Abstract
Purpose
Bariatric surgery (BS), an effective treatment for severe obesity and its comorbidities, may result in micronutrient and vitamin deficiencies. This monocentric prospective observational study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a specifically designed vitamin/mineral formula (Bariatrifast, BIOITALIA S.r.l., Italy) for preventing and treating micronutrient deficiencies in patients submitted to BS.
Methods
Twenty patients with severe obesity (mean weight and BMI: 123.5 kg (range 88–174) and 43.3 kg/m2 (range 37–54) respectively) underwent BS (10 vertical sleeve gastrectomy VSG, 10 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, RYGB). The mean age was 49.9 years (range 27–68). After a presurgical visit (V0), follow-up visits were performed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery (V1–V4). Recorded data included weight, height and BMI. A complete blood count, measurement of ferritin, folic acid, vitamin B12, ionized calcium, 25 OH vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) were obtained. Following BS, patients started the daily oral multivitamin and mineral supplement.
Results
All patients achieved a significant weight loss (mean − 34.7 ± 11.8 kg). No deficiencies of various vitamins/micronutrients were detected during the entire study period. The serum concentrations of vitamin B12, 25-OH Vitamin D and folic acid increased over the follow-up period compared with V0 (mean increase 243 ng/L, 23 µg /L, 8 µg/L, respectively). Compared to RYGB, patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy showed higher levels of 25-OH vitamin D at V2, V3 and V4 (all p < 0.05), and higher levels of Vitamin B12 and folic acid at V4 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005, respectively). No adverse events were reported.
Conclusion
Following VSG or RYGB, Bariatrifast administration was associated with normal values of essential micronutrients, and it was well-tolerated without evidence of gastrointestinal side effects.
Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifiers NCT06152965
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40519-024-01655-7.
Keywords: Obesity, Bariatric surgery, Micronutrients, Multivitamin support
Introduction
Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by the accumulation of excess adipose tissue, posing a significant public health concern [1, 2]. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 13% of adults worldwide have a body mass index (BMI) that, being equal to or exceeding 30 kg/m2, indicates an obesity condition [3]. The main goal of obesity treatment is weight loss that may be achieved by lifestyle intervention as first approach. Pharmacological treatment and bariatric surgery (BS) may be considered in adjunct to lifestyle intervention if the latter was not sufficient [4]. Pharmacotherapy can assist affected patients to lose weight and reduce health risks associated with obesity [5]. However, BS stands up as the most effective treatment for severe obesity [4]. Thus, BS is increasingly performed in patients with severe obesity, as assessed by BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 or even lower when associated with specific comorbidities [6, 7]. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are the most frequently used surgical procedures [8]. Although BS effectively reduces body weight, improves metabolic alterations, and enhances overall health [9], it may also lead to micronutrients deficiency [6, 10, 11]. The mechanisms involved in the development of vitamins and mineral deficiency include mainly decreased caloric intake and possibly diminished nutrient absorption due to reduced gastric pouch size (in RYGB) and rearrangement of the digestive tract leading to pH alterations (in both VSG and RYGB) [12]. According to recent guidelines [11, 13], it is recommended to implement systematic vitamin and micronutrients’ supplementation following different surgical procedures, with the aim to ensure sufficient nutritional intake and decrease the risk of deficiencies [14–16]. Several Food (supplements) for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) are available to improve the nutritional intervention.
This prospective observational study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness and safety of a specific FSMP (Bariatrifast, BIOITALIA S.r.l., Italy) in maintaining an adequate vitamin and micronutrient intake in patients with obesity who underwent VSG or RYGB.
Materials and methods
This observational, prospective study included 20 consecutive patients with severe obesity who underwent BS (11 males, 9 females, all aged ≥ 18 years, with a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 or ≥ 35 kg/m2 with at least one obesity-related comorbidity). In our population, 10 patients had hypertension, 5 type 2 diabetes, 2 non-alcoholic liver disease, 7 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 7 dyslipidemia and 2 obstructive sleep apnea. Ten of them underwent VSG and 10 RYGB. Patients were recruited at the Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, University Hospital of Pisa from April 2021 to February 2023. Previous BS was an exclusion criterion. The choice of the BS procedure was done by a multidisciplinary team based on medical history and obesity-related comorbidities.
Starting from the third day after surgery, a daily tablet of Bariatrifast (supplied free of charge by BIOITALIA S.r.l., Italy) was administered. Each pill contained 65 mg of iron, 175 μg of 25-OH Vitamin D (equivalent to 7000 IU), and several other micronutrients, including vitamins (A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9, B12, C, E, K), zinc, copper, and selenium (Table 1). The study protocol included a presurgical visit (V0), and 4 follow-up visits at 1 (V1), 3 (V2), 6 (V3), and 12 (V4) months after BS. The follow-up period between V0 and V4 was 373 ± 6 days (mean ± SD).
