ABSTRACT
There has been a suggestion of a potential protective effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC). Virulence factor is an important factor in H. pylori, but little is known about the clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis. In this retrospective study, a total of 322 patients with UC were analyzed. They were divided into three groups based on H. pylori antibody typing classification: type I H. pylori infection group, type II H. pylori infection group, and H. pylori-negative group. The study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of different types of H. pylori infection groups. The proportions of disease course, nationality, clinical type, and disease severity among UC patients in different types of H. pylori infection groups exhibited statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in terms of sex, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), or lesion range (P > 0.05). Among the extraintestinal manifestations, the incidence of joint lesions in the type I H. pylori infection group was significantly lower compared with H. pylori-negative group (P < 0.05). The levels of red blood cell, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, albumin, A/G, and alanine aminotransferase were significantly higher in the type I H. pylori infection group compared with both the type II H. pylori infection group and H. pylori-negative group in the hematology index. Conversely, the levels of D-Dimer, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were significantly lower in the type II H. pylori infection group (P < 0.05). In patients with UC, infections with the highly virulent type I H. pylori exhibit a negative correlation with both the severity of the disease and extraintestinal manifestations. While infections with the less virulent type II H. pylori are negatively correlated only with the disease severity. Therefore, the virulence factors of H. pylori play an important role in the regulation of UC.
IMPORTANCE
The number of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has increased dramatically worldwide, posing a global public health challenge, There has been a suggestion of a potential protective effect of Helicobacter pylori in the development of UC. Virulence factor is an important factor in H. pylori, but high-quality clinical evidence is lacking. This study comprehensively analyzed the clinical characteristics of UC patients with different types of H. pylori infection. Infections with the highly virulent type I H. pylori are found to be negatively correlated with the severity of the disease as well as extraintestinal manifestations, whereas infections with the less virulent type II H. pylori demonstrate a negative correlation solely with disease severity. These results suggest that the virulence factors of H. pylori play a pivotal role in UC. Consequently, virulence factors should be taken into consideration when targeting H. pylori eradication in clinical practice, particularly in UC patients. It is crucial to evaluate the individual benefits to optimize personalized eradication therapies.
KEYWORDS: ulcerative colitis, Helicobacter pylori, virulence factors, hematology index, extraintestinal manifestations
INTRODUCTION
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory bowel disease characterized by intestinal inflammation and epithelial damage, affecting a substantial number of patients. The global incidence of UC cases has been experiencing a rapid surge, presenting formidable challenges to the field of global public health (1). The pathogenesis of UC involves multiple factors including genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, immune response dysregulation, and the interaction between microbiota and host (2). Helicobacter pylori infection has been found to have a negative correlation with the prevalence of UC, implying a potential protective effect against the onset of this disease (3, 4). However, the beneficial effects of eradicating H. pylori in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthma, and other diseases remain a subject of ongoing controversy (5). The genetically diverse nature of H. pylori gives rise to significant variations in virulence among different strains, which are closely associated with gastrointestinal diseases. The virulence factors of the pathogen not only elicit inflammatory responses but also control and regulate these responses to maintain chronic inflammation (6). Furthermore, bacterial virulence factors are crucial for host-microecological interaction (7). In clinical practice, H. pylori antibody typing enables the classification of H. pylori into type I (CagA+/VacA+) or type II (CagA-/VacA-) based on their respective expression levels of cytotoxin-associated gene A protein (CagA) and vacuolating toxin A protein (VacA). Our previous studies have demonstrated that type I H. pylori, characterized by higher virulence factors and migratory ability, may contribute to the progression of gastric mucosal atrophy, while type II H. pylori with lower virulence may hold greater clinical utility value (8). Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the protective effects of H. pylori on ulcerative colitis from the perspective of its virulence factors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling subjects
A retrospective analysis included a cohort of 322 patients with UC in People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, admitted between January 2015 and June 2023. Inclusion criteria: All patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for ulcerative colitis as outlined in Chinese consensus on diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (Beijing, 2018) (9). Patients with incomplete hematology index, and patients with a prior history of colorectal surgery. All patients were admitted for the first time, and the hematological indices reflect the initial measurement results. Exclusion criteria: Recurrent hospitalization of patients with UC, patients with inconsistent results in 14C-urea breath test, and H. pylori antibody typing classification. Based on H. pylori antibody typing, 322 UC patients were categorized into three groups: type I H. pylori infection (91 patients), type II H. pylori infection (58 patients), and H. pylori-negative group (173 patients). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (KY202306173).
