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Chinese Journal of Hematology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hematology
. 2024 Mar;45(3):308–312. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121090-20231017-00213

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗难治/复发弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的作用及其进展

Role and progress of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of refractory/relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Leqing Cao 1, Xiaodong Mo 1,✉
Editor: 徐 茂强1
PMCID: PMC11078656  PMID: 38716606

Abstract

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is the most common type of non Hodgkin's lymphoma. The current treatment plan can significantly improve the prognosis of patients, but about 30%–40% of DLBCL patients still experience drug resistance and relapse after treatment. For patients with refractory/relapse DLBCL, clinical treatment remains difficult and their prognosis is poor. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT)remains one of the most important curative methods for refractory/relapse DLBCL patients. This article will review the role and progress of allo-HSCT in the treatment of refractory/relapse DLBCL.


弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, DLBCL)是最常见的非霍奇金淋巴瘤类型。Sun等[1]对4 638例淋巴瘤病理类型的统计发现,DLBCL占所有非霍奇金淋巴瘤的39.6%。Yang等[2]对6 382例非霍奇金淋巴瘤病理类型的统计显示DLBCL分别占结内病变、结外病变的39.8%、42.5%。在DLBCL的患者中,采用利妥昔单抗联合传统化疗的治疗方案可显著改善患者的预后,约70%的患者可获得完全缓解(CR)/未确定的完全缓解[3],这些患者10年无病生存率可达60%以上[4];近年来以维泊妥珠单抗为基础的治疗方案更是将患者的2年无进展生存(DFS)率提高到70%[5]–[6]。然而仍有30%~40%的DLBCL患者会出现难治(耐药)或复发,对于难治/复发的DLBCL患者,临床上治疗仍困难,其预后不佳[7]–[8]。目前关于难治DLBCL尚无统一的定义,Coiffier等[9]定义为对一线治疗无反应,或在CR后12个月内复发;Cheson等[10]定义为对二线/三线治疗无反应,或二线/三线治疗获得CR/部分缓解(PR)后6个月内发生疾病进展;Hitz等[11]定义原发难治性DLBCL为对一线治疗无反应,或达到CR/PR后3个月内复发;SCHOLAR-1研究[12]定义为化疗后疾病进展或疾病稳定为最佳反应,或自体造血干细胞移植(auto-HSCT)后12个月内复发。我国一项纳入2778例DLBCL的多中心回顾性研究认为SCHOLAR-1研究的定义最适用于确定难治性DLBCL的患者[8]。Crump等[12]统计了636例难治/复发DLBCL患者的转归发现,接受挽救治疗的总反应率为26%,其中CR率仅为7%,中位生存时间仅6.3个月。迄今为止,虽然涌现了不少新的治疗模式,但异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)仍是难治/复发DLBCL患者最重要的根治手段之一。本文就allo-HSCT治疗难治/复发DLBCL作用及其进展进行综述。

一、allo-HSCT可作为auto-HSCT失败后的重要挽救治疗

auto-HSCT是年轻、化疗敏感的难治/复发DLBCL患者重要挽救治疗手段。欧洲骨髓移植登记组共纳入6 717例接受auto-HSCT的难治/复发DLBCL患者,其中80%为化疗敏感,20%为化疗耐药,分析其资料显示患者移植后100 d和4年非复发死亡率(NRM)分别为3%、7%,4年复发率、无进展生存(PFS)率、总生存(OS)率分别为50%、43%、54%,多因素分析显示高龄、诊断1年内移植以及化疗耐药与不良预后相关[13]。

对于auto-HSCT后难治/复发的DLBCL患者,allo-HSCT是有效的挽救治疗手段。欧洲骨髓移植登记组的资料显示,101例auto-HSCT后复发的DLBCL患者选择同胞相合或非血缘供者allo-HSCT,移植后3年疾病进展率为30.1%,NRM为28.2%,OS率、PFS率分别为53.8%、41.7%[14]。