Table 1.
Composition of micronutrients and vitamins in each tablet of Bariatrifast
| Composition | |
|---|---|
| Magnesium (mg) | 56.3 |
| Iron (mg) | 65.0 |
| Zinc (mg) | 10.0 |
| Copper (mg) | 1.0 |
| Selenium (µg) | 55.0 |
| C Vitamin (mg) | 120.0 |
| E Vitamin (mg) | 100.0 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 10.0 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.3 |
| B6 Vitamin (mg) | 1.5 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 10.0 |
| Niacin (mg) | 10.0 |
| A Vitamin (µg) | 1200.0 |
| Folic acid (µg) | 400.0 |
| Biotin (µg) | 50.0 |
| B12 Vitamin (µg) | 500.0 |
| Cholecalciferol (D Vitamin) (µg) | 175.0* |
| K Vitamin (µg) | 150.0 |
*Equal to 7.000 I.U
Body weight, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at each visit. Blood tests were also performed and included a complete blood count, measurement of ferritin, ionized calcium, 25-OH Vitamin D, PTH, vitamin B12, folic acid. Blood was drawn after an overnight fast. A digital electronic scale was used to assess body weight, in light clothing. Standing height, without shoes, was measured (to the nearest 1 cm) using a stadiometer. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. Classification of overweight and obesity was performed according to conventional definitions [17]. The adherence to the treatment was evaluated for each patient at the end of the follow-up period and it was expressed as a percentage ratio between the number of tablet taken and those supposed to be taken in relation to the treatment period.
The study was approved by the local Ethical Committee (CEAVNO—Comitato Etico Area Vasta Nord Ovest Regione Toscana) and all patients gave their written informed consent.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed according to the intention-to treat procedure. Normally distributed variables were expressed as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (SD). p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Changes from baseline (pre-surgery) parameters were evaluated using the Student’s paired t test or non-parametric tests, as appropriate. Weight change was calculated in both VSG and RYGB groups, and difference between the 2 groups was assessed by Student’s unpaired t test. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used to explore changes in micronutrients/vitamins serum levels over and according to surgical procedures. Post-hoc pairwise t test with Bonferroni correction was used to highlight differences among the two groups at different time points. Differences in safety, tolerability and adherence between the groups were compared by Chi-squared tests.
Results
The anthropometric characteristics of the study population are reported in Table 2. At the time of the presurgical visit, no differences in age, body weight and BMI were observed between RYGB and VSG. Prior to BS, 25-OH Vitamin D deficiency (< 25 µg/L) and folate deficiency (< 3 µg/L) were observed in thirteen patients (65%) and 2 patients (10%), respectively. No abnormal values were observed in the other parameters. As expected, BS induced significant weight loss in all patients from V0 to V4 (Δ = − 34.7 ± 11.8 kg, ranging from − 57 to − 13). Patients who underwent the RYGB intervention showed a higher percentage of weight loss (− 31 ± 7%) compared with the VSG group (− 25 ± 8%) (Fig. 1), although not statistically significant.
Table 2.
Anthropometric measures of the study population
| Whole group n = 20 |
RYGB n = 10 |
VSG N = 10 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49.9 (27–68) | 46.4 (27–68) | 53.4 (42–62) | 0.1 |
| Body weight (kg) | 123.5 (88–174) | 126.0 (88–146) | 120.4 (91–174) | 0.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 43.3 (37–54) | 41.4 (37–45) | 45.1 (36–54) | 0.09 |
Data are presented as mean (minimum–maximum)
BMI body mass index
Fig. 1.
A Change in body weight (mean values at each visit) over 12 months in the VSG and RYGB groups. Time 0 corresponds to body weight before BS (V0). B Percent weight loss trajectory (mean values) in the VSG versus RYGB groups over 12 months
Serum concentrations of vitamin B12, 25-OH Vitamin D and folic acid increased over the follow-up period compared with V0 (mean increase at V4 243 ng/L, 23 mcg/L and 8 µg/L, respectively). Using two-way ANOVA for repeated measures, serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D increased over time (p < 0.001) with a significant effect of surgical procedures (p < 0.001). Post-hoc pairwise t test with Bonferroni correction showed higher levels of 25-OH vitamin D in patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy at V2, V3 and V4 (all p < 0.05, Fig. 2A). Vitamin B12 increased over time (p < 0.001), and post-hoc pairwise t test with Bonferroni correction showed higher levels of Vitamin B12 in patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy at V4 (p < 0.05, Fig. 2B). Folic acid increased over time (p < 0.001) with a significant effect of surgical procedures (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise t-test with Bonferroni correction showed higher levels of folic acid in patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy at V4 (p < 0.005, Fig. 2C). Slightly higher values of PTH at V2 and V3 (p < 0.05) were observed after RYGB.
