Paneroni M, D'Abrosca F, Fokom G, et al. Volitional rehabilitative assessments in patients admitted in a post-intensive care step down unit. A feasibility study. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2017; 87: 764. doi: 10.4081/monaldi.2017.764 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88.Walsh TS, Salisbury L, Donaghy E, et al. PReventing early unplanned hOspital readmission aFter critical ILlnEss (PROFILE): protocol and analysis framework for a mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2023; 6: e012590. doi 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012590 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89.Herridge MS, Azoulay É. Outcomes after critical illness. N Engl J Med 2023; 388: 913–924. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2104669 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.Inoue S, Hatakeyama J, Kondo Y, et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Med Surg 2019; 6: 233–246. doi: 10.1002/ams2.415 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91.Patsaki I, Bachou G, Sidiras G, et al. Post hospital discharge functional recovery of critical illness survivors. Systematic review. J Crit Care Med 2023; 9: 87–96. doi: 10.2478/jccm-2023-0011 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92.Mikkelsen ME, Still M, Anderson BJ, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine's international consensus conference on prediction and identification of long-term impairments after critical illness. Crit Care Med 2020; 48: 1670–1679. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004586 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93.Brown SM, Bose S, Banner-Goodspeed V, et al. Approaches to addressing post-intensive care syndrome among intensive care unit survivors. A narrative review. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16: 947–956. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201812-913FR [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94.Bloom SL, Stollings JL, Kirkpatrick O, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ICU recovery pilot program for survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med 2019; 47: 1337–1345. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003909 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95.Huggins EL, Bloom SL, Stollings JL, et al. A clinic model: post-intensive care syndrome and post-intensive care syndrome-family. AACN Adv Crit Care 2016; 27: 204–211. doi: 10.4037/aacnacc2016611 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96.Soriano JB, Peláez A, Fernández E, et al. The emergence of COVID-19 as a cause of death in 2020 and its effect on mortality by diseases of the respiratory system in Spain: trends and their determinants compared to 2019. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58: 13–21. doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.03.001 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97.Soriano JB, Peláez A, Fernández E, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in mortality due to respiratory diseases: a comparative analysis of 2021 and 2020 vs 2019 in Spain. Med Clin (Barc) 2023; 161: 192–198. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.04.020 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98.Hazan G, Duek OA, Alapi H, et al. Biological rhythms in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in an observational cohort study of 1.5 million patients. J Clin Invest 2023; 133: e167339. doi: 10.1172/JCI167339 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99.Roquencourt C, Salvator H, Bardin E, et al. Enhanced real-time mass spectrometry breath analysis for the diagnosis of COVID-19. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9: 00206-2023. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00206-2023 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100.Semenova A, Poor TA, Geyer P, et al. Longitudinal proteomic profiling reveals early onset increase in collagens and (auto-)antibodies in COVID-19 patients. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9: Suppl. 10, 57. doi: 10.1183/23120541.LSC-2023.57 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 101.de Brabander J, Duijvelaar E, Schippers JR, et al. Immunomodulation and endothelial barrier protection mediate the association between oral imatinib and mortality in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Eur Respir J 2022; 60: 2200780. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00780-2022 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102.Lindö C, Orengo J, Andersson C, et al. Expression patterns of interleukin-33 and its receptor ST2 in severe COVID-19. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA2489. 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA2489 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 103.Proud PC, Tsitoura D, Watson RJ, et al. Prophylactic intranasal administration of a TLR2/6 agonist reduces upper respiratory tract viral shedding in a SARS-CoV-2 challenge ferret model. EBioMedicine 2021; 63: 103153. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103153 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104.Frent S, Giles G, Marincu I, et al. Subtle Pulse Electro-biological Recovery Apparatus (SPERA) as anti-inflammatory treatment for COVID-19: a proof of concept study. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA2492. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA2492 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 105.Evans RA, McAuley H, Harrison EM, et al. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9: 1275–1287. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 106.Cruz T, Mendoza N, Albacar N, et al. Abnormal immune response in patients with persistent lung sequelae after COVID- 19. Eur Respir J 2023; 62: Suppl. 67, OA2487. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.OA2487 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 107.Chen KY, Jerng JS, Liao WY, et al. Pneumothorax in the ICU: patient outcomes and prognostic factors. Chest 2002; 122: 678–683. doi: 10.1378/chest.122.2.678 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108.Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. Pneumothorax in the critically ill patient. Chest 2012; 141: 1098–1105. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-1691 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109.Dahmarde H, Parooie F, Salarzaei M. Accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosis of pneumothorax: a comparison between neonates and adults – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can Respir J 2019; 2019: 5271982. doi: 10.1155/2019/5271982 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 110.Gkegkes ID, Mourtarakos S, Gakidis I. Endobronchial valves in treatment of persistent air leaks: a systematic review of clinical evidence. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21: 432–438. doi: 10.12659/MSM.891320 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 111.Svigals PZ, Chopra A, Ravenel JG, et al. The accuracy of pleural ultrasonography in diagnosing complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions. Thorax 2017; 72: 94–95. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208904 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 112.Majdalany BS, Murrey DA, Kapoor BS, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® chylothorax treatment planning. J Am Coll Radiol 2017; 14: S118–S126. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2017.02.025 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 113.Bazancir LA, Jensen RJ, Frevert SC, et al. Embolization of the thoracic duct in patients with iatrogenic chylothorax. Dis Esophagus 2021; 34: doab001. doi: 10.1093/dote/doab001 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 114.Itkin M, Kucharczuk JC, Kwak A, et al. Nonoperative thoracic duct embolization for traumatic thoracic duct leak: experience in 109 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139: 584–590. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.11.025 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 115.Klotz LV, Gesierich W, Schott-Hildebrand S, et al. Endobronchial closure of bronchopleural fistula using Amplatzer device. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: 1478–1482. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.08.25 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from ERJ Open Research are provided here courtesy of European Respiratory Society

RESOURCES