Hematology index
Relevant hematology indices were obtained by performing blood routine and blood biochemical index on patients diagnosed with UC. This study included 27 major hematology indices: red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin (HGB), platelet count (PLT), packed cell volume (PCV), neutrophil (NE), lymphocyte (LY), monocyte (MO), eosinophil (EO), basophil (BA), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), protein total (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO), A/G, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT, potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (CL), D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).
14C-urea breath test
Patients with UC were instructed to ingest a 14C urea capsule (Shenzhen Zhonghe Headway Bio-Sci Tech Co., Led.) on an empty stomach or 2 h after meals, followed by a seated position for 25 min. Subsequently, they were required to exhale into the gas collector for approximately 3 min until the liquid indicator color faded. Afterward, 4.5 mL of scintillation solution was added to the gas collector and gently inverted three times for thorough mixing prior to being transferred to the H. pylori detector (HUBT01) for rapid detection, with a required time of 1 min. The sample was classified as positive for H. pylori infection if the detection value was ≥100 dpm, and negative if the detection value was <100 dpm.
H. pylori antibody typing classification
The venous blood samples of patients with ulcerative colitis were collected in volumes of 2–3 mL. The serum was subsequently obtained by centrifugation at 3,500 rpm for 10 min. The presence of antibodies against H. pylori was detected using western blot analysis. The H. pylori antibody typing classification kit (western blot) was provided by Shenzhen Blot Biological Products, Shenzhen, China, Co., Ltd. The qualitative comparison between the imprinting membrane strip and the standard strip was conducted following serum antibody binding, enzyme-linked reaction, color development, and termination of the reaction. Positive results for type I H. pylori infection were indicated by the simultaneous presence of either or both the CagA and VacA zones. Positive results for type II H. pylori infection were characterized by the presence of either or both urease A (UreA) and urease B (UreB) zones, without the detection of the CagA or VacA zone. Negative results were defined as the absence of any positive zone except the quality control.
Statistical analysis
The data sorting and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 software. Categorical data were expressed as n (%) and compared between groups using either the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Continuous data following a normal distribution were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Multi-group comparisons for such continuous data were conducted through analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if a statistically significant difference was found, the least significant difference (LSD) method was used for pairwise comparisons, assuming equal variances. Continuous data not following a normal distribution were presented as the median and interquartile range. Non-parametric tests such as the Kruskal-Wallis test for multi-group comparisons or the Mann-Whitney U test for pairwise comparisons were employed when data did not meet the assumptions of normality or equal variances. Statistical significance was established at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
General data
Among the 322 patients with UC, there were 166 males and 156 females, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1.06. There were 143 Uyghur individuals, 172 Han individuals, and 7 individuals from other nationalities. The mean age was 51.5 ± 13.7 years. According to the H. pylori antibody typing classification, there were 91 cases in type I H. pylori infection group, 58 cases in type II H. pylori infection group, and 173 cases in H. pylori-negative group. The three groups did not exhibit any significant differences in terms of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, and lesion range (P > 0.05). However, statistically significant differences were observed in disease course, nationality, clinical type, and disease severity (P < 0.05) ( Table 1). In terms of disease severity, the proportion of mild disease in the type I H. pylori infection group was higher than that in the type II H. pylori infection group and the H. pylori-negative group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 5.787; 9.316, P < 0.05).
TABLE 1.