Fig. 2.
Changes in 25-OH Vitamin D (A), vitamin B12 (B) and folic acid (C) concentrations from baseline over 12 months in the VSG and RYGB. The asterisks represent the significant difference in vitamin levels between groups at each time point by post-hoc pairwise t test with Bonferroni correction (*p < 0.05)
In 7 patients who achieved serum levels of Vit. B12 > 1.000 ng/L at V2 (1 patient with RYGB) and at V3 (4 with VSG and 2 with RYGB), Bariatrifast was replaced by another formula containing lower amounts of vitamins and micronutrients (Bariatric, BIOITALIA, Italy, Table 3) with consequent decline of Vit. B12 values below 1000 ng/L. In the 7 patients who achieved serum levels of Vitamin B12 > 1.000 ng/L, the reduction in body weight (− 39.3 ± 12.8 kg, ranging from − 54 to − 17) was not significantly different from that observed in the other patients (− 32.3 ± 10.9 kg, ranging from − 57 to − 13).
Table 3.
Composition of micronutrients and vitamins in each tablet of Bariatric
| Composition | |
|---|---|
| Magnesium (mg) | 188 |
| Iron (mg) | 30 |
| Zinc (mg) | 10.0 |
| Selenium (µg) | 55.0 |
| C Vitamin (mg) | 120.0 |
| E Vitamin (mg) | 12.0 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 10.0 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 2.1 |
| B6 Vitamin (mg) | 2.1 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 9.0 |
| Niacin (mg) | 24.0 |
| A Vitamin (µg) | 800.0 |
| Folic acid (µg) | 400.0 |
| B12 Vitamin (µg) | 33.0 |
| Cholecalciferol (D Vitamin) (µg) | 25.0* |
| K Vitamin (µg) | 38.0 |
*Equal to 1000 I.U
No significant changes in serum levels of blood counts, ferritin, and ionized calcium were observed (Table 4). In all patients, no deficiency nor subnormal level of various blood parameters was observed during FSMP administration. No adverse events were reported. Good adherence to oral supplementation was observed (median ratio between the number of tablets taken and tablets scheduled = 97.6% (range 77–100).
Table 4.
Micronutrients and vitamin measures over the follow-up period stratified by surgical procedure
| Sleeve gastrectomy | Gastric bypass | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V0 | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V0 | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | |
| Erythrocytes (× 103/µL) | 4971 (457) | 4898 (485) | 4923 (432) | 4858 (556) | 4799 (485) | 4905 (404) | 4899 (358) | 4836 (406) | 4716 (469) | 4758 (432) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.4 (1.3) | 14.2 (1.4) | 14.5 (1.1) | 14.5 (1.4) | 14.4 (1.3) | 14.4 (1.4) | 14.4 (1.3) | 14.3 (1.3) | 14.3 (1.5) | 14.4 (1.6) |
| Leukocytes (/µL) | 8279 (2216) | 6119 (1080) | 7508 (1170) | 7346 (1184) | 7427 (1200) | 7134 (1313) | 7531 (3211) | 7641 (1291) | 7708 (1116) | 7271 (1213) |
| Platelets (× 103/µL) | 273.5 (59) | 257.1 (61) | 250.9 (48) | 256.4 (46) | 234.3 (34) | 246.0 (86.9) | 257.5 (75.9) | 250.9 (63.6) | 249.7 (69.7) | 259.6 (88.3) |
| PTH (ng/L) | 27.3 (5.8) | 25.5 (3.9) | 26.6* (8.1) | 27.5* (7.7) | 28.1 (6.9) | 34.9 (14.7) | 37.2 (16.9) | 39.6 (12.8) | 37.6 (7.4) | 36.4 (11.9) |
| Folic acid (µg/L) | 5.5 (4.1) | 15.9 (11.0) | 11.8 (4.5) | 14.9 (4.3) | 16.3* (5.5) | 5.6 (3.2) | 9.2 (4.5) | 11.5 (5.0) | 12.9 (4.5) | 10.2 (4.3) |
| Ionized calcium (mmol/L) | 1.23 (0.02) | 1.24 (0.05) | 1.20 (0.09) | 1.21 (0.09) | 1.23 (0.05) | 1.25 (0.04) | 1.23 (0.07) | 1.24 (0.03) | 1.23 (0.04) | 1.23 (0.04) |
| 25-OH Vitamin D (µg/L) | 25.1 (14.3) | 46.1 (8.7) | 62.6* (8.7) | 59.9* (10.8) | 53.0* (13.4) | 16.4 (8.4) | 35.0 (10.3) | 37.4 (6.2) | 41.8 (14.5) | 34.6 (9.0) |
| Ferritin (µg/L) | 173.0 (197) | 273.6 (222.6) | 169.4 (115.5) | 137.5 (73.5) | 149.7 (104.3) | 200.8 (106.4) | 169.0 (115.9) | 157.0 (61.8) | 141.0 (62.9) | 127.8 (67.1) |
| Vitamin B12 (ng/L) | 434.9 (186.8) | 825.0 (322.8) | 812.5 (264.8) | 937.4 (281.2) | 804.5* (172.6) | 434.7 (137.6) | 760.9 (327.4) | 697.8 (447.2) | 819.0 (549.0) | 557.4 (158.0) |
