Abstract
目的
探讨对腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣采用宽频线阵容积探头引导下三维超声技术定位穿支的准确性,以及基于此设计皮瓣修复足背创面的疗效。
方法
2019年1月—2022年12月,收治30例足背皮肤软组织缺损患者。男19例,女11例;年龄22~63岁,平均43.9岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤12例,重物压砸伤15例,机器伤3例。受伤至入院时间1~8 h,平均3.5 h。彻底清创后创面范围为5 cm×3 cm~17 cm×5 cm,予以封闭式负压引流敷料覆盖,待创面无明显感染后行腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复。术前采用宽频线阵容积探头对腓肠内侧动脉穿支及主干血管进行探测,获得完整三维图像,记录穿支数量、位置以及主干血管在肌肉内位置、走行方式,并在此基础上选择合适穿支设计皮瓣及指导皮瓣切取;术中皮瓣切取范围6 cm×4 cm~18 cm×6 cm。将术前探测与术中观察的穿支进行对比,计算敏感度及阳性预测值,评估三维超声技术定位穿支的准确性。供区直接拉拢缝合25例,游离植皮修复5例。
结果
30例患者术前探测发现60支腓肠内侧动脉穿支、术中发现58支,其中术前与术中相符穿支56支,敏感度93.3%、阳性预测值96.6%;术前探测及术中观察主干血管在肌肉内位置、走行方式基本相符。术后皮瓣均顺利成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合;供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合,植皮成活。患者均获随访,随访时间9~24个月,平均14.7个月。皮瓣外观、色泽、质地良好,穿鞋及行走无明显影响;末次随访时美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分为80~92分,平均87.5分;患者满意度达优29例、良1例。
结论
宽频线阵容积探头引导下三维超声技术定位腓肠内侧动脉穿支准确,三维成像更直观,可用于指导腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣设计及切取。
Keywords: 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣, 宽频线阵容积探头, 三维超声技术, 足背, 创面修复
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the accuracy of positioning perforator of medial sural artery with three-dimensional ultrasound technique guided by a wide band linear matrix array volume transducer probe before operation, and the effectiveness of the flap design based on this in repairing the dorsal foot wounds.
Methods
Between January 2019 and December 2022, 30 patients with skin and soft tissue defects of the dorsal foot were treated. There were 19 males and 11 females, with an average age of 43.9 years (range, 22-63 years). There were 12 cases of traffic accident injury, 15 cases of heavy crushing injury, and 3 cases of machine injury. The time from injury to hospitalization was 1-8 hours (mean, 3.5 hours). The wounds in size of 5 cm×3 cm to 17 cm×5 cm were thorough debrided and covered with vacuum sealing drainage dressing. Then the wounds were repaired with the medial sural artery perforator flaps after no obvious infection observed. To obtain the complete three-dimensional image, the number and position of the medial sural artery perforator branches and the position of the main blood vessels in the muscle were detected and recorded by wide band linear matrix array volume transducer probe before operation. Suitable perforating branches were selected to design the flap and guide the flap incision on this basis. The size of the perforating flap ranged from 6 cm×4 cm to 18 cm×6 cm. The sensitivity and positive predictive value were calculated by comparing preoperative exploration with intraoperative observation of perforating branches, so as to evaluate the positioning accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound technique. The donor sites were sutured directly in 25 cases and repaired with free skin grafting in 5 cases.
Results
The 60 perforating branches of medial sural artery were found before operation and 58 during operation in 30 patients. Among them, pre- and intra-operative perforations were consistent with 56. The sensitivity was 93.3% and positive predictive value was 96.6%. The intramuscular position and route of the main blood vessels were basically consistent with the pre- and intra-operative observation. All flaps survived and wounds healed by first intention. All incisions at the donor sites healed by first intention, and all skin grafts survived. All patients were follow up 9-24 months (mean, 14.7 months). The appearance, color, and texture of the flaps were good, and no obvious effect on wearing shoes and walking. At last follow-up, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hind score ranged from 80 to 92, with an average of 87.5. The patient satisfaction was excellent in 29 cases and good in 1 case.
Conclusion
The three-dimensional ultrasound technique guided by the wide band linear matrix array volume transducer probe can accurately locate the perforating branch of the medial sural artery, and the three-dimensional imaging is more intuitive, which can be used to guide the design and incision of the medial sural artery perforator flap.
