Granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor plus interleukin-2 plus interferon α in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study

Abstract

 Granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays a central role in the differentiation and function of dendritic cells, which are crucial for the elicitation of MHC-restricted T cell responses. Preclinical and the first clinical data provide a rationale for the application of GM-CSF in immunotherapy of cancer. Ten patients with renal cell carcinoma stage IV (Holland/Robson) were treated in this pilot study. Therapy was started with GM-CSF alone (2 weeks). Interleukin (IL-2) and interferon α (IFNα) were added sequentially (3 weeks GM-CSF plus IL-2 or IFNα, 3 weeks GM-CSF plus IL-2 plus IFNα). Therapy was performed on an outpatient basis. The cytokine regimen was evaluated for toxicity, clinical response and immunomodulatory effects [fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), mixed-lymphocyte reaction and cytotoxicity of PBMC]. GM-CSF treatment caused a significant increase in the number of PBMC expressing costimulatory molecules. Addition of IL-2 and IFNα led to an increase in CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD56⁺ PBMC in week 9. In an autologous mixed-lymphocyte reaction a 2.1-fold increase in T cell proliferation was observed after 2 weeks of GM-CSF treatment, and cytotoxicity assays showed changes in natural-killer- (NK)- and non-NK-mediated cytotoxicity in some patients. Two patients achieved partial remission, one patient had a mixed response. The toxicity of the regimen was mild to moderate with fever, flu-like symptoms and nausea being observed in most patients. Severe organ toxicity was not observed. We conclude that GM-CSF might be useful for immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma, especially in combination with T-cell-active cytokines. Further studies are warranted.