The ORCID iDs are missing for the second, third, and fourth author. Please see the authors’ respective ORCID iDs here:
Author Reinie Cordier’s ORCID iD is: 0000-0002-9906-5300 (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9906-5300).
Author Anna Ferrante’s ORCID iD is: 0000-0002-9479-7908 (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-7908).
Author Melissa O’Donnell’s ORCID iD is: 0000-0003-2440-3667 (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2440-3667).
In the PDF version, there are a number of errors in the headings for Table 2. Please see the complete, correct Table 2 here.
Table 2. Characteristics of included studies.
| Author (Year) | Country | Aims/ Objectives | Research Area | Child Protection Contact (CPC) vs. OHC | Administrative Data Source | Number of administrative datasets (Deterministic/ Probabilistic Linkage) | Linkage Quality (Yes/ No) |
| Egulend et al. (2009) | Denmark | To identify problems among children in foster and residential care compared to in home care children, and to all non-welfare children of the same age, and to analyse factors associated with mental health problems in children in out-of-home care | Mental Health | OHC | 1.National Health Register; 2.Psychiatric Research Register 3.Child Protection Register |
2 (Deterministic) | No |
| Hansson et al. (2018) | Sweden | To describe and discuss differences between children placed in OHC and non-OHC children in the Swedish compulsory school, with respect to special needs education, school mobility and academic achievement. | Education | OHC | Statistics Sweden | 1 (NR) | No |
| Kisely et al. (2019) | Australia | To examine whether notified and/or substantiated child maltreatment is associated with the prevalence and persistence of smoking in early adulthood | Drugs & Alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Kisely et al. (2018) | Australia | To examine, using a prospective record-linkage analysis, whether substantiated child maltreatment is associated with adverse psychological outcomes in early adulthood. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Kisely et al. (2019) | Australia | To study the association of different types of child maltreatment with alcohol use disorders at 21 years of age | Drugs & Alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Olsen et al. (2018) | Denmark | To investigate the association for children in OHC and non-OHC peers between school change in lower secondary school and two educational outcomes: (1) self-perceived academic abilities at age 15 and (2) staying-on rates in upper secondary school at age 18 | Education | OHC | Danish Register Data | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Author (Year) | Country | Aims/ Objectives | Research Area | Child Protection Contact (CPC) vs. OHC | Administrative Data Source | Number of administrative datasets (Deterministic/ Probabilistic Linkage) | Linkage Quality (Yes/ No) |
| Parrish et al. (2016) | USA | To determine the predictive relationship between a maternal pre-birth self-reported history of intimate partner violence (IPV) and any post-birth reported allegation to Child Protective Services (CPS) by age 2 | Domestic violence | CPC | Alaska’s Child Protective Services Agency Register | 1 (Probabilistic) | No |
| Parrish et al. (2017) | USA | A description of the creation of the (ALCANLink) project and the benefit of the ALCANLink methodology by documenting the bias in incidence and hazard ratios that can arise in birth cohort linkage studies due to incomplete data linkages, non-linkage assumptions, and single source outcome ascertainment | Child protection | CPC | 1. Vital records; 2. Child death review; 3. Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD) records |
3 (Deterministic & Probabilistic) | Yes |
| Raghavan et al. (2017) | USA | To quantify the magnitude of non-ascertainment bias, develop a profile of children who are at greatest risk for non-ascertainment, | Health insurance | OHC | 1.Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) Research Data Assistance Centre; 2.Child Welfare Agency |
1 (Deterministic) | Yes |
| Sidebotham et al. (2000) | UK | A study of patterns of child abuse and factors that may affect risk in a pre-school population |
Child protection | CPC | Avon Social Services Child Protection Register | 1 (NR) | No |
| Sidebotham et al. (2003) | UK | To determine characteristics of children that may predispose to maltreatment. | Child protection | CPC | Avon Social Services Child Protection Register | 1 (NR) | No |
| Sidebotham et al. (2006) | UK | to analyse the multiple factors affecting risk of abuse in young children within a comprehensive theoretical framework | Child protection | CPC | Avon Social Services Child Protection Register | 1 (NR) | No |
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| Author (Year) | Country | Aims/ Objectives | Research Area | Child Protection Contact (CPC) vs. OHC | Administrative Data Source | Number of administrative datasets (Deterministic/ Probabilistic Linkage) | Linkage Quality (Yes/ No) |
| Sidebotham et al. (2002) | UK | To determine risk factors for child maltreatment within the socio-economic environment of a contemporary UK child population | Child protection | CPC | Avon Social Services Child Protection Register | 1 (NR) | No |
| Teyhan et al. (2019) | UK | To use record linkage of birth cohort and administrative data to study educational outcomes of children who are looked-after (in public care) and in need (social services involvement), and examine the role of early life factors. | Education | OHC | 1. Children Looked-After (CLA) Data Return; 2. Children in Need (CIN) Census; 3. National Pupil Database |
3 (NR) | No |
| Austin et al. (2019) | USA | Identify longitudinal trajectory classes of CPS contact among Alaska Native (AN/AI) and non-Native (NN) children and examine preconception and prenatal risk factors associated with identified classes | Child protection | CPC | 1. Alaska Office of Children’s Services (OCS); 2. Alaska Child Death Review; 3. Death certificate files; 4. Alaska Dept. of Revenue |