Keywords: Medial sural artery perforator flap, wide band linear matrix array volume transducer probe, three-dimensinal ultrasound technique, dorsum of foot, wound repair
足踝部损伤临床较常见,对于足背皮肤软组织缺损可选择局部皮瓣、小腿部岛状皮瓣[1-2]及游离皮瓣修复。但是,局部皮瓣切取对足部创伤较大且需损伤足部主要动、静脉[3];小腿部岛状皮瓣术后常发生远端血供不足,发生皮瓣远端坏死[4-5]。基于此,临床主要选择游离皮瓣修复足背皮肤软组织缺损。腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣是小腿后内侧近腘窝处区域皮瓣,具有供区脂肪层较薄的特点[6-7],并且在血管蒂长度及管径方面具有优势,穿支于腓骨小头上方3~4 cm处起自腘动脉,起始部血管外径2.1~3.0 mm,血管主干长10~15 cm,肌肉内部分长8~12 cm[8],尤其适用于足背创面修复,术后无需二次修薄且不影响穿鞋。既往我们在切取腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣前使用传统二维超声或多普勒探测腓肠内侧动脉穿支,但准确性较差,术中切取皮瓣时常发现存在偏差,影响皮瓣切取[9-10]。
宽频线阵容积探头引导下的三维超声技术是在二维图像基础上,将连续采集的空间分布位置,经过计算机重建算法处理,从而获得完整的空间形态。该技术可以对血管走行、空间分布及血管形态进行三维成像,使术者准确了解穿支位置及形态,便于术中更快、更准确地切取皮瓣,缩短皮瓣缺血再灌注时间,同时也缩短手术时间,减少供体部位不必要的剥离和创伤。2019年1月—2022年12月,无锡市第九人民医院足踝外科采用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复30例(30侧)足背皮肤软组织缺损患者,术前使用宽频线阵容积探头引导下三维超声技术对皮瓣穿支及肌肉内血管走行定位,获得完整三维图像,在此基础上安全切取皮瓣,获得较好疗效。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
本组男19例,女11例;年龄22~63岁,平均43.9岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤12例,重物压砸伤15例,机器伤3例。受伤至入院时间1~8 h,平均3.5 h。所有患者均为足背损伤,无其他复合损伤;创面合并骨外露12例、肌腱外露14例、肌腱及骨外露4例。
1.2. 治疗方法
1.2.1. 术前处理
入院后急诊彻底清创,清创后创面范围为5 cm×3 cm~17 cm×5 cm;创面均予以封闭式负压引流(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)敷料覆盖,抗感染对症治疗,5~7 d后拆除VSD敷料后换药,取创面分泌物行细菌培养,并根据检查结果更换敏感抗生素。待创面无明显感染后行腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复,本组入院至手术时间7~13 d,平均9.5 d。
1.2.2. 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣血管定位
术前采用宽频线阵容积探头(RSP6-16-D;GE公司,美国)进行三维超声检查。检查参数:高频线阵探头 ML 6~15 MHz、频率6~15 MHz,CD频率7.5 MHz,彩色多普勒增益调节至最为敏感且不产生彩色噪音,探查深度2.5 cm以内,流速彩标调至0.4 m/s,取样框倾斜55°。
患者取仰卧位,下肢外展,膝关节屈曲90°,暴露小腿后内侧需探查区域皮肤,在腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣供区腘窝中点及内踝连线,确定探测范围,缓慢滑动宽频线阵容积探头,按照由上往下、由内到外顺序探测,跟踪腓肠内侧动脉穿支。然后,根据穿支位置沿肌肉寻找主干,同时获得穿支及主干血管三维图像,选取合适穿支,测量并记录穿支数量、位置,主干血管在肌肉内位置、走行方式,保存三维图像。超声探测操作由同一位高年资超声医师完成。
1.2.3. 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣设计及切取
① 皮瓣设计:以术前探测标记的穿支穿出点为皮瓣关键点,主干血管走行为皮瓣轴线;皮瓣切取内侧不超胫前,后侧不超后正中线;根据创面情况设计皮瓣。② 皮瓣切取及创面修复:蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉下,患者取仰卧位,根据皮瓣设计首先切开皮瓣外侧缘至筋膜下,将深筋膜与皮肤缝合固定保护血管,仔细剥离暴露腓肠内侧动脉穿支;再切开皮瓣内侧缘,向中间解剖至穿支血管会师;钝性分离血管蒂浅层的腓肠肌纤维,结扎沿途发出的肌支,完全游离血管蒂至合适长度;松止血带,观测皮瓣血运,断蒂后将腓肠内侧动脉穿支与足背动脉吻合,伴行静脉与足背动脉伴行静脉吻合[11]。本组皮瓣切取范围为6 cm×4 cm~18 cm×6 cm。25例皮瓣宽度<6 cm,供区直接拉拢缝合;其余5例宽度>6 cm,供区以自体中厚皮片移植修复。
1.2.4. 术后处理
术后患肢石膏托固定踝关节于功能位1周。常规予以抗炎、解痉、改善微循环及镇痛等治疗,及时更换敷料,防止血管蒂受压。术后1周内每2小时观测1次皮瓣血运情况,观测内容包括皮瓣颜色、张力、毛细血管反应、皮温等。术后1~3周按照加速康复理念,在康复师指导下进行关节功能锻炼。
1.3. 疗效评价指标
记录术前探测腓肠内侧动脉穿支的数量、位置,主干血管在肌肉内位置、走行方式,与术中切取皮瓣时观察结果进行比较,计算敏感度(术前定位与术中发现相符的穿支数量/术前定位穿支数量×100%)、阳性预测值(术前定位与术中发现相符的穿支数量/术中发现穿支数量×100%)。观察皮瓣成活、外形、质地、肿胀度、创面愈合情况,以及对供区功能的影响并行美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分。对患者进行满意度自定问卷调查:优,患者对外观、舒适度满意;良:对外观、舒适度有不适,但心理可以接受;差:外观、舒适度差,心理难以接受,影响患者社会生活。
2. 结果
本组30例患者术前探测发现60支腓肠内侧动脉穿支、术中发现58支,其中术前与术中相符穿支56支,敏感度93.3%、阳性预测值96.6%;其中术中解剖穿支1支10例(33.3%)、2支12例(40%)、3支7例(23.3%)、4支1例(3.3%)。术前探测及术中观察主干血管在肌肉内位置、走行方式基本相符。
术后皮瓣血运良好,均顺利成活,未发生血管危象;创面均Ⅰ期愈合。供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合,植皮均成活。患者均获随访,随访时间9~24个月,平均14.7个月。皮瓣外观、色泽、质地良好,无臃肿,穿鞋及行走无明显影响;末次随访时AOFAS踝与后足功能评分为80~92分,平均87.5分;患者满意度达优29例、良1例。见图1。
图 1.