General clinical features of UC with different types of H. pylori infection
| Total (n = 322) |
Type I H. pylori infection group (n = 91） | Type II H. pylori infection group (n = 58） |
H. pylori-negative group (n = 173） |
Statistical value (χ2/F） |
P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 166 (51.6%) | 45 (49.5%) | 25 (43.1%） | 96 (55.5%) | 2.884 | 0.236 |
| Female | 156 (48.4%) | 46 (50.5%) | 33 (56.9%） | 77 (44.5%) | ||
| M/F | 1.06 | 0.98 | 0.76 | 1.25 | ||
| Age (years) | 51.5 ± 13.7 | 51.3 ± 13 | 51 ± 12 | 51.8 ± 14.7 | 0.097 | 0.907 |
| BMI | 22.9 ± 3.7 | 23.54 ± 4.04 | 22.15 ± 3.79 | 22.87 ± 3.45 | 2.552 | 0.080 |
| Disease course (Month) | 58.2 (3,84) | 24 (3,72) | 9.5 (2,48) | 36 (6,108) | 10.005 | 0.007* |
| Smoking | 56 (17.4%) | 19 (20.9%) | 8 (13.8%) | 29 (16.8%) | 1.337 | 0.513 |
| Drinking | 50 (15.5%) | 15 (16.5%) | 7 (12.1%) | 28 (16.2%) | 0.547 | 0.761 |
| Nationality | ||||||
| Han | 172 (53.4%) | 35 (38.5%） | 34 (58.6%） | 103 (59.5%） | 11.777 | 0.019* |
| Uyghur | 143 (44.4%) | 54 (59.3%） | 23 (39.7%） | 66 (38.2%） | ||
| Others | 7 (2.2%) | 2 (2.2%） | 1 (1.7%） | 4 (3.3%） | ||
| Clinical type | ||||||
| primary type | 108 (33.5%) | 32 (35.2%） | 28 (48.3%） | 48 (27.7%） | 8.338 | 0.015* |
| Chronic recurrent type | 214 (66.5%) | 59 (64.8%） | 30 (51.7%） | 125 (72.2%） | ||
| Disease severity | ||||||
| Mild | 163 (50.6%) | 59 (64.8%） | 26 (44.8%） | 78 (45.1%） | 17.978 | 0.000* |
| Moderate | 112 (34.8%) | 28 (30.8%） | 25 (43.1%） | 59 (34.1%） | ||
| Severe | 47 (14.6%) | 4 (4.4%） | 7 (12.1%） | 36 (20.8%） | ||
| Lesion range | ||||||
| Colon | 65 (20.2%) | 24 (26.4%） | 11 (19%） | 30 (17.3%） | 5.595 | 0.231 |
| Left hemicolon | 125 (38.8%) | 38 (41.8%） | 23 (39.7%） | 64 (37%） | ||
| Extensive colon | 132 (41%) | 29 (31.8%） | 24 (41.3%） | 79 (45.7%） |
Comparison between the three groups, *P<0.05.
Analysis of extraintestinal manifestations and complications of UC with different types of H. pylori infection
Among the 322 patients with UC, the major extraintestinal manifestations included joint lesions (7.8%), cutaneous mucosal manifestations (4%), ocular lesions (1.2%), liver and biliary diseases (20.8%), and thromboembolic diseases (1.2%). The main complications observed included intestinal perforation (1.6%), intraepithelial neoplasia (2.5%), and canceration (0.6%). Compared with the different types of H. pylori infection groups, the proportions of cutaneous mucosal manifestations, and liver and bile diseases in type I H. pylori infection group were lower than those in type II H. pylori infection group and H. pylori-negative group, but there was no statistical significance (P > 0.05). While, the incidence of joint lesions in type I H. pylori infection group was significantly lower than that in H. pylori-negative group (χ2 = 6.285, P < 0.05) (Table 2).
TABLE 2.
Extrenteral manifestations and complications of UC with different types of H. pylori infection
| Total (n = 322) |
Type I H. pylori infection group (n = 91） |
Type II H. pylori infection group (n = 58） |
H. pylori-negative group (n = 173） |
Statistical value (χ2） |
P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extraintestinal manifestation | ||||||
| Joint lesions | 25 (7.8%) | 2 (2.2%） | 4 (6.9%） | 19 (3.7%） | 5.454 | 0.023* |
| Cutaneous mucosal manifestations | 13 (4%) | 3 (3.3%） | 3 (5.2%） | 7 (4.1%） | 0.322 | 0.485 |
| Ocular lesions | 4 (1.2%) | 1 (1.1%） | 0 (0%） | 3 (1.7%） | - | - |
| Liver and biliary diseases | 67 (20.8%) | 15 (16.5%） | 17 (29.3%） | 35 (20.2%） | 3.612 | 0.353 |
| Thromboembolic diseases | 4 (1.2%) | 1 (1.1%） | 1 (1.7%） | 2 (1.2%） | - | - |
| Complication | ||||||
| Intestinal perforation | 5 (1.6%) | 1 (1.1%） | 0 (0%） | 4 (2.3%） | - | - |
| Intraepithelial neoplasia | 8 (2.5%) | 3 (3.3%） | 3 (5.2%） | 2 (1.2%） | 3.238 | 0.151 |
| Canceration | 2 (0.6%) | 0 (0%） | 0 (0%） | 2 (1.2%） | - | - |
Comparison between the three groups, *P<0.05; -: not tested for cells containing observed frequencies of 1 or 0.