早期也有研究比较了auto-HSCT和allo-HSCT在难治/复发DLBCL患者中的作用。国际骨髓移植登记组报道了916例接受造血干细胞移植的DLBCL患者的资料(auto-HSCT组836例,同胞相合allo-HSCT组79例),结果显示allo-HSCT组患者移植后1年、3年和5年疾病复发/进展率分别为30%、33%和33%,低于auto-HSCT组的33%、37%和40%;但allo-HSCT组移植后1、3、5年的NRM分别为41%、43%、45%,均高于auto-HSCT组(分别为12%、16%、18%),因此allo-HSCT组无论是PFS率还是OS率均低于auto-HSCT组[15]。来自欧洲骨髓移植登记组的资料共纳入2002年至2009年共4 210例诊断为DLBCL的患者,比较了auto-HSCT(3 980例)、清髓allo-HSCT(132例)以及减低强度预处理allo-HSCT(98例)治疗难治/复发DLBCL患者的临床结局,相应的患者4年NRM分别为7%、25%和19%,4年复发率分别为50%、47%和53%,4年PFS分别为43%、28%和28%,4年OS率分别为54%、30%和38%[13]。从上述大宗病例研究中可以看到,相较于auto-HSCT,allo-HSCT组患者的复发率与其接近,而NRM明显增高,从而导致患者的PFS和OS明显减低。因此,allo-HSCT无法取代auto-HSCT的地位,因而被推荐作为auto-HSCT后复发/进展的DLBCL患者的挽救治疗。

二、allo-HSCT作为嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)治疗失败的挽救治疗

CAR-T治疗的问世给难治/复发DLBCL患者的治疗带来了革命性进步,是难治/复发DLBCL(尤其是12个月内的早期复发以及原发耐药DLBCL)患者最重要的挽救治疗手段之一。在JULIET研究[16]中,CAR-T治疗最佳总体治疗反应率为52%,完全反应率达到40%,1年OS率为49%。在TRANSCEND NHL 001研究[17]中,CAR-T治疗后总反应率达73%,完全反应率达53%,1年OS率、PFS率分别为58%、44%。在近期公布的国际多中心随机对照研究(ZUMA-7研究)[18]中,CAR-T治疗组总反应率、完全反应率分别为83%、50%,无事件生存时间为8.3个月,优于以auto-HSCT为基础的对照组。但在BELINDA研究中,CAR-T组和以auto-HSCT为基础的对照组相比无论是治疗反应率(75%对68%)还是无事件生存时间(中位均为3个月)等均无显著差异[19]。由于ZUMA-7研究不纳入快速进展或合并巨大肿块的患者,有可能人为排除了部分预后不佳的DLBCL患者,而BELINDA则允许纳入上述患者,或许更能反映CAR-T在真实世界中对于难治/复发DLBCL患者的疗效[20]。这也提示很多难治/复发DLBCL患者未能在CAR-T后获得持久的疾病控制。

真实世界研究也表明CAR-T治疗后的远期疗效似乎并不那么令人满意。在德国的真实世界研究中(GLA/DRST研究),356例接受CAR-T治疗的难治/复发DLBCL患者,1年复发率达到67%,PFS率仅为30%[21]。在西班牙GELTAMO/GETH-TC工作组的真实世界研究中,接受CAR-T治疗的难治/复发DLBCL患者中位PFS时间仅为4.6个月,1年PFS率为28%且PFS曲线未出现平台[22]。在美国的真实世界研究中,275例接受CAR-T治疗的难治/复发DLBCL患者,回输后中位无进展生存时间也仅有8.31个月,回输后12个月PFS率仅47%[23]。

CAR-T治疗后进展,尤其是治疗后30 d内进展的患者预后极差[24],对于这些患者来说,allo-HSCT仍是最重要的挽救治疗手段。Shadman等[25]分析了CAR-T治疗失败的非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者接受挽救性allo-HSCT的安全性,移植后Ⅱ~Ⅳ度和Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的发生率分别为77%和31%,仅1例发生慢性GVHD,1年NRM和OS率分别33%和59%。Zurko等[26]近期公布了allo-HSCT作为CAR-T治疗失败的DLBCL患者挽救治疗的临床数据,88例患者中9例直接进行allo-HSCT,其余79例患者在其他挽救治疗后接受allo-HSCT,移植后1年复发/进展率、NRM、PFS率、OS率、无GVHD/无复发生存率分别为33%、22%、45%、59%和39%。这表明,对于CAR-T治疗失败的患者,接受allo-HSCT仍有机会获得持久的疾病控制。

三、auto-HSCT失败的DLBCL患者,allo-HSCT和CAR-T治疗疗效比较?

对于auto-HSCT失败的DLBCL患者,allo-HSCT和CAR-T治疗都是有效的挽救治疗手段。Hamadani等[27]的研究纳入2012-2019年期间接受auto-HSCT后复发(≥18岁)的DLBCL患者,其后续分别选择CAR-T(181例)或allo-HSCT(403例)治疗,CAR-T组患者治疗时间集中在2018至2019年,且该组患者更年轻、治疗前未缓解的比例更高,但随访时间较短;CAR-T组治疗后1年的复发率、NRM、OS率、PFS率分别为39.5%、4.8%、73.4%、55.7%,allo-HSCT组治疗后1年的复发率、NRM、OS率、PFS率分别为26.2%、20.0%、65.6%、53.8%;allo-HSCT组复发率较低,但NRM较高,最终两组患者的生存情况类似。与此同时,Dreger等[28]基于意向性治疗的比较也有类似结果,接受allo-HSCT、CAR-T治疗的难治/复发DLBCL患者其治疗后总反应率分别为71%、79%,1年复发率分别为44%、59%,NRM分别为21%、3%,PFS率分别为35%、36%,OS率分别为54%、68%。目前尚无随机对照研究比较这两种治疗方法在auto-HSCT失败DLBCL患者中的临床结局。基于现有临床资料,allo-HSCT和CAR-T治疗均可作为这些患者的挽救治疗手段。