Each parameter in the table is expressed as mean (standard deviation)
The asterisks represent the significant difference between groups at each time point by post-hoc pairwise t test with Bonferroni correction (*p < 0.05)
Discussion
The current study demonstrates that a brand name vitamin/mineral formula (Bariatrifast) was associated with normal values of essential micronutrients during a 1-year follow-up period after VSG or RYGB. Good adherence and no side effects were observed.
BS can induce nutritional deficits that may exacerbate preexisting micronutrients deficiencies [18–21], which result from the poor nutritional quality of the diet, e.g. lack of fruits and vegetables (rich sources of vitamins and minerals), and from specific factors unique to patients with obesity [18, 22]. The prevalence of 25-OH vitamin D deficiency was reported to be 35% higher in individuals with obesity compared with normal weight subjects [23, 24]. Iron deficiency and low hemoglobin levels were reported to occur from 0 to 47% in individuals scheduled for BS [21, 25–27]. Folic acid deficiency rates before BS varied from 0 to 23% [18, 20, 27, 28], while vitamin B12 deficiency was reported to range from 0 to 23% [27, 29].
Starting from preexisting nutritional deficits, BS can make the situation worse. Iron deficiency is highly prevalent after VSG and RYGB, affecting approximately 33% of patients [30, 31], mainly in menstruating women [11]. This condition may be due to the reduced intake of iron-rich foods in the initial months after BS [32]. Current recommendations advise a daily intake of 18 mg of iron in men and non-anemic patients, and of 45–60 mg in menstruating women [11, 33]. Our results show that, by supplementing 65 mg of iron per day, the serum levels of iron were adequate during the whole follow-up period.
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a well-known complication of BS, and it is mainly due to reduced intake [11, 33]. Vitamin B12 undergoes degradation in the gastric acid environment. Consequently, cells in the stomach release intrinsic factor, which binds to vitamin B12. This process takes place in the duodenum, with actual absorption occurring in the ileum [34]. When the intestinal tract is either bypassed or altered (e.g. after gastric bypass or duodenal switch), a reduction in vitamin B12 absorption may occur [35]. Some studies reveal that after RYGB, vitamin B12 deficiency is more prevalent than after VSG [36, 37]. Recommended vitamin B12 supplementation varies based on the administration method: either a daily oral intake of 350–1000 μg or a monthly intramuscular injection of 1000 μg is advised, regardless of the surgery type [33, 35]. The results of the present study indicate that the oral administration of 500 μg of vitamin B12 produces an increase in serum vitamin B12 concentrations that, throughout the study, were found to be in the normal range in the majority of investigated patients. As stated by the NIH office for dietary supplements, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine does not establish a upper intake level for Vitamin B12 [38], due to its low potential toxicity even at large doses. Vitamin B12 is generally considered to be safe because the body does not store excess amounts. Despite none of the 7 patients who achieved serum levels of Vitamin B12 > 1.000 ng/L complained of any side effect, we decided to replace Bariatrifast with an oral formula containing a lower amount of this vitamin.
Folic acid deficiency is also observed after BS due to inadequate intake [11, 36, 39]. Generally, patients are recommended a daily 400–800 μg dose, while reproductive-age women might require 800–1000 μg daily [11]. We observed that the administration of 400 µg prevented folic acid deficiency, while leading to a progressive increase in its levels, though remaining within the normal range over the follow-up period.