Hematology index analysis of UC with different types of H. pylori infection
In hematology index, there was no statistical significance in WBC, PLT, NE, LY, MO, EO, BA, TBIL, DBIL, IBIL, TP, GLO, AST, AST/ALT, K, Na, and CL in different types of H. pylori infection groups (P > 0.05). Inter-group differential analysis demonstrates that the levels of RBC, HGB, PCV, ALB, A/G, and ALT were significantly higher in the type I H. pylori infection group compared with both type II H. pylori infection group and H. pylori-negative group (P < 0.05). Conversely, the levels of D-Dimer, CRP, and ESR were significantly lower in the type I H. pylori infection group compared with both type II H. pylori infection group and H. pylori-negative group (P < 0.05) ( Table 3).
TABLE 3.
Hematology index of UC with different types of H. pylori infection
| Hematology index | Unit | Total (n = 322) |
Type I H. pylori infection group (n = 91） |
Type II H. pylori infection group (n = 58） |
H. pylori-negative group (n = 173） |
Statistical value (χ2/F） |
P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WBC | ×1012/L | 6.53 (5.3,8.22) |
6.33 (5.21,7.44) |
7.61 (5.19,8.84) |
6.62 (5.39,8.14) |
5.407 | 0.067 |
| RBC | ×109/L | 4.39 ± 0.58 | 4.53 ± 0.54 | 4.26 ± 0.54 | 4.37 ± 0.6 | 4.374 | 0.013* |
| HGB | g/L | 129 (122,143) |
132 (208.5,318.5) |
125.5 (222,358) |
128.5 (228.5,347.5) |
6.042 | 0.049* |
| PLT | 109/L | 271 (222,340) |
268 (208.5,318.5) |
275.5 (222,358) |
270.5 (228.5,347.5) |
2.493 | 0.287 |
| PCV | - | 0.394 (0.347,0.432) |
0.404 (0.337,0.44) |
0.375 (0.339,0.418) |
0.39 (0.34,0.429) |
6.244 | 0.044* |
| NE | ×109/L | 4.05 (3.09,5.42) |
3.89 (3.07,4.48） |
4.63 (3.15,6.09） |
4.15 (3.1,5.5） |
4.901 | 0.086 |
| LY | ×109/L | 1.77 (1.37,2.11) |
1.77 (1.39,2.17） |
1.84 (1.57,2.19） |
1.74 (1.35,2.08） |
1.816 | 0.403 |
| MO | ×109/L | 0.42 (0.33,0.56) |
0.4 (0.29,0.52） |
0.43 (0.34,0.57） |
0.42 (0.34,0.57） |
4.046 | 0.132 |
| EO | ×109/L | 0.15 (0.07,0.26) |
0.15 (0.08,0.26） |
0.11 (0.06,0.29） |
0.15 (0.07,0.25） |
0.799 | 0.67 |
| BA | ×109/L | 0.02 (0.02,0.04) |
0.03 (0.01,0.04） |
0.02 (0.02,0.04） |
0.02 (0.02,0.04） |
0.104 | 0.95 |
| TBIL | μmol/L | 10.2 (7.18,14.93) |
10.9 (7.69,15.39) |
8.85 (5.9,14.7) |
10.24 (7.37,14.8) |
4.064 | 0.131 |
| DBIL | μmol/L | 2.6 (0.3,4.72) |
1.91 (0.3,4.65) |
2.46 (0.3,3.7) |
2.63 (0.3,4.9) |
1.425 | 0.49 |
| IBIL | μmol/L | 5.9 (3.66,9.29) |
6.15 (3.72,10.08) |
4.76 (3.11,8.55) |
5.97 (3.9,9.07) |
3.73 | 0.155 |
| TP | g/L | 68.75 (64.7,73.3) |
69.6 (66,73.95) |
67.9 (63.04,72.8) |
68.2 (64.7,73.1) |
3.059 | 0.217 |
| ALB | g/L | 39.5 (35.7,43.18) |
40.3 (37.8,43.45) |
38.55 (33.9,41.7) |
38.9 (35.1,42.77) |
7.839 | 0.02* |
| GLO | g/L | 29.5 (26.6,33) |
28.8 (26.4,32.69) |
30.04 (27.6,33) |
29.7 (26.7,33) |
1.693 | 0.429 |
| A/G | - | 1.328 ± 0.302 | 1.422 ± 0.292 | 1.265 ± 0.346 | 1.299 ± 0.281 | 6.7 | 0.001* |
| ALT | U/L | 18 (12,26) |
20(14,28) | 14.04 (11, 24) | 17.88(12,26) | 6.114 | 0.047* |
| AST | U/L | 19 (15, 24) |
21(16,25) | 17.5(14,23) | 19(14.43,24) | 5.202 | 0.074 |
| AST/ALT | - | 1.23 (0.84,1.37) |
1.05 (0.86,1.28) |
1.18 (0.84,1.39) |
1.14 (0.82,1.38) |
2.531 | 0.282 |
| K | mmol/L | 3.82 (3.53,4.06) |
3.89 (3.61,4.15) |
3.77 (3.58,4) |
3.8 (3.51,4.05) |
5.473 | 0.065 |
| Na | mmol/L | 140.95 (139,143) |
141 (139.85,143) |
140.65 (138.43,142) |