四、CAR-T治疗后桥接allo-HSCT治疗难治/复发DLBCL的可行性

对于接受allo-HSCT的DLBCL患者,移植前获得CR的患者具有较好的移植后生存[26]。但对于CAR-T治疗失败的患者来说,大部分患者可能无法再次获得治疗反应。DESCAR-T研究的结果显示,CAR-T治疗后复发/疾病进展的患者接受挽救治疗总反应率仅为14%,挽救治疗措施包括双抗类药物、放疗、免疫化学治疗、靶向药物、来那度胺等,其对应的治疗反应率分别为3%、7%、8%、5%、1%[24]。即使采用维泊妥珠单抗治疗,CAR-T治疗后复发/耐药的DLBCL患者的总反应率也仅有44%(其中CR率仅为14%)[29]。目前已有研究探索了DLBCL患者接受CAR-T治疗后疾病进展相关的可能的危险因素[21],[23]。Vercellino等[30]针对DLBCL患者接受CAR-T治疗后早期进展危险因素的分析中显示,结外病灶≥2个以及总肿瘤代谢容积>80 ml是早期复发和死亡的最重要危险因素;同时具有上述两个危险因素的患者CAR-T治疗后生存情况最差。因此,对于有上述危险因素的DLBCL患者,通过CAR-T治疗获得治疗反应后及时桥接allo-HSCT或许有助患者获得更持久的疾病控制。

五、总结

在新型药物和CAR-T治疗已经蓬勃发展的现在,allo-HSCT仍是难治/复发DLBCL患者最重要的根治手段之一。新型药物目前主要包括以下几大类:双特异性抗体、抗体偶联药物、免疫检查点抑制剂和小分子药物等,是改善难治/复发DLBCL患者生存的重要进步。目前很多新型药物的疗效已在临床研究中获得验证[31]–[37],但关于新型药物治疗获得反应后的后续治疗选择及是否桥接auto-HSCT或allo-HSCT目前尚无统一推荐。一项研究纳入了原发难治且CAR-T治疗后复发的DLBCL和原发性纵隔B细胞淋巴瘤的患者各1例,分别予维博妥珠单抗联合利妥昔单抗和苯达莫司汀(Pola-BR)治疗3个疗程获得完全代谢缓解后桥接了allo-HSCT,2例患者分别获得移植后362 d和195 d无病生存,因此认为Pola-BR可以作为CAR-T治疗后复发患者接受allo-HSCT前的有效过渡治疗[38]。对于难治/复发DLBCL患者,尤其是CAR-T治疗后仍未获得治疗反应或复发的患者,采用新型药物治疗获得治疗反应后桥接allo-HSCT以使患者获得更长生存是未来值得研究的方向。

在难治/复发DLBCL患者的治疗中,allo-HSCT和CAR-T治疗到底孰优孰劣尚难定论。CAR-T治疗虽然相对安全,早期治疗反应率高,但远期疾病控制情况尚待观察;而且CAR-T制备需要时间,商业化的CAR-T产品价格较昂贵且医保没有覆盖[39]等也是难以回避的问题。在既往研究中,allo-HSCT降低复发率所带来的生存获益往往被较高的NRM所抵消。近年来,随着移植技术的发展,针对重度GVHD、感染等移植后常见并发症的预测和治疗方法获得长足进步[40]–[45],移植后NRM已经显著下降[46]–[47],因此allo-HSCT仍将在难治/复发DLBCL患者的治疗中发挥重要的作用。未来设计良好的随机对照研究将有助进一步比较allo-HSCT和CAR-T在难治/复发DLBCL患者中的疗效和安全性;而对于预期CAR-T治疗后远期疗效不佳的患者,尤其对于疾病快速进展或合并巨块型病灶的DLBCL患者,allo-HSCT或许有助进一步改善患者的长期无病生存。

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2022YFA1103300、2022YFC2502606);国家自然学基金重大项目(82293630);国家自然科学基金重点项目(81930004);国家自然科学基金面上项目(82170208)

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