A 30-year-old male patient with skin and soft tissue defect on the dorsum of left foot
患者,男,30岁,左足背皮肤软组织缺损
a. 术前采用宽频线阵容积探头定位1支腓肠内侧动脉穿支并于体表标记(箭头);b. 术前探查主干血管在肌肉内走行及皮下深度达1 cm左右;c. 术前探查穿支在肌肉穿行至筋膜的走行位置;d. 术前探查穿支穿出筋膜后进入皮肤;e. 术前清创后创面外观;f. 术中皮瓣设计;g. 术中显露腓肠内侧动脉穿支(箭头);h. 术后1年足背外观
a. One perforating branch of medial sural artery (arrow) was located and marked on the surface of the body before operation with wide band linear matrix array volume transducer probe; b. Preoperative exploration of the main blood vessels in the muscle and subcutaneous depth of about 1 cm; c. Preoperative exploration showed the path of the perforating branch through the muscle to the fascia; d. Preoperative exploration showed that the perforating branch penetrated the fascia and entered the skin; e. Preoperative appearance of wound after debridement; f. Intraoperative flap design; g. The perforating branch of the medial sural artery (arrow) was exposed during operation; h. Appearance of the dorsum of the foot at 1 year after operation

3. 讨论
由于穿支血管存在变异,为保证穿支皮瓣成活,术前穿支定位尤其重要。彩色多普勒超声和CT血管造影是传统穿支定位方式,前者虽然具有快捷、方便、便宜的优点,但是二维成像无法直观显示血管立体构型,且有一定假阳性率[12-13];后者虽然是三维成像,敏感性和特异性高,但是有辐射、造影剂肾毒性、费用较高等缺点[14-15]。宽频线阵容积探头引导下的三维超声技术是在二维图像基础上,经过计算机重建算法,对血管走行、空间分布及血管形态进行三维成像。本组应用结果显示宽频线阵容积探头穿支定位敏感度及阳性预测值均较高,术中切取皮瓣时所见穿支及主干血管与术前探测结果基本一致。相关穿支定位研究[16-17]显示每个肢体中至少有1支足够大小腓肠内侧动脉穿支,其中40%肢体中发现2支、30%发现1支、20%发现3支、10%发现4支,本组术中均解剖1~4支穿支,与文献报道基本相符。
通过本组临床应用,我们认为宽频线阵容积探头引导下的三维超声技术定位皮瓣穿支具有以下优点:① 指导术前皮瓣设计;② 使术者对穿支位置及形态有清晰了解,切取时更安全,皮瓣可以尽早通血,缩短皮瓣缺血再灌注时间;③ 减少供区不必要损伤;④ 相对于CT血管造影,减少了造影剂使用及放射性危害,节省费用。但是术前定位及术中操作时应当注意,当膝关节伸展和屈曲时,由于皮肤松弛,穿支位置可能发生改变,从而造成误差。所以,在术前定位时及手术操作时需保持同一体位,即下肢外展、膝关节屈曲至90°。同时,由于超声探头的尺寸限制以及高频显示局限性,其成像视野相对较小,三维显示血管为区域性,不能连续显示,对深部主干来源无法追踪显示,是其不足之处。但是腓肠内侧动脉穿支及主干血管因距离皮肤较近,可以完整追踪定位成像。
综上述,宽频线阵容积探头引导下三维超声技术定位腓肠内侧动脉穿支准确,三维成像便捷、直观且经济、无辐射,辅助穿支皮瓣切取及修复足背皮肤软组织缺损,可获得满意临床疗效。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道
伦理声明 研究方案经无锡市第九人民医院医学伦理委员会批准(KT2022015)
作者贡献声明 马涛、张宇轩:研究设计、文章撰写;许同龙、张兴飞:研究实施;胡雨璇:数据收集整理及统计分析;许亚军、周建东:对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅
Funding Statement
2022年无锡市卫生健康委员会面上项目(M202243)
2022 General Project from Wuxi Municipal Health Commission (M202243)
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