4 (NR) | No |
| Austin et al. (2018) | USA | To use multiple novel data sources and time-to event analysis to examine preconception and prenatal predictors of time to first contact with CPS among a representative sample of Alaska children. | Child protection | CPC | 1. Alaska Office of Children’s Services (OCS); 2. Alaska Child Death Review; 3. Death certificate files; 4. Alaska Dept. of Revenue 4. Geographic census classification data 6. Alaska Birth Defects Registry |
6 (NR) | No |
| Hansson et al. (2020) | Sweden | To investigate the effects of school mobility on academic achievements for OHC-children as well as for NOHC-children. | Education | OHC | Statistics Sweden: Child Welfare Register | 1 (NR) | No |
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | Australia | Examine the association between different types of substantiated child maltreatment and self-reported psychotic experiences as measured by the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR) items and the Peter’s Delusions Inventory (PDI) using data from a large population-based birth cohort study. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Author (Year) | Country | Aims/ Objectives | Research Area | Child Protection Contact (CPC) vs. OHC | Administrative Data Source | Number of administrative datasets (Deterministic/ Probabilistic Linkage) | Linkage Quality (Yes/ No) |
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | Australia | Examine the effect on QoL of multiple forms of substantiated child maltreatment controlling for selected potential confounders and/covariates, and concurrent depressive symptoms. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Abajobir et al. (2016) | Australia | This study examines whether distinct types of childhood maltreatment differentially predict different forms of intimate partner violence | Domestic violence | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Abajobir et al. (2016) | Australia | This study investigates the association between exposure to prospectively-substantiated childhood maltreatment between 0 to 14 years of age and lifetime cannabis use, abuse and dependence reported at 21 years | Drugs & alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | Australia | Determine the association between substantiated childhood maltreatment and injecting drug use | Drugs & Alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Strathean et al. (2009) | Australia | Explored whether breastfeeding may protect against maternally-perpetrated child maltreatment. | Child protection | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Mills et al. (2013) | Australia |
To examine whether notified child maltreatment is associated with adverse psychological outcomes in adolescence, and whether differing patterns of psychological outcome are seen depending on the type of maltreatment. |
Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Author (Year) | Country | Aims/ Objectives | Research Area | Child Protection Contact (CPC) vs. OHC | Administrative Data Source | Number of administrative datasets (Deterministic/ Probabilistic Linkage) | Linkage Quality (Yes/ No) |
| Mills et al. (2016) | Australia | Investigate the incidence of CSA in the same birth cohort using both retrospective self-report and prospective government agency notification, and examine the psychological outcomes in young adulthood. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Mills et al. (2014) | Australia | This study examines whether child maltreatment experience predicts adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. The secondary question was whether specific patterns of types of maltreatment were associated with alcohol and/or tobacco use. | Drugs & alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Mills et al. (2019) | Australia | to investigate whether child maltreatment is associated with adverse outcomes in cognitive function, high school completion and employment by the age of 21 | Education | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Mills et al. (2017) | Australia | To investigate whether: (1) child maltreatment is associated with life-time cannabis use, early-onset cannabis use, daily cannabis use and DSM-IV cannabis abuse in young adulthood; and (2) behaviour problems, tobacco use and alcohol use at age 14 are associated with cannabis use. | Drugs & Alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No |
| Parrish et al. (2011) | Australia | To assess the utility of combining PRAMS data with child protective services (CPS) records to identify risk factors associated with Protective Services Reports (PSR) suggestive of child maltreatment | Child protection | CPC | Alaska’s Child Protective Services Agency Register | 1 (Probabilistic) | Yes |
| Raghavan et al. (2012) | USA | To estimate the amount of Medicaid expenditures incurred from the purchase of psychotropic drugs–the primary drivers of mental health expenditures among children in the child welfare system | Health insurance | CPC | 1.Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) Research Data Assistance Centre; 2.Child Welfare Agency |
1 (Deterministic & Probabilistic) | Yes |
Notes
CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview
CPC Child Protection Contact
CPS Child Protective Services
CSA Child Sexual Abuse
DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition
DVSA Domestic violence and sexual assault;
IPV Intimate Partner Violence
LTFC Long Term Foster Care
N/A Not Applicable
NR Not Reported
OHC Out-of-home care
SDQ Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire
WHO World Health Organisation
YASR Young Adult Self Report
Reference
- 1.Chikwava F, Cordier R, Ferrante A, O’Donnell M, Speyer R, Parsons L (2021) Research using population-based administration data integrated with longitudinal data in child protection settings: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 16(3): e0249088. 10.1371/journal.pone.0249088 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]