140.9 (138.6,143) |
2.854 | 0.24 |
| CL | mmol/L | 105.6 (103.2,107.3) |
105.6 (104,107.8) |
105.9 (104,107) |
105 (103,107.1) |
1.888 | 0.389 |
| D-Dimer | mg/L | 0.33 (0.19,0.67) |
0.28 (0.18,0.42) |
0.45 (0.19,0.84) |
0.38 (0.22,0.78) |
9.235 | 0.01* |
| CRP | mg/L | 5.4 (2.38,14.94) |
3.07 (1.63,9.12) |
7.57 (2.23,13.6) |
6.37 (2.5,22.74) |
8.865 | 0.012* |
| ESR | MM/H | 20(10,38) | 13 (6, 18) | 26(10.5,42) | 24(12,40) | 20.682 | 0.000* |
| hs-CRP | mg/L | 4.69 (1.14,17.37) |
2.76 (1.3,6.25) |
5.57 (1.44,15.68) |
5.66 (0.99,23.72) |
2.378 | 0.305 |
Comparison between the three groups, *P<0.05.
DISCUSSION
UC is a chronic, non-specific inflammatory bowel disease characterized by recurrent episodes and delayed healing, accompanied by various extraintestinal manifestations. It significantly impacts the patients’ quality of life and exhibits a propensity for carcinogenesis (10). The etiology of UC remains elusive. Current research findings indicate that the pathogenesis of UC is associated with defects in the intestinal mucosal barrier, genetic susceptibility, microbial and environmental factors, as well as dysregulation of intestinal immune function (11). A meta-analysis revealed an increased risk of UC associated with urban residency, antibiotic exposure, oral contraceptive usage, consumption of carbonated beverages, vitamin D deficiency, and infection with non-H. pylori-like enterohepatic Helicobacter species. Conversely, reduced risks for UC were observed in individuals who had been breastfed, consumed tea, high levels of folate, or were infected with H. pylori (12). A systematic review and meta-analysis of 58 studies conducted in 2021 provided robust evidence supporting a protective role of H. pylori in UC, with the epidemiological data demonstrating moderate-to-high strength (13).
The prevalence of H. pylori exhibits an inverse correlation with UC, suggesting a protective effect of H. pylori against the development of UC. Moreover, the eradication of H. pylori may result in the recurrence of UC (14). The present study found that the average age of onset of patients with new-onset UC was about 50 years old, the disease was mainly mild, and the lesion was extensive in the colon. The predominant form of UC observed in previous studies is the chronic recurrent type, characterized by extensive involvement of the left hemicolon and colon, which aligns with the findings reported in this study (15). In this study, the patients with UC in the H. pylori-negative group exhibited a protracted disease course, a high recurrence rate, and severe disease severity. Based on the analysis of clinical characteristics, it can be considered that H. pylori confers a protective effect against UC.
H. pylori is a highly diverse bacterium, exhibiting a wide array of virulence factors that have been characterized. The main virulence factors encompass adherence (BabA, HopZ, SabA), effector delivery (CagA, Type IV), motility (Flagella, Flagellar glycosylation), secretion systems, exotoxin (VacA), immune modulation (HP-NAP, Lewis antigen, LPS, OipA), stress survival (urease), etc. CagA and VacA genes have been extensively investigated as virulence markers of H. pylori. The presence of CagA and VacA genes in H. pylori strains is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of various gastric diseases (16, 17).