Anemia frequently occurs after BS. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated a similar prevalence of anemia in obese patients submitted to either RYGB or VSG [36]. In our study population, hematological parameters, including hemoglobin levels, remained within the normal range throughout the treatment/observation period, and no case of anemia was recorded. This successful outcome can be attributed to the normalization of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid.
Independently of the type of BS [40], 25-OH Vitamin D deficiency occurs in 25–73% of operated patients, and it may lead to decreased bone mineral density and worsened bone turnover [41, 42]. Some studies show a consistent increase in fracture risk after RYGB compared with other procedures [43–45], but randomized controlled trials do not report a higher risk of fractures in BS-treated patients compared with controls [46–48]. In patients with obesity who followed a dietary intervention promoting important weight loss, an increase in 25-OH vitamin D has been reported [49]. Since Vitamin D is stored in adipose tissue, its elevation may be due to increased release consequent to loss in fat mass.
Current guidelines recommend administering at least a 2000 IU daily supplementation and periodically monitoring 25-OH Vitamin D levels [24]. In our study, the administration of 175 µg (7000 UI/day) of 25-OH Vitamin D increased the serum level of this vitamin, which were found to be ≥ 25 µg/L in all subjects, even in those starting with a presurgical level < 20 ng/ml. Low 25-OH Vitamin D levels can reduce intestinal calcium absorption. Consequently, the parathyroid glands may increase the production of PTH to balance serum calcium levels, potentially resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our results showed normal and stable serum values of PTH and ionized calcium throughout the course of the study.
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency can occur after BS due to inadequate intake or persistent vomiting [11, 50]. After BS, the prevalence of thiamine deficiency is estimated at 18% of operated patients [51]. Vitamin B1 deficiency can have consequences on the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems, resulting in conditions such as wet beriberi, dry beriberi, or Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome [50, 52]. The recommended daily intake of thiamin is 1.2 mg per day in men and 1.1 mg per day in women [13, 53]. However, the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition suggests a thiamine intake ranging from 1.2 mg to a maximum of 10 mg per day [13, 30, 54]. In our study cohort, we did not observe any clinical sign of vitamin B1 deficiency by administering 10 mg/day of this vitamin.
The post-surgical management of patients is critical because of the BS-induced decrease of nutrients intake and/or absorption [55, 56]. To prevent micronutrient deficiencies, the early administration of targeted food supplements after BS is crucial [21]. However, ensuring patients’ compliance with multiple supplements can be challenging and it may lead to a high incidence of unsuccessful outcomes, which may increase the sanitation costs due to a rise in emergency admissions, hospitalizations, and treatment expenses [57]. Simplifying the regimen into a single product may enhance adherence and minimize the risk of nutritional deficits [58].
Our study has some limitations. After BS, there is a potential risk to develop deficiencies of additional vitamins (A, K, E, B6) and micronutrients (copper, zinc, magnesium) [11, 20, 33]. The recommended doses of these micronutrients are included in Bariatrifast, although no specific measures were obtained to verify their efficacy. The relatively small sample size, lack of a control group undergoing specific dietary regimen, reliance on self-reported compliance with supplement regimens and the short follow-up period might limit the study's ability to draw complete conclusions.
Conclusion
In the current study, the administration of an FSMP (Bariatrifast) was associated with normal values of vitamins and minerals in patients with obesity who underwent BS. A satisfactory adherence to Bariatrifast treatment and its safety were recorded.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Acknowledgements
None.
Author contributions
A.B. interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. F.S., G.S., S.B.G., J.V., G.Sa, D.G., G.C., G.Sc., C.L., P.F.,, A.C., L.C., assisted with the interpretation of the data and revised the manuscript. F.S. designed the study protocol. J.V., R.J., D.T and V.A. performed nutritional counseling during follow-up visits. A.M.P performed the statistical analysis. C.M., R.B. S.D. and R.M. performed surgical procedures. All authors read, critically revised the draft and approved the final manuscript. A.B. and F.S. have full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Funding
The study was sponsored by BIOITALIA S.r.l., Italy.
Data availability
Some or all datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Declarations
Ethics approval
The study has been approved by the local Ethical Committee (Comitato Etico Area Vasta Nord-Ovest). The procedures employed in the study are in accordance with the ethical standards of the Local Ethical Committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.
Conflict of interests
J.V., R.J., V.A., C.L. have received reimbursement for attending symposia from BIOITALIA S.r.l. The other authors declare no conflict of interest. The sponsor had no role in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
Some or all datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.