The virulence factors of H. pylori not only participate in the initiation of inflammatory responses but also exert control and regulation over these responses, thereby sustaining chronic inflammation, and the most important is the interaction between bacterial virulence factors and host-microecology (4). H. pylori colonization resulted in a reduction of Th17 cells and downregulation of mRNA levels for IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-21 in the colon. Meanwhile, H. pylori colonization led to an increase in Treg cells and upregulation of IL-10 expression (18). Serum exosomes derived from patients with H. pylori-positive gastritis can attenuate the expression of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in intestinal epithelial cells via the NLRP12-Notch signaling pathway, thereby ameliorating dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis (19). The virulence factors of H. pylori also play crucial roles in UC. In CagA transgenic mice, CagA-mediated IκB exacerbates DSS-induced colitis by reducing the threshold for NF-κB activation. Additionally, CagA activates inflammasome independently of NF-κB signaling, thereby further enhancing inflammation. At the transcriptional level, the recovery of colitis-injured mucosa in vitro is impeded by upregulated Claudin-2 expression facilitated through a CDX2-dependent mechanism (20, 21). The findings of this study demonstrate that infection with highly virulent type I H. pylori is associated with a milder form of UC in terms of disease severity. Moreover, extraintestinal manifestations primarily manifest as liver and biliary diseases, joint lesions, and cutaneous mucosal manifestations. Notably, the incidence of joint lesions is low in cases of type I H. pylori infection. These observations suggest that the virulence factor of H. pylori exerts a protective effect on the severity of UC and joint lesions; however, the protective ability conferred by type II H. pylori appears to be less significant.
Hematology index not only serve as a supplementary diagnostic tool for UC but also facilitate the evaluation of the condition in cases of chronic recurrent UC (22). This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the blood routine, biochemical, and other laboratory indicators in patients with UC. However, only representative indicators were presented in the results. The results revealed that the levels of RBC, HGB, PCV, ALB, A/G, and ALT were significantly elevated in patients with type I H. pylori infection compared with those with type II H. pylori infection and H. pylori-negative group. Additionally, the levels of D-Dimer, CRP, and ESR were significantly lower than those in type II H. pylori infection group and H. pylori-negative group. These hematologic indices changes suggest that UC patients with type I H. pylori infection exhibit reduced incidences of anemia, chronic liver disease, thrombosis, and inflammation. Therefore, the highly virulent strain of H. pylori (CagA/VacA) may potentially mitigate the complications and disease severity associated with UC, whereas the impact of type II H. pylori on ameliorating these complications appears to be limited.
Currently, numerous H. pylori-related guidelines and consensus recommend universal eradication of H. pylori; however, the objective of achieving universal eradication is hindered by public health pressures in several countries (23, 24). The eradication of H. pylori remains a subject of controversy in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthma, and other diseases (5). In conclusion, the virulence of H. pylori plays a crucial role in protecting against UC, and infection with hypervirulent strains may improve disease severity and the occurrence of complications. Consequently, virulence factors should be taken into consideration when targeting H. pylori eradication in clinical practice, particularly in UC patients. It is crucial to evaluate the individual benefits to optimize personalized eradication therapies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our profound gratitude to all the participants who contributed to our study. Furthermore, our sincere appreciation is extended to the People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for their invaluable data support provided through the YIDUCLOUD data platform, which has significantly contributed to the substance of this article.
Weidong Liu, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – original draft | Qi Jiang, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – original draft, Funding acquisition | Shenglong Xue, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology | Wenjia Hui, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology | Wenjie Kong, Investigation, Methodology | Mengxia Zhang, Investigation, Methodology | Feng Gao, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review and editing.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributor Information
Feng Gao, Email: xjgf@sina.com.
Maria Antonia De Francesco, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
DATA AVAILABILITY
The data supporting the conclusions of this article has been shown without undue reservation. The raw data relating to patients cannot be shared in compliance with agreements with our partners (People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous and YIDUCLOUD data platform). However, other parties can apply to People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous and YIDUCLOUD data platform for research data access.
ETHICS APPROVAL
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (KY202306173).
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Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the conclusions of this article has been shown without undue reservation. The raw data relating to patients cannot be shared in compliance with agreements with our partners (People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous and YIDUCLOUD data platform). However, other parties can apply to People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous and YIDUCLOUD data platform